Bio answer in 6 hour

Citation formats for Bio 23 papers

Use the following formats for referring to an article in the text of your paper.

Articles may be referred to within a sentence:

Abrams (1987) found that …

Or at the end:

Woody plant diversity is largely determined by frequency of forest fires (Qian 2013).

When an article has two authors list them both in the text:

Plant diversity was reduced in areas where large herbivores were excluded (Milchunas and Noy‐Meir 2002).

When an article has three or more authors use the last name of the first author followed by “et al”:

Kaspersson et al. (2013) found that adding individuals to wild brown trout populations greatly increased the rate

of disease transmission.

When citing two or more articles to support a point list them in chronological order:

Herbivory has been found to increase plant diversity in habitats around the world (Abrams et al. 1995, Abrams

1987, Milchunas and Noy‐Meir 2002, Kaspersson et al. 2013)

In your Literature Cited section articles must be listed in alphabetical order by the first author’s last name.

Each citation is separated from the next one with a blank line. The citation for each article type is outlined

below.

Journal article

One author

Last name, First initial. Second initial. Year. Title. Journal title volume number(issue number):pages.

Example: Abrams, P. A. 1987. The functional responses of adaptive consumers of two resources. Theoretical Population

Biology 32(2):262-288.

For online only journals where every article starts on page 1 (i.e. Plos ONE) use the following modification to

the above format:

Qian, H. 2013. Environmental determinants of woody plant diversity at a regional scale in China. PloS ONE 8:

e75832.

Two or more authors

Last name, First initial. Second initial., First initial. Second initial. Last name, and First initial. Second initial.

Last name. Year. Title. Journal title volume number(issue number):pages.

Example:

Milchunas, D. G., and I. Noy‐Meir. 2002. Grazing refuges, external avoidance of herbivory and plant diversity. Oikos 99(1):113-130.

PloS one example:

Kaspersson, R., F. Sundström, T. Bohlin, and J.I. Johnsson. 2013. Modes of competition: adding and removing

brown trout in the wild to understand the mechanisms of density-dependence. PloS one 8: e62517.

Chapter in a book

Last name, First initial. Second initial., First initial. Second initial. Last name, and First initial. Second initial.

Year. Chapter title. Pages in First initial. Second initial. Last name and First initial. Second initial. Last name.

Book title. Publisher name, City of publication, State of publication, Country of publication.

Example:

Abrams, P. A., B. A. Menge, and G. G. Mittelbach. 1995. The role of indirect effects in food webs. Pages

371-395 in G. Polis and K. O. Winemiller, editors. Food webs: integration of patterns and dynamics. Chapman

and Hall, New York, New York, USA.

Book

Last name, First initial. Second initial., First initial. Last name, and First initial. Second initial. Last name.

Year. Book title. Publisher, City of publication, State of publication, Country of publication.

Example:

Drake, J. A., F. DiCastri, and R. H. Groves. 1989. Biological invasions: a global perspective. Wiley, New

York, New York, USA.

Government document

Last name, First initial. Second initial., First initial. Second initial. Last name, and First initial. Last name.

Document title. Report number. Government agency, Agency division, City of publication, State of

publication, Country of publication.

Example: Maschinski, J., H. D. Hammond, and L. Holter, editors. Southwestern rare and endangered plants: proceedings

of the second conference. General Technical Report RM-GTR-283. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.