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4 4 2 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSGENDER STUDIES

For well over forty years, the founder of and collector for the archive, Ms. Bob Davis (see “Writings from the Community” in Chapter 8) has been painstakingly collecting newspaper clippings, underground trans magazines, historical photo- graphs, and other pieces of ephemera. The LLTA will be housed in a remodeled and climate-controlled building in her backyard in Vallejo, California. The archive Ms. Bob is building is a grassroots effort because she does not have a major insti- tution (such as a university) supporting her efforts. Nonetheless, she is already hosting scholars who want to look through forty years’ worth of trans materials that could have wound up in the garbage. Through grant support and commu- nity fund-raising, the LLTA is coming to life. The nearby GLBT Historical Society in San Francisco has also been supportive.

Another trans-specific archive is the University of Minnesota’s Tretter Collec- tion’s Transgender Oral History Project, whose director is Andrea Jenkins; the University of Victoria, in British Columbia, Canada, holds the world’s largest transgender archive. Dr. Aaron Devor is Chair in Transgender Studies and founder and academic director of the Transgender Archives at the University of Victoria.

What if you have no way of traveling to these archives and yet you want to be able to study trans history? First of all, these archives are increasing their

F I G U R E 1 2 . 2 Louise Lawrence Transgender

Archive, logo created by Robyn Adams. The

Louise Lawrence Transgender Archive opened

in Vallejo, California, in 2018. The archive was

founded by Ms. Bob Davis and is named after

the trans pioneer Louise Lawrence.

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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Comprehensive Academic Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 9/2/2023 5:36 PM via UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND GLOBAL CAMPUS AN: 2010690 ; Ardel Haefele-Thomas, Thatcher Combs.; Introduction to Transgender Studies Account: s4264928

HEARING OUR OWN VOICES: THE IMPORTANCE OF ARCHIVES 4 4 3

online presence. At this time, for example, you can go to the Transgender Oral History Project and read the transcripts of Jenkins’s interviews, which are avail- able in PDF format. There is also the Digital Transgender Archive, which is solely online and was created by K. J. Rawson, professor at the College of the Holy Cross. This ever-expanding archive offers links to trans materials from around the world. Finally, it is important to remember that any local public library, museum, or college or university library has archival material. Harrison Apple’s writing at the end of this chapter discusses the local archive in Pittsburgh where they were able to find historic material on a local trans figure. Within these local museums and libraries, you, like Harrison, can find trans histories. It may take some digging, but trans people have always been in all communities every- where in the world.

Why are transgender archives so important? Andrea Jenkins and Aaron Devor give their answers in “Writings from the Community” at the end of this chapter. For my answer, I would like to leave you with an imagined scenario. What if, somewhere in a dusty London attic, someone uncovered the diaries of a young doctor in training? He was looking forward to going abroad to work as a British army surgeon in South Africa. The diaries recount the hours of physi- cal discomfort from binding his breasts and the oppressive heat and smells from the operating theater where he worked twelve-hour shifts with his men- tor. He didn’t dare faint for fear of his clothing being stripped off in an effort to revive him. He did not go out drinking with the other medical students because he always had to keep his guard up, and yet he knew he was as much a man as any of the other medical students. What would happen if diaries like these existed and found their way into a mainstream archive? In the best of all possi- ble worlds, of course, the archive would have the integrity to respect Dr. James Miranda Barry as the man he was. (See Chapter 8 for Dr. Barry’s full story.) In a transgender archive, we are assured that his modern-day community would embrace his history as a trans man. Imagine if Dr. Barry had kept a diary. Imag- ine what his life story could have done for someone like Lou Sullivan. Trans people have a long and rich history, and we owe it to future trans people to curate it well so that they do not feel as alone as Lou Sullivan did, or as Dr. James Barry must have.

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4 4 4 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSGENDER STUDIES

ANDREA JENKINS

The Transgender Oral History Project: Huge Undertaking

In 2017 Andrea Jenkins became the first African American transgender woman to be

elected to the city council of a major city. She now proudly represents Ward 8 of Min-

neapolis, Minnesota. Andrea is an artist-activist and award-winning poet and writer.

She has been awarded fellowships from the Bush Foundation, Intermedia Arts, and

the Playwrights Center and has won writing and performance grants and scholar-

ships from the Givens Foundation, Intermedia Arts, the Loft, the Napa Valley Writers

Conference, and Pillsbury House Theater. Andrea is the co-curator of Queer Voices at

Intermedia Arts (the longest-running series of its kind in the nation) and, in 2018,

completed several years’ worth of work collecting oral histories from hundreds of peo-

ple in the upper Midwest transgender community as an oral historian in the Jean-Nick-

olaus Tretter Collection in Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Studies.

Andrea is the author of three chapbooks of poems and a full-length book of poetry, The

“T” Is NOT Silent: New and Selected Poems. She has been published in several anthol-

ogies, including Gender Outlaws Two: The Next Generation; When We Become Weav-

ers: Queer Female Poets on the Midwestern Experience, edited by Kate Lynn Hibbard;

The Naked I: Wide Open and The Naked I: Inside Out, edited by 20% Theater; and

most recently Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Civil Rights: A Public Policy

Agenda for Uniting a Divided America, edited by Wallace Swan. She was also a

contributor to the widely acclaimed anthology Blues Vision, edited by Alexs Pate,

Pamela Fletcher, and J. Otis Powell! (Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2015), as well as

the anthology A Good Time for the Truth, edited Sun Yung Shin (Minnesota Historical

Society Press, 2016). To learn more about her, visit http://andreajenkins.webs.com.

The Tretter Collection Transgender Oral History Project at the University

of Minnesota

It has been an amazing time since the Transgender Oral History Project began in April 2015. It has been a tremendous learning experience for me. After spend-

WRITINGS FROM THE COMMUNITY

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HEARING OUR OWN VOICES: THE IMPORTANCE OF ARCHIVES 4 4 5

ing the first three months setting up the project, attending workshops to learn the intricacies and ethics of developing an oral history project, recruiting and organizing a great advisory committee, researching and purchasing the appro- priate equipment, and hiring a transcriptionist, I began to interview members of the trans and gender-nonconforming community in Minnesota and around the country. The Transgender Oral History Project has completed sixty-eight interviews across a wide variety of identities, ages, and ethnicities.

“Big Mama”

Our oldest interviewee so far is an eighty-three-year-old trans woman named Donna “Big Mama” Ewing. Her story is fascinating. Born on a farm in southern Minnesota, she states that she felt like and was treated as a little girl from the age of eighteen months. She asserts that she began working in the farm kitchen as early as five. She served food to the farmhands and other workers, and they all treated her like the little girl that she believed she was.

At nineteen she moved to the Twin Cities and began to truly express and embrace the woman she was. She later became one of the first people to access gender-confirmation surgery at the famed Program in Human Sexuality at the University of Minnesota. She worked for twenty-one years after her surgery as the self-described coat-check girl at the Gay 90s, a club in downtown Minneap- olis. She was one of the first transgender persons that many members of the Twin Cities gay and lesbian community had ever met. She served as an ambas- sador for the community as someone who was able to successfully transition and create a new life for herself.

Her story reflects the type of compelling oral histories that I’ve been so hon- ored and humbled to collect for this project. Some of the luminaries thus far include Kate Bornstein, Chrishaun “CeCe” McDonald, Roxanne Anderson, and Ignacio Rivera. While these may not be household names in the broader com- munity, these are folks who have shaped the modern movement for transgen- der equality here in Minnesota and throughout the country through advocacy, writing, and the arts.

Why is this important? The project is critical to countering the negative nar- ratives that are being espoused by mean-spirited politicians and others who wish to ban transgender folks from using the bathroom of their choice, as we have witnessed in North Carolina. This project is important because there were twelve trans people of color murdered in the United States in 2016 and twenty- four murdered in 2015. This project is important because the rates of trans sui- cide calls have doubled in 2016, and unemployment and homelessness rates continue to grow in trans communities throughout the country.

Beyond the amazing oral histories that I’ve been able to the collect, the proj- ect has provided me a platform to travel throughout Minnesota and the country

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4 4 6 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSGENDER STUDIES

to discuss issues facing the community. I’ve been a panelist and keynote speaker in places like Augsburg College, Macalester College, Hamline University, State University of New York at Geneseo, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, and a meeting of the Organization of American Historians in Providence, Rhode Island. I’ve also served as a contributor on multiple publications and events in many of those locations. I even attended and presented at the “Moving Trans History Forward” conference in Victoria, British Columbia, at the University of Victoria — home to the largest transgender historical archives in the world — with the local actress and participant in the Trans Oral History Project, Erica Fields.

These stories that I’ve been privileged to witness are fascinating in their everydayness but also inspiring in their messages of triumph over adversity. One participant stated, “The Trans Oral History Project humanizes and con- nects the transgender narrative through space and time in an unprecedented compilation of personal and collective stories. Growing up, I felt isolated because I did not see my trans identity reflected in the broader cultural discourse around gender. I wish I would have had a resource like this when I was younger. I am honored to contribute my story to the collection so that future generations of trans folks know that we have always been here, and we aren’t going away.”

AARON DEVOR, PHD

The World’s Largest Transgender Archives: The Transgender Archives at the

University of Victoria

Dr. Aaron Devor, FSSSS, FSTLHE, holds the world’s only research chair in transgender

studies and is the founder and academic director of the world’s largest transgender

archives, both at the University of Victoria in British Columbia, Canada. Studying and

teaching about transgender topics for more than thirty years, he is the author of numer-

ous frequently cited scholarly articles and the author of the widely acclaimed books FTM:

Female-to-Male Transsexuals in Society (1997, 2016); the Lambda Literary Awards

finalist The Transgender Archives: Foundations for the Future (2014); and Gender

Blending: Confronting the Limits of Duality (1989). He has delivered more than

twenty keynote and plenary addresses to audiences around the world. He is a national

award – winning teacher, an elected member of the International Academy of Sex Research,

and an elected fellow of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, and he has been

a member of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health’s (WPATH)

Standards of Care committee since 1999. Dr. Devor is overseeing the standards’ trans-

lations into world languages.

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HEARING OUR OWN VOICES: THE IMPORTANCE OF ARCHIVES 4 4 7

The Transgender Archives

The most effective way to destroy people is to deny and obliterate their own under- standing of their history. GEORGE ORWELL

Study the past if you would define the future. CONFUCIUS

What Are the Transgender Archives and Why Are They Important?

Many of the things that people do also leave behind some kind of record. In some cases, it is only what resides in the memories of people who were there when something happened. Many times there are documents that record some version of what happened. These records may exist in computer files; on paper; embedded in DVDs, CDs, vinyl, film, or magnetic tape; as works of visual art; as poetry or music. The documentation for what has happened may be a kind of formal “official” version, or it may represent alternative views and experiences. When historians want to understand how something happened, they turn to records from the past and try to reconstruct as true a version as possible by using as many different sources as they can. The job of archives is to collect, organize, safely store, and make accessible records from the past so that people can know how we got to where we are today, which, in turn, can help us build a better future.

The Transgender Archives, held at the University of Victoria in British Colum- bia, Canada (figure 12.3), are the world’s largest collection of original materials documenting the work of transgender activists and researchers about trans, nonbinary, and Two-Spirit people. The collection is composed of thousands of books; hundreds of newsletter and magazine titles from eighteen countries on five continents; newspaper clippings files reaching back to the 1920s; hundreds of short books of trans fantasy fiction; activist organizational records; informa- tional pamphlets; personal papers of trans, nonbinary, and Two-Spirit activists; historic court case records; audio recordings on magnetic tape, vinyl, and CDs; mass culture, specialty, bootleg, and conference videos on magnetic tape and DVDs; art and amateur photographs; erotica; original works of visual art; and ephemera including items such as T-shirts, matchbook covers, business cards, trophies, and plaques. The collection documents nearly 60 years of activism and traces more than 125 years of research. If you put all the books and bank- ers’ boxes on one long shelf, it would stretch the length of one and a half foot- ball fields (approximately 533 linear feet or 162 linear meters).

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4 4 8 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSGENDER STUDIES

The University of Victoria is a large Canadian research-intensive, publicly funded university. It serves over 20,000 students, including a large component of graduate students, and has been repeatedly rated among the world’s top 1 percent of universities by the Times Higher Education World University Rank- ings. It is also located in a quiet, midsized city on the southernmost tip of a large island (larger than the state of Israel) off the west coast of Canada that is best known as a bucolic tourist destination — not the kind of place that one would immediately think of as a magnet for trans research and activism. When most people first hear of the Transgender Archives, they assume that they are small and limited to Canadian content. When they understand its size and scope, the first thing that that they generally say is “How did it end up there?”

The Beginnings of the Transgender Archives

The start of the Transgender Archives was not planned. One day I was having lunch with Rikki Swin, the founder of the Rikki Swin Institute (RSI) of Chicago, which had closed in 2004, and I asked her what the status of the RSI was. She told me she was contemplating relocating it to Victoria, and I somewhat impet- uously asked her if she might consider donating it to the University of Victoria.

F I G U R E 1 2 . 3 “Do Not Destroy!

This material is NOT junk”: sticker,

Transgender Archives, University of

Victoria. The Transgender Archives

at the University of Victoria is the

largest trans archive in the world.

This sticker is a reminder of the

importance of ephemera in archival

collections.

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HEARING OUR OWN VOICES: THE IMPORTANCE OF ARCHIVES 4 4 9

To my great pleasure and astonishment, she agreed to consider the idea. I immediately contacted the university librarian to find out if UVic Libraries actually wanted the collection that I had already solicited. After learning more about the RSI and its archival collections, the university librarian was com- pletely in support, and the entire institute ended up coming to the University of Victoria as a gift.

The next major donation came about as a result of the research work I had then been doing for over a decade on the life of the activist, philanthropist, and trans man Reed Erickson (1917 – 1992), founder and funder of the Erickson Educa- tional Foundation (1964 – 1984). Over the years, I had become friends with his daughter. When she had decided that it was time to donate his papers to an archive, she chose the University of Victoria. Up until this point, none of us thought of ourselves as amassing a transgender archive. However, with the acquisition of the Reed Erickson papers, we realized that we then had two large and historically significant trans collections. We started to think that we were developing a trans- gender archive as we added a few small collections to what we already had. Near the end of 2011, we officially launched the Transgender Archives.

Word got out through our publicity and networking efforts. As it did, more small and medium-sized collections were donated to the Transgender Archives. Whenever I was in contact with people whom I knew from working with trans activists and researchers, I would ask them about their plans for their papers. Many of them held cherished collections going back decades. They understood that they and their colleagues had been doing activist and research work of historical importance that needed to be recorded and preserved. Many of the items in their collections often also reminded them of times when such things acted as lifelines for trans people during a period when the isolation and lone- liness of being trans was profound. These were not collections that would be parted with lightly, both because of their personal significance and because of the moral obligations that the collectors felt to past and future generations of trans, nonbinary, and Two-Spirit people.

However, many of the people with whom I spoke were old enough that they were considering their mortality, or simply downsizing. We talked about ensur- ing that their collections did not end up in the trash because of inattention or neglect. At the same time, they knew that most trans community organizations were fragile and transitory. Many people holding collections were wary that community groups might not have the resources to safely preserve their docu- ments over the long term. The University of Victoria offered them an ideal home for their collections: a publicly funded and publicly accessible institution with high-quality facilities, an exceptionally strong institutional commitment to trans studies, and the prospect of long-term stability. The Transgender Archives continue to grow steadily.

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4 5 0 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSGENDER STUDIES

What the Transgender Archives Do for Trans People

First and foremost, the Transgender Archives preserve raw materials from which the history of trans activism and research may be written. Brave people have been working for over one hundred years to increase social understanding, acceptance, and integration for gender-variant people. All people today and in the future — trans, cis, nonbinary — need to know and appreciate the work done by these pioneers. The original records of their work need to be safely held and made available to the public at no cost to users. The Transgender Archives do this and more.

Every year, high school, college, and undergraduate university students from the region around the University of Victoria make use of the Transgender Archives as part of the courses that they take and the papers that they write. Every year, masters and doctoral students from around the world travel to the Transgender Archives to do research for research papers, theses, and disserta- tions on topics as diverse as science policy, political theory, pop music perfor- mance, pulp fiction, queer archives, and prison policy. Many professors and librarians also visit us. Some of the areas that they have been researching include Japanese trans publications, trans culture before the Internet, the history of trans rights for adults and children, and how to build a queer archive. Other people come to the Transgender Archives just because they want to know more about history, or because they want to learn how to do something similar in their location, or they come to borrow some things to show as part of an exhibition back home.

Every two years, the Transgender Archives and the Chair in Transgender Stud- ies sponsor Moving Trans History Forward conferences. They span several days and attract hundreds of people, teens to octogenarians, from all across Canada and the United States, as well as from Latin America, Europe, and Asia. The con- ferences are designed to be of interest to a mix of students, academics, and com- munity-based people, a place where people from the entire spectrum of trans life — transsexual, transgender, nonbinary, drag, cross-dresser, families, and cis allies — can interact in a positive and respectful environment. We also make many speeches and arts events open to the public for free. After the conferences, we post online as much of the proceedings as we can.

The Transgender Archives and the Chair in Transgender Studies also work to communicate with the interested public through a variety of means. We run a Facebook page with a stream of relevant news and information about modern and historical trans life. We also run a Twitter feed about our collections and about general trans events and activities. Almost every day we post new images from the Transgender Archives to our Instagram account. Our YouTube channel runs videos from the Moving Trans History Forward conferences and our other

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events. You can also download for free our Lambda Award finalist book, The Transgender Archives: Foundations for the Future.

The Future

The Transgender Archives will continue to grow and serve. As our collections grow, we hope to fill some of the gaps in what we now hold. The materials in our archives have come to us as gifts from private collectors. Private collections reflect certain realities about their collectors. To amass a significant collection of historical materials, one must have enough money to purchase items, enough space to store them, and enough housing stability to preserve them. Further- more, people collect what interests them and what is available to them. In the trans world, as in much of the rest of society, this means that what has been created in the first place, and what has subsequently been collected, largely reflects the experiences of middle-class white people assigned as males at birth. Thus, one of our projects is to acquire holdings that better reflect the diversity of trans, nonbinary, and Two-Spirit lives.

Although the Transgender Archives are completely free and open to the pub- lic, we recognize that few of the millions of people who might want to visit us will be able to do so. Therefore, we will continue the work already begun, both in partnership with the Digital Transgender Archive and on our own, to make larger portions of the Transgender Archives available online for free public access. Fund-raising is also ongoing to provide subsidies to assist visitors with travel expenses.

As the largest collection of transgender archival materials in the world, the Transgender Archives are a unique and invaluably rich resource from which to learn about the complexity of human gender variation. Our collections bear witness to the courage, vision, and perseverance of our elders and forebears. They had the wisdom to see that there was much important work to be done to make the world a more just place for all. Each, in their own ways, took on a piece of the job of making the world safer and more hospitable for people who do not easily fit within prevailing simplistic binary and hierarchical systems and structures of gender. They all took risks in doing this. Some suffered signifi- cantly for their boldness. All contributed to advancing gender freedoms. We owe them more than we can know.

The Transgender Archives stand as a testament to those brave souls who risked so much to forge a pathway for today’s advances. By keeping their names alive, and by preserving the records of the work they have done, we can repay some of our debt to our pioneers. Thus, those who have had the foresight to do the work of collecting and preserving also do the work of advancing social jus- tice. All people need to know their history; this is even more true for people who

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4 5 2 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSGENDER STUDIES

have been so abject that, through much of our history, our very survival has depended on our ability to keep our gender variance hidden.

We welcome community members, scholars and independent researchers, activists and allies to come to the Transgender Archives to explore our diverse collections, and thereby to learn about who we are and how we got to where we are today. Open to the public, free of charge, and accessible to all, the Transgen- der Archives safeguard a broad spectrum of trans heritage so that the work that our pioneers have done will not be forgotten. We remember. We respect. We preserve. We persevere. We invite you to join us.

HARRISON APPLE

Finding Trans Context in Everyday Newspaper Archives

Harrison Apple is the founding codirector of the Pittsburgh Queer History Project (PQHP)

and a PhD student of gender and women’s studies at the University of Arizona. Their

work on the PQHP documents the emergence of a queer after-hours nightclub commu-

nity in Pittsburgh between the 1950s and 1990s and its influence on contemporary

community politics. Since 2012 they have been collecting oral histories and ephemera

that offer divergent and complementary accounts of gendered and sexual practices in

the Steel City. Their doctoral work combines transgender studies and archival science

to critically engage the criteria of “evidence” when presented with radically conflicting

accounts of shared histories.

The Most Livable City: A Reading of Pittsburgh’s 1976 Massage Parlor War

Renaissance II — a civic and corporate partnership campaign to restrict air and river pollution, construct public parks, and demolish decrepit buildings in Pitts- burgh’s downtown between 1944 and 1984 — was simultaneously responsible for the regulation of gender and sexuality of the population of Pittsburgh. Spe- cifically, the rise in violence over control of the massage parlor and pornography industry, located on downtown’s Liberty Avenue, is a well-documented histori- cal moment in which city officials and the press circumscribed an abject corner of its population and expelled it with full support of public opinion.

Pittsburgh’s downtown, also known as the Golden Triangle, is located where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio. It is a historic juncture for river transportation, and for that reason it has been a consistently documented site of power struggle since at least the eighteenth century. The triangle was controlled by the French military in 1754, seized by the British in 1758 during the French and Indian War, later used as a fort for the Union Army during the Amer-

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HEARING OUR OWN VOICES: THE IMPORTANCE OF ARCHIVES 4 5 3

ican Civil War, and, at the start of the twentieth century, it was a site of impover- ished dwellings among mixed industrial warehouse space. This Gateway to the West, as it came to be known, has been inscribed repeatedly with imperialist practices of domination, and by the 1950s it was the center for Pittsburgh’s post – WWII Renaissance.5

Pittsburgh’s Renaissance was the work of a public-private partnership known as the Allegheny Council for Community Development. Since 1944, the Allegh- eny Council has designed and funded projects to lift Pittsburgh out of its indus- trial past, echoing urban planning philosophies that revere wide green spaces and hygienic urban landscapes.6 The Allegheny Council began with projects to reduce air and water pollution, addressing the infamous smog that was so thick it required street lamps to be on all hours of the day.7

By 1976 the Pittsburgh Convention Center (which didn’t open for another five years), planned as one of the final gems of downtown urban renewal, prom- ised to attract reinvigorated industrial investment, but it faced the conundrum of being only blocks from the stretch of Liberty Avenue that had been home to a cluster of massage parlors and porn theaters, serving a diverse nightlife and sex-work economy. This stretch of Pittsburgh was strategically circumscribed, demonized, and exorcised from the city’s history and replaced with a monument to public culture aptly named the Cultural District.8

The Massage Parlor War

The Massage Parlor War is in large part a story drawn from the headlines of two daily newspapers, the Pittsburgh Press and the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Both pub- lications had followed the career of a former “rub parlor” kingpin George Lee and his empire of sex-for-pay businesses. However, after his murder in 1976, the coverage of the massage parlor industry transitioned from a moral quandary to austere politics of public safety.9 Until this moment, the historical narrative of Pittsburgh’s Golden Triangle had been structured on invasion and defense, architecturally memorialized in the brick outlines of Fort Duquesne, Fort Pitt, and the preservation of the block house still standing on Point State Park. How- ever, the Massage Parlor War demonstrates a shift in historical narrative from defense against invasion to the management of life through Pittsburgh’s Renais- sance II. The deployment of “war” in the coverage of the massage parlors illus- trates the French philosopher Michel Foucault’s concept of biopolitics, whereby modern power primarily and pervasively works to regulate the “health” of pop- ulations. For Foucault, modern power is exercised, in other words, through dis- courses and disciplines (e.g., urban planning, criminology, sexology, medicine, and journalism) that delimit which subjects can be known and discussed. In this theoretical framework, power becomes relational, discursive, and enacted through the disciplining of knowledge and management of life.Co

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4 5 4 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSGENDER STUDIES

The Massage Parlor War began on 23 December 1977, as a yellow cab pulled away from the Gemini Spa at 641 Liberty Avenue, owned by Nick DeLucia — a for- mer employee of George Lee and inheritor of a handful of his businesses. The driver had been instructed to deliver a white Christmas package, addressed to the parlor’s star masseuse, Joanna “Sasha” Scott. Only moments later, the pack- age exploded, sending glass, blood, and debris out of the second-floor parlor and onto Christmas shoppers below. In the blast, gold calling cards for the Gem- ini Spa flew into the street with the words “twelve beautiful girls to serve you, private and intimate,” along with the names of their many clients.10 As paramed- ics tended to victims of the blast, police collected evidence from the parlor, and journalists rushed from their downtown office buildings to document the begin- ning of the Massage Parlor War.

The parlor explosion came at an opportune time for the Allegheny Council and ancillary committees, which were focused on the construction of the Pittsburgh Convention Center. With plans in place since the early 1970s, there were hopes for the Convention Center to attract new industries to make their home in the Steel City. However, their construction plans had begun to push against the night- life that had made its home in downtown since the 1960s. The cover of a 1976 issue of the Pittsburgh Gay News features a photograph of one of the many porn theaters with the caption “Massage parlors were under attack — are we next?”11 In a two-part report, Jonathan Bowden followed the popular opinion of city plan- ners and invested parties that the strip of massage parlors on Liberty Avenue must be eliminated to execute their vision of a hygienic postindustrial landscape.

For the council, the rebirth of Pittsburgh depended on excising the massage parlors, which despite their long-term residency were not the kind of “historic charm” the city could sell to investors. In response to the explosion, Mayor Rich- ard Caliguiri — whose mayoral term inaugurated Renaissance II — told the press, “Every law abiding citizen has reason to be as outraged as I am by [this] vicious bombing . . . aside from the death and destruction it dealt to those in the mas- sage parlor, the explosion endangered the lives and property of the innocent people in the area.”12 Though it would remain unclear who was responsible for this particular act of violence for many years, the mayor’s statement arranged the event as an internal assault on the population of Pittsburgh. He directed public outrage not toward the single perpetrator but toward the industry of the city’s criminal underbelly, their profane sexual industry becoming conflated with an indictment of reckless endangerment.13

Caliguiri’s multilayered public comment and its framing with a photograph of the blast zone by the Pittsburgh Press initiated a panic beyond the crime itself and toward the business owners and employees whom the reporter casually defined as “flesh merchants.”14 Lisa Duggan and Nan Hunter’s 1989 essay “Sex

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Panic” takes on the National Endowment for the Arts scandal, in which the pub- lic expressed similar outrage that taxpayer dollars supported the creation of “pornographic images” by Robert Mapplethorpe, gnawing at the tenets of Amer- ican national culture. What Duggan and Hunter salvage from the uproar is that sex panic, along with witch hunts and red scares, are in fact staples of American history. The American tradition of moral outrage and subsequent acts of “moral reform” had become an effective tool for disregarding systemic issues of racism, sexism, and poverty.15 Their argument suggests that public sex scandals most often reinforce social hierarchies rather than shed light on social inequities, and that moral reform becomes nothing more than political theater.

Mayor Caliguiri’s call to action revealed the neoliberal urban redevelopment plans that demanded the positioning of the massage-parlor industry as an internal threat to the Pittsburgh population and gathered public support for its ejection from the Golden Triangle. As reported in the newspapers, the blast turned Pittsburgh’s sex-work communities from something “private and inti- mate” into something “public and violent,” which had to be destroyed without a trace to ensure the continued life of the population. This narrative emerges as a regulation of public sexuality and gender — and transgender bodies in partic- ular — in order to turn an “industrial wasteland” into an attractive, productive, and lively service-industry metropolis. In so many words, a portion of the population would have to die to facilitate the city’s rebirth.

Tex Gill’s Killer Publicity

Over an eight-year investigation, Dante “Tex” Gill, a white trans-masculine mas- sage parlor owner, was indicted on charges of fraud, ranging from the juridical to the gendered. He emerged in the Massage Parlor War narrative as a criminal element whose various fronts for processing income from sex work — a paint- able pottery shop and various health spas — declared him criminally inauthen- tic.16 The narrative of his professional deception is echoed in the stock language used to describe him in nearly every article among more than sixty published as “a woman who dresses as a man and prefers to be known as Mr. Gill.” In piec- ing together the Massage Parlor War, we see that his alleged inauthenticity as both a man and a parlor owner positioned him as a threat to the sexual moral- ism expounded by Renaissance II and the fantasy of postindustrial Pittsburgh.

Tex’s masculinity was taken to task repeatedly while his substantial tax eva- sion was investigated. Unlike his parlor peers, who were cisgender heterosexual married men and who retained an unexplained distance between their per- sonal life and their life of crime, Tex is identified as a lesbian in a scare-quoted “marriage” to another woman, who despite having legally changed her name, is not reported as Cynthia Gill but as Cynthia Bruno.17 In contrast to George Lee

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4 5 6 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSGENDER STUDIES

and Nick DeLucia, Tex did not participate in heterosexual reproduction; he did not have children or a normative family structure to balance his pornographic career. His gender nonconformity was part and parcel of his criminality in the eyes of the law and court of public opinion.

Though Tex would never be convicted for sex work, U.S. District Court Judge Gustav Diamond, who oversaw Tex’s sentencing, went so far as to ask the jury to consider Tex’s “line of work” (a thinly veiled reference to sex work) in his trial for tax fraud. Despite the lack of evidence to charge Tex with prostitution, the specter of sexual immorality was intentionally attached to Tex’s legal experience and the city’s war on massage parlors. To quote Judge Diamond, the state’s investigation into Tex Gill promised to “pierce the sham” of his career in deception.18

This language of exposure, veneer, and representation of the Massage Parlor War entangled pornography, sex work, and trans bodies into a discourse of authenticity versus inauthenticity. Tex’s case migrated from an insinuation of public safety hazard to an inquisition of economic and gendered deception. What’s more, his public image of fraudulent business and fraudulent masculin- ity was publicized by being awarded both the Year’s Most Dubious Man and Most Dubious Woman by the Pittsburgh Press in 1984.19

Tex’s publicity positioned him as a distinct foil to the language of moral integ- rity, sexual conservatism, and nuclear family structure written into Pittsburgh’s Renaissance. In newspaper accounts, Tex’s criminality and gender became fused as a pornographic representation of sex out-of-place, the legal consequence of which is to padlock the massage parlors, and padlock Tex in federal prison. In this logic, the city had to lock up the pornographic in order to contain its threat to the postindustrial rebirth of Pittsburgh, always on the horizon.

Devoid of Life . . . All Uninhabited Seemed Totally Ours

The Gateway area on the “town” side of the freeways, for all its office towers, seems to be essentially suburban in tone. The placing of the buildings among the ornamented open spaces has been handsomely accomplished, but there is a little too much openness. From the Liberty Avenue entrance of the quarter, one has a sense of tremendous sweep and verve that is entirely pleasing but even at noonday there seems to be a kind of busy emptiness about these spaces. After five o’clock, when the office work- ers, like homing pigeons, head for the distant suburban hills, the gardens become really vacant. We, in the past, have dined al fresco on summer Sunday evenings at the Hilton, and the great spaces stretching away from the terrace were often quite devoid of life. Those green pleasances stretching out, all uninhabited, seemed totally ours. How grand and how sad! JAMES D. VAN TRUMP, “AN ANTIPHON OF STONES” (1983)

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HEARING OUR OWN VOICES: THE IMPORTANCE OF ARCHIVES 4 5 7

The above quotation from the founder of the Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation describes the Golden Triangle in the early years of Pittsburgh’s Renais- sance. Van Trump’s poignant essays included in Life and Architecture in Pittsburgh express the sentiment of development as it assigns life to some places and “busy emptiness” to others. In his sentimental vignettes of Pittsburgh’s landscape, he expresses the desire to inscribe the triangle with life. These spaces, evacuated by suburban office workers, appear as a tabula rasa, inscribable without con- sequence. Through a strategic use of moral outrage, the development teams for Renaissance II reinscribed the downtown landscape of sex-for-pay businesses as a blank slate for the rebirth of a postindustrial metropolis. While Pittsburgh continues to brand itself as the “most livable city,” the contestable record of Tex Gill and the Massage Parlor War poses the question, “Most livable for whom?”

REFERENCES

“About Us.” Allegheny Conference on Community Development. www.alleghenyconfer ence.org/AboutUs.php. Accessed 1 January 2015.

Ackerman, Jan. “Jurors Being Chosen for ‘Tex’ Gill Trial.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 3 October 1984.

Alberts, Robert C. The Shaping of the Point. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1980.

Berrey, Lester V., and Melvin Van den Bark. The American Thesaurus of Slang: A Complete Reference Book of Colloquial Speech. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1942.

Bowden, Jonathan. “Gays and Liberty Avenue: Establishment’s Next Target?” Pittsburgh Gay News, April 1976.

Byrd, Jerry. “Miss Gill’s Ceramics Low-Profile.” Pittsburgh Press, 23 May 1979.

Donalson, Al. “Reputed Rub Parlor Chief Tex Gill Gets 13-Year Term for Tax Evasion.” Pittsburgh Press, 3 January 1985.

Duggan, Lisa, and Nan D. Hunter. “Sex Panic.” In Sex Wars, edited by Lisa Duggan and Nan D. Hunter, 71 – 75. New York: Routledge, 2006.

Foucault, M.. Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975 – 76. Edited by Mauro Bertani and Alessandro Fontana. Translated by David Macey. New York: Picador, 2003.

Harbrecht, Doug. “Massage King’s Heritage Bloody, Estate Small.” Pittsburgh Press, 25 December 1977.

“Huge ‘Gateway Center’ Planned in Pittsburgh.” Pittsburgh Star-News, 22 September 1949.

“Name Change Asked.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 20 September 1979.

Post-Gazette Staff. “The Blockhouse, Point State Park.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 6 October 2008.

Rotstein, Gary. “‘Most Livable City’ Took Its Lumps over Tag.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 27 February 2010.

U. S. o r ap pl ic ab le c op yr ig ht l aw .

4 5 8 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSGENDER STUDIES

“Smoke Control Lantern Slide Collection.” University of Pittsburgh Digital Libraries. http:// historicpittsburgh.org/collection/smoke-control-lantern-slides. Accessed 25 April 2018.

Tierney, John. “How the Arts Drove Pittsburgh’s Revitalization.” Atlantic, 11 December 2014, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/12/how-the-cultural-arts-drove-pittsburghs- revitalization /383627/.

“Tracing the Trends from AIDS to Yuppie.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 25 December 1989.

Van Trump, James D. “An Antiphon of Stones.” In Life and Architecture in Pittsburgh. Pitts- burgh: Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation, 1983, 13 – 20.

Wisser, William, and Rich Gigler. “4 Rub Parlors Shut Down after Fatal Blast.” Pittsburgh Press, 24 December 1977.

Key Concepts

ephemera ( p. 444 )

archive ( p. 440 )

Activities, Discussion Questions, and Observations

1. Library archives have historically collected written materials and ephemera that give us a rich sense of communication and the material culture of a specific period. Today many events are publicized online and might even take place entirely online. How do you think our “wired world” will change the nature of archives and future research? What needs to be saved? How will these items be saved? What might be worth saving for future researchers to get a sense of today’s culture?

2. Harrison Apple provides a terrific example of what happened when they decided to delve into a local newspaper archive in Pittsburgh. There Apple found a rich and complex history about the ways that gender identity, and more specifically trans embodiment, gets tied to a “less desirable” side of a city and the ways that urban development gets tied into conversations about gen- der identity. What Harrison discovered in their research into the Massage Par- lor Wars is similar to the conditions found in the specific locations of some of the early trans riots in the United States, Cooper’s Donuts and Compton’s (see Chapter 4). For this exercise, check out your local newspaper archives. No matter what size town you live in or near, there will be a local newspaper, and there will be an archive. Pick a random date, preferably before you were born, and start reading various stories in the newspaper from that day. Instead of national news, choose a local story, photograph, or informational item. What did you learn from it? What information does it give you? What information can you infer from it? What other questions do you have?Co

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HEARING OUR OWN VOICES: THE IMPORTANCE OF ARCHIVES 4 5 9

3. Andrea Jenkins is working painstakingly to record oral histories for the trans- gender oral history archives. Although not all the stories from her interview- ees’ lives are online in transcript form yet, several are now available. For this project, go to the oral history website (https://www.lib.umn.edu/tretter/ transgender- oral-history-project) and choose someone’s history that is avail- able to read. What did you learn about the person? How did they tell Andrea their story? You may wish to compare two of the stories, which will also pro- vide insight into the different ways people respond to the interviewer. Why is it important to have both an oral history and a written record of the person telling their life story?

4. It might not be convenient for you to get to the Transgender Archives in Vic- toria, British Columbia. (If you can get there, I highly recommend it; the staff are very welcoming to everyone wanting to look through the archive.) Several pieces of the collections are available for viewing on the archives’ website: www.uvic.ca/transgenderarchives/index.php. If you click on “Our collec- tions,” you will see a sidebar menu. Have some fun clicking around in the various collections. From items such as underground trans gatherings and newsletters (which you will find in the Stephanie Castle and the Zenith Foun- dation’s pages), to informational pamphlets like the one Lou Sullivan worked on for trans men (found in the Reed Erickson pages), to archival photographs in the Fantasia Fair section, you can click through the various pieces of the collection and study them. What did you find, and what interested you? What did you learn? Most of all, just have fun going through the materials.

Archives Websites

Digital Transgender Archive https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/

A Gender Variance Who’s Who https://zagria.blogspot.com/p/index.html#.WVf-Brvyu34

GLBT Historical Society, San Francisco www.glbthistory.org/

Hoover Institution Library and Archives www.hoover.org/library-archives

Louise Lawrence Transgender Archive http://lltransarchive.org/

Online Archive of California www.oac.cdlib.org/

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4 6 0 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSGENDER STUDIES

groups’ working together, and I am still

very proud of that. I was often much more

comfortable around the members of Gays

and Friends, so it is ironic that I was pres-

ident of the Lesbian Caucus, where I never

felt I really fit in. Of course, given that I

identify as nonbinary trans and given my

love of many things that are associated

with gay male culture, it is not surprising

that I wanted to work on a drag show.

4. The Louise Lawrence Transgender Archive

homepage, http://lltransarchive.org/

(accessed 16 July 2017).

5. Robert C. Alberts, The Shaping of the Point

(Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press,

1980), 21, 25.

6. “About Us,” Allegheny Conference on Com-

munity Development, www.allegheny

conference.org/AboutUs.php (accessed 1

January 2015).

7. “Smoke Control Lantern Slide Collection,”

University of Pittsburgh Digital Libraries,

http://historicpittsburgh.org/collection/

smoke-control-lantern-slides (accessed

25 April 2018). Pittsburgh’s reputation for

smog was so prevalent that a 1942 English

slang dictionary included an entry for

shouting “pittsburgh!” to alert some-

one that the toast was burning; Lester V.

Berrey and Melvin Van den Bark, The

NOTES

1. Many of Frida Kahlo’s letters are held at the

Hoover Archives at Stanford University in

Stanford, Calif. The Hoover Archives were

first established by President Hoover and

are dedicated to collecting anything and

everything from around the world that

has something to do with war, peace, and

revolution. The Hoover Archives are free

and open to everyone. You do not have to

be affiliated with Stanford to research in

the archives. You can go online and check

out some of the holdings at www.hoover

.org/library-archives.

2. Heidi Landgraf, “Uncovered: The Diary Project:

Sean Dorsey’s Fifth Home Season,” dancers-

group, 1 January 2010, http://dancers

group.org/2010/01/uncovered-the-diary

-project-sean-dorseys-fifth-home-season/

(accessed 30 June 2017).

3. In 1987 I was the president of the Lesbian

Caucus at CU Boulder. It was the first time

that the Lesbian Caucus joined together

with Gays and Friends to put on a fund-

raiser. At the time, I caught a lot of flack

from many of the women in the Lesbian

Caucus because they felt that it was not

okay to work with Gays and Friends. They

were also opposed to a drag show on fem-

inist principles. I realize in hindsight that

this event was the beginning of the two

Transgender Archives at the University of Victoria http://transgenderarchives.ca

TransGriot Archive and Blog by Monica Roberts http://transgriot.blogspot.com/

Tretter Transgender Oral History Project at the University of Minnesota’s Tretter Collection https://www.lib.umn.edu/tretter/transgender-oral-history-project

University of Michigan, Labadie Collection: Transgender Items http://guides.lib.umich.edu/c.php?g=282858&p=1884819

U. S. o r ap pl ic ab le c op yr ig ht l aw .

HEARING OUR OWN VOICES: THE IMPORTANCE OF ARCHIVES 4 6 1

American Thesaurus of Slang: A Complete Ref-

erence Book of Colloquial Speech (New York:

Thomas Y. Crowell, 1942).

8. John Tierney, “How the Arts Drove Pitts-

burgh’s Revitalization,” Atlantic, 11 Decem-

ber 2014, www.theatlantic.com/business/

archive/2014/12/how-the-cultural-arts

-drove-pittsburghs-revitalization/383627/.

9. Doug Harbrecht, “Massage King’s Heritage

Bloody, Estate Small,” Pittsburgh Press, 25

December 1977.

10. William Wisser and Rich Gigler, “4 Rub

Parlors Shut Down after Fatal Blast,” Pitts-

burgh Press, 24 December 1977.

11. Jonathan Bowden, “Gays and Liberty Ave-

nue: Establishment’s Next Target?” Pitts-

burgh Gay News, April 1976.

12. Wisser and Gigler, “4 Rub Parlors Shut

Down after Fatal Blast”; emphasis added.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Lisa Duggan and Nan D. Hunter, “Sex

Panic,” in Sex Wars, ed. Lisa Duggan and

Nan D. Hunter (New York: Routledge,

2006), 71 – 75.

16. Jerry Byrd, “Miss Gill’s Ceramics

Low-Profile,” Pittsburgh Press, 23 May

1979.

17. “Name Change Asked,” Pittsburgh Post-

Gazette, 20 September 1979. Cynthia

has since contacted the author and

is collaborating on a project to revisit

the Massage Parlor Wars from the

position of some -one inside the busi-

ness and close to Tex. Besides con-

firming how frequently the papers

misrepresented events (both public

and private), she also confirmed that

her marriage to Tex was legal and

occurred during a trip to Hawaii.

18. Al Donalson, “Reputed Rub Parlor

Chief Tex Gill Gets 13-Year Term for

Tax Evasion,” Pittsburgh Press, 3 Janu-

ary 1985.

19. “Tracing the Trends from AIDS to

Yuppie,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 25

December 1989.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

“Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera Materials in the Hoover Institution Archives.” Hoover Insti- tution Archive at Stanford University, 13 August 2008. www.hoover.org/news/ frida-kahlo-and-diego-rivera-materials-hoover-institution-archives. Accessed 1 July 2017.

Landgraf, Heidi. “Uncovered: The Diary Project: Sean Dorsey’s Fifth Home Season.” Danc- ersgroup, 1 January 2010. http://dancersgroup.org/2010/01/uncovered-the-diary -project-sean-dorseys-fifth-home-season/. Accessed 30 June 2017.

Louise Lawrence Transgender Archive. http://lltransarchive.org/. Accessed 16 July 2017. Transgender Archives at the University of Victoria. www.uvic.ca/transgenderarchives/

index.php. Accessed 20 July 2018. Tretter Transgender Oral History Project at the University of Minnesota’s Tretter Collections.

https://www.lib.umn.edu/tretter/transgender=oral=history=project. Accessed 20 July 2018.

U. S. o r ap pl ic ab le c op yr ig ht l aw .

4 6 2

INDEX

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations and their captions

abbreviations, global, 68–69

Academy of American Poets, 242

accessibility, public, 177–183, 188–194, 201n8, 326–328, 331–336

acronyms, global, 67–70

activism, collective, 130–168

anti-masquerading laws and, 137–146

and discrimination within, 147–152

historical movements, 131–136

in rural settings, 153–156

Aeneid, The (Virgil), 370

African Americans

LGBTQ+ terminology and, 63–64

and the Memphis Massacre, 298, 300–305

and segregation, 172, 173–174, 175, 176

urban neighborhoods and, 138, 141

voting rights and, 208

Against Me!, 401

Agyeman, Freema, 389

AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), 65, 337

Alabama, legal ID in, 209

Alberta, Canada, legal ID in, 209, 210

Alexandria, La., underground community in, 393–394

Alinejad, Masih, 340

Allegheny Council for Community Develop- ment, 453–454

American Psychological Association (APA), 46

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 173–174, 179

Amnesty International, 45

Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett, 295

Anderson, Roxanne, 445

Angel, Paulina, 21, 153–156

Angola, Eurocentrism in, 244, 245

Anti-Homosexuality Act (Uganda), 70, 258

anti-masquerading laws, 139–141, 144, 147, 270–272

“Antiphon of Stones, An” (Van Trump), 456

Antonius Pius (Roman emperor), 373

Apple, Harrison, 443, 452–457

appropriation, 14

Apuleius, 372

Arab Spring, 345

archives, 436–461, 439, 442

Argentina, trans policy in, 211, 212–213, 216

Aristophanes, 368–369, 396

art, trans, 382–434

artifacts, gender diversity and, 354–357, 360–364

Asegi udanto, 251

asexuality, 55–56

Aspen, Colo., anti-discrimination protection in, 337, 339

assignation houses, 302

Astarte, 371

As You Like It (Shakespeare), 396

Atargatis, 371

athletes, trans, 182–187

audio recordings, 447

Augustine of Hippo, Saint, 374

Austin, Alex, 411

Bakhtin, Mikhail, 324–325

Baldwin, Tammy, 151, 152

“Ballad of Mulan, The,” 365–366, 365, 368

Bangkok, Thailand, gender-affirmation surgery in, 220

Barbata, Laura Anderson, 94

Barnard College, 175

Barry, James Miranda, 269, 287–297, 289, 402, 443

bathrooms, public access to, 170–179, 176

Battell, Andrew, 244–246

Baux, Mohammed, 94

Bay Area American Indian Two-Spirits (BAAITS), 251–252

Beaumont Society, 278

Bechdel, Alison, 63

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INDEX 4 6 3

Beetle, The (Marsh), 386–387

Beggs, Mack, 182–183

Benjamin, Harry, 19, 103–105, 104, 107

berdache, 251

Bernstein, Leonard, 57

Bertin, Rose, 281

Bethnal Green neighborhood, 186

Betsy, personal narrative of, 60–61

Beyer, Georgina, 151–152

billboards, as archival material, 440–441

Billy Tipton Plays Hi-Fi on Piano, 401

binary, as term, 2, 4, 19–25

biographical interpretations, 277–278, 402

biological determinism, 115–116, 118–119, 120

biopolitics, 453–454

Birch, Elizabeth, 151

birth certificates, 208–210

bisexuality, 54–55

Bishop, Sophia, 295

Blackstone, Elliott, 145

Black Student Alliance (University of Colorado), 441

Bloch, Robert, 387, 388

“Blues for SOGI” (Jenkins), 71–73

Bobbi, personal narrative of, 112–113, 112

Body Alchemy: Transsexual Portraits (Cameron), 418

Bono, Chaz, 22

books, as archival material, 438–439

Bornstein, Kate, 445

Boulder, Colo., activism in, 336–340

Boulder Daily Camera, 338

Boulder Police Department, 339

Bowden, Jonathan, 454

Bowen, Gary, 418

Bowers, Marci, 22

Boy George, 257

Boys in Trouble (Dorsey), 400

Braydon Forest, 327, 328

breeches parts, 397–398

Brexit, 345

British Broadcasting Company (BBC), 404

British colonialism, 69–70, 245–247, 248, 252, 259–260

British Columbia, legal ID in, 209, 210

British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal, 254

British Museum, 353–354, 356–357, 371

British Penal Code, 247

Broadnax, Wilmer “Little Axe,” 402–403

Broglie, Charles-François, comte de, 280

Brookings Institution, 110

Brown, Jerry, 155, 209

Brown, Kate, 212

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 180

Bullough, Vern, 418

bullying, 25, 183, 253, 405–406

Bumgardner, Pat, 150, 152

Burkett, Elinor, 114, 117–118, 120

Burney Relief, 356

Butler, Judith, 117

Cabral, Mauro, 213

California, anti-discrimination laws in, 177–178, 209

Caliguiri, Richard, 454, 455

Cameron, Loren, 418

Cameron D., personal narrative of, 56

Cameron R., personal narrative of, 12, 24–25

Canada, legal ID in, 209, 210

Cannon, Ali, 383–384

Canopus, 353–354

Cape Town, South Africa, social hierarchies in, 291–293

Cárdenas, Micha, 407

carnivals, political protest as, 322–325, 332, 334, 338, 347

Carvey, Dana, 337

Casa Susanna, 307

Cassius Dio, 373

castration, ancient Rome and, 370–374

Castration Day, 372

Category Six Books, 56–57

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4 6 4 INDEX

Cather, Willa, 391, 392–393, 392

Catholic Church

and celibacy, 55–56

historical cross-dressers and, 286, 359–360

morality and, 96

school policies of, 181

and Vodou, 356

Catholic Independent Schools of the Vancouver Archdiocese, 181

Catullus, 371

ceffyl pren, 325

celebrities, transgender, 22

celibacy, 55–56

Cerridwyn, personal narrative of, 20–21, 61

Champollion, Jean-François, 362

Chantelle, self-depiction by, 408

Charles I (English king), 326–327

Charles VII (French king), 358–359

Charlotte (English queen), 285

Chase, Cheryl, 5–6

Chechnya, anti-gay violence in, 46, 47

Chester, Eileen, 14, 23, 251, 254–256

Chevalier d’Éon Resort, 307, 308

Chin, Charlie, 365

China

sexual politics in, 109–110

trans legend in, 365–368

China’s Bravest Girl (Chin), 365

Chris, personal narrative of, 193–194, 193

Christianity

colonialism and, 245, 249, 258–259

fundamentalist politics and, 337–338

inclusion and, 399–400, 403, 408