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Journal of Management, Economics and Finance, Vol. 3, No. 3. March, 2025 1
The Role of Strategic Leadership in Mediating the Improvement
of the Organizational Performance of the Indonesian Navy
Military Sea Lift Command Warship
Yudah Trismoyo 1*, Willy Arafah 2, Sarfilianty Anggiani3
Universitas Trisakti, Indonesia
Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT This research aims to analyze the influence of esprit de corps,
organizational climate, and professionalism on organizational
performance in the Indonesian Navy Military Sea Lift Command
Warship, with both direct and indirect effects mediated by strategic
leadership. This research employs a quantitative approach with
hypothesis testing to examine the relationships between independent,
dependent variables and the effect of mediating variables. Data collection
is cross-sectional through primary data sources in the form of
questionnaires distributed online to 147 respondents from the population
of officers in the Indonesian Navy Military Sea Lift Command Warship.
The sampling technique uses the total sampling, while data analysis uses
Partial Least Square–Structural Equation Model Version 3.0. A total of
ten hypotheses were tested in this study, with results showing significant
direct effects of esprit de corps, organizational climate, professionalism,
and strategic leadership on organizational performance. On the other
hand, indirect effects were observed through the role of strategic
leadership as a significant mediating variable that links esprit de corps,
organizational climate, and professionalism to organizational
performance. The most significant direct effect was found in the
relationship between organizational climate and strategic leadership,
while the strongest indirect effect occurred with the organizational
climate’s influence on organizational performance through the mediation
of strategic leadership. Future research could expand the variables or
explore other factors influencing organizational performance, with a
larger sample size and a qualitative or mixed-method approach.
Keywords: esprit de corps, organizational climate, professionalism, organizational
performance, strategic leadership
INTRODUCTION
The Indonesian Navy Military Sea Lift Command is the Main Operational
Command of the Indonesian Armed Forces which is positioned and directly
responsible to the Indonesian Armed Forces Commander who has the task of
organizing Indonesian Armed Forces sea transportation operations in the context of
Military War Operations and Military Operations Other Than War as well as sea
transportation assistance in accordance with the Indonesian Armed Forces
Commander's policy. In 2023, The Indonesian Navy Military Sea Lift Command
has carried out 29 sea transportation operations in support of the shifting of
personnel and materials of the Task Force using the strength of 11 the Indonesian
Warships as transport elements (Kolinlamil, 2024). The high level of the Indonesian
Yudah Trismoyo, Willy Arafah, Sarfilianty Anggiani
Journal of Management, Economics and Finance, Vol. 3, No. 3. March, 2025 2
Navy Military Sea Lift Command operational activities requires the responsibility
of each personnel in maintaining and improving organizational performance,
especially Indonesian Navy Warship crews.
Indonesian Navy Warship as the implementing element of the Indonesian
Navy Military Sea Lift Command operations is manned by soldiers who have
different corps and vocational backgrounds, for this reason perception and
understanding of the same goals are needed. Some of the problems faced by the
Indonesian Navy Military Sea Lift Command Warships are that the number of crew
personnel does not match the personnel list, so that several positions are carried out
by other personnel who are not in their vocation or expertise. In addition, most of
the Indonesian Warships in the The Indonesian Navy Military Sea Lift Command
have exceeded their service life of over 35 years (Karadona, et al., 2023), so that
there is a decline in technical conditions and accommodation for crews.
According to Enoch and Tende (2022), the success of organizational
performance can be influenced by esprit de corps, organizational performance (He
et al., 2022) and professionalism (Kamaruddin, et al., 2023). The achievement of
The Indonesian Navy Military Sea Lift Command’s performance through the
implementation of operations is thought to be partly influenced by several factors,
including esprit de corps, organizational climate, and professionalism to improve
organizational performance to succeed in the Indonesian Navy Military Sea Lift
Command’s duties.
Esprit de corps is described as the selfless devotion and enthusiasm of group
members towards the group or its goals. In Military Science, esprit de corps
generally evokes military associations (Okoro, 2019). Blaufarb (1989) describes
esprit de corps as an individual-level concept, described as the enthusiasm, passion,
dedication, zeal, or devotion felt by an individual towards a goal or objective.
Kayworth (2020) argues that esprit de corps or teamwork allows organizations to
bring together perspectives from different cultures and business customs to avoid
counterproductive ethnocentric bias but instead encourage "groupthink" and
develop innovative solutions to various problems. This study adopts the
measurement dimensions according to Boyt et al., (2005) namely leadership,
communication, public image, mutual trust and training, these dimensions are
considered appropriate to the object of research. The esprit de corps that arises in
the Indonesian Warship is influenced by leadership and communication between
crew members, in addition to public image and mutual trust as motivation and pride,
training is an implementation of the spirit and cooperation as crews which is
teamwork.
Ivancevich et al., (2008) stated that organizational climate is a collection and
pattern of the environment that determines the emergence of motivation and focuses
on principles that are reasonable or can be assessed, so that it directly affects
organizational performance. This study uses the measurement dimensions of Abun
et al., (2023), namely clarity, standards, individual responsibility, flexibility, reward
and recognition and team commitment. Organizational climate at the Indonesian
Warship reflects how the crew perceives the workplace and the fulfillment of
supporting facilities and infrastructure for work, clarity in regulatory guidelines,
understanding the meaning of contribution to work and getting rewards or awards
and interpreting a challenge at work.
The Role of Strategic Leadership in Mediating the Improvement of the Organizational Performance Of the Indonesian Navy Military Sea Lift Command Warship
Journal of Management, Economics and Finance, Vol. 3, No. 3. March, 2025 3
Professionalism in the military is rooted in the work of Samuel Huntington
who described military professionalism as a type of functional group with
specialized characteristics, with expertise, responsibility, and corporate nature that
make up professionalism. Expertise refers to the special talents of military
personnel, as well as the education and training needed to develop those skills
(Budeci, 2023). Yansheng et al., (2018) a person is said to be professional if his
work shows the technical or moral requirements of the profession he chooses. The
dimensions of measuring professionalism in this study use five dimensions
explained by Morrow and Goetz, namely dedication, social obligation, autonomy
demands, belief in self-regulation, and professional community affiliation (Cohen,
1999), with considerations that are considered appropriate to the object of research.
The professionalism of the Indonesian Warship crews is not only obtained from
education and training, but requires dedication to carry out tasks according to the
rules and good cooperation between crews
Organizational performance is the achievement of performance achieved by
an organization compared to previously set targets or goals that can be measured
based on financial and non-financial aspects (Kalambo, et al., 2024). According to
Nyathi et al., (2023) organizational performance is a collection of financial results,
organizational results, and human resource results. Organizational performance is
related to how an organization performs in terms of profit levels, market share, and
product quality of other organizations in the same or different industries. Sinnaiah
et al., (2023) stated that organizational performance is interpreted as analyzing a
series of improvements to achieve organizational goals. The dimensions developed
by Barreda et al., (2023) are considered appropriate to the research object, namely
self-motivation, competencies and effectiveness. For the crew of the Indonesian
Navy Military Sea Lift Command Warship, these dimensions can be implemented
to improve organizational performance in order to achieve the assigned tasks.
Guillot (2003) from the United States Air Force defines strategic leadership
as the ability of an experienced leader who has the wisdom and vision to create and
implement plans and make important decisions in an unstable, uncertain, complex,
and ambiguous strategic environment. Strategic leadership is a person's ability to
anticipate, maintain flexibility, think strategically, and work with others to initiate
changes that will create a good future for the organization a successful strategic
leader is a leader who can easily adapt and manage risk effectively. Barreda et al.,
(2023) define strategic leadership as the capacity that characterizes people who are
responsible for several areas or entities, to lead a group of people, motivate them,
to achieve expected achievements, which are based on improving teamwork. The
study used the dimensions of strategic leadership measurement by Eqwakhe and
Adeoye (2019), namely: risk taking, communication, decision making, strategic
intent, and ethical practices. The advancement of sensor, weapon and control
technology is currently developing along with the demands of technological
advances. This is a challenge faced by every Indonesian Warship Commander,
marked by increasing work volume, efficiency and more complex interactions
between individuals that can cause problems, so leadership is needed that is able to
answer these challenges.
The research gap in this study is based on previous research, where strategic
leadership is used as a mediator variable that mediates esprit de corps,
organizational climate and professionalism on organizational performance. In the
Yudah Trismoyo, Willy Arafah, Sarfilianty Anggiani
Journal of Management, Economics and Finance, Vol. 3, No. 3. March, 2025 4
context of this research, the implementation of strategic leadership at both the
regulatory and operational levels related to operations and training at the Indonesian
Navy Military Sea Lift Command Warship and has a direct impact on the success
of the tasks given when faced with existing problems.
METHOD
The research design used is a quantitative approach that emphasizes the use
of formal questions with predetermined respondent choices in a questionnaire or
survey given to several respondents (Hair et al., 2019). The study uses primary data
sources through the distribution of questionnaires (google forms) to respondents.
The individual analysis unit used consisted of the officers from ten of the
Indonesian Navy Military Sea Lift Command Warship. Data collection was carried
out in one time period (cross sectional) from November 1, 2024 to January 31, 2025.
The population used in this study were all officers serving in the the
Indonesian Navy Military Sea Lift Command Warship as many as 147 officers. In
this study, sampling was done using total sampling, where all populations were
sampled. This method usually has high-quality samples, because there are certain
criteria or provisions for who the samples are (Hair et al., 2017) these criteria
include: respondents were taken from the Indonesian Warship officers and
respondents were taken from officers serving in the Indonesian Navy Military Sea
Lift Command Warship with the positions of Commander, Executive Officer, Chief
of Department and Division. The analysis method used in the study is the Structural
Equation Model Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS), data processing is carried out
using SmartPLS software version 3.0.
The work system in the Indonesian Warship is formed from the combination
of various qualifications demanding the performance of soldiers to be able to carry
out their duties and responsibilities well. The key success factor of a the Indonesian
Navy Military Sea Lift Command is the factor "The man behind the gun" which
greatly determines the success of organizational performance. The research
framework is depicted in the form of a relationship as shown in the following
scheme:
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of Research
The Role of Strategic Leadership in Mediating the Improvement of the Organizational Performance Of the Indonesian Navy Military Sea Lift Command Warship
Journal of Management, Economics and Finance, Vol. 3, No. 3. March, 2025 5
The hypothesis in this research are:
H1 : The positive effect of esprit de corps on organizational performance
H2 : The positive effect of organizational climate on organizational
performance
H3 : The positive effect of professionalism on organizational performance
H4 : The positive effect of esprit de corps on strategic leadership
H5 : The positive effect of organizational climate on strategic leadership
H6 : The positive effect of professionalism on strategic leadership
H7 : The positive effect of strategic leadership on organizational performance
H8 : The effect of the mediating role of strategic leadership between esprit de
corps on organizational performance
H9 : The effect of the mediating role of strategic leadership between
organizational climate on organizational performance
H10 :The effect of the mediating role of strategic leadership between
professionalism on organizational performance
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the hypothesis test of the effect of independent variables on the
dependent can be seen in table 1. The required quality requirement is 5%
significance if the p-values exceed 0.05. According to applicable provisions, if the
p-value < 0.05, it indicates that the requirements have been met so that “Ho” is not
supported or “Ha” is supported.below.
Table 1. Hypothesis Testing Results
Hypothesis Coefficiancy p-
Value Decision
H1 Esprit de corps has a positive effect on
organizational performance 0.403 0.000 supported
H2` Organizational climate has a positive effect on
organizational performance 0.175 0.001 supported
H3 Professionalism has a positive effect on
organizational performance 0.362 0.000 supported
H4 Esprit de corps has a positive effect on strategic
leadership 0.094 0.188
not
supported
H5 Organization climate has a positive effect on
strategic leadership 0.418 0.000 supported
H6 Professionalism has a positive influence on
strategic leadership 0.101 0.176
not
supported
H7 Strategic Leadership has a positive effect on
organizational performance 0.368 0.000 supported
H8
The mediating role of strategic leadership has a
positive effect between esprit de corps on
organizational performance.
0.117 0.007 supported
H9
The mediating role of strategic leadership has a
positive effect between organizational climate
on organizational performance.
0.172 0.001 supported
H10
The mediating role of strategic leadership has a
positive effect between professionalism on
organizational performance.
0.358 0.000 supported
Yudah Trismoyo, Willy Arafah, Sarfilianty Anggiani
Journal of Management, Economics and Finance, Vol. 3, No. 3. March, 2025 6
The Effect of Esprit De Corps on Organizational Performance
The results of this test indicate that the esprit de corps variable has a
significant positive effect on organizational performance in the Indonesian Navy
Military Sea Lift Command. The findings of this study indicate that when the level
of togetherness and mutual support among members in the Indonesian Navy
Military Sea Lift Command Warship increases, this has a direct impact on
improving overall organizational performance. Thus, it can be concluded that esprit
de corps has an important role in driving better performance in the Indonesian Navy
Military Sea Lift Command. Strong esprit de corps in the Indonesian Warship can
also influence better and faster decision-making because team members feel more
confident in each other. This is very important in a military environment that
requires high speed, accuracy, and coordination. This finding is in line with research
conducted by Enoch and Tende (2022), who stated that esprit de corps has a
significant effect on organizational performance, including in the context of
military organizations.
The Effect of Organizational Climate on Organizational Performance
The test results prove that organizational climate has a direct positive effect
on organizational performance. The results of this study are in line with the research
findings of Abun et.al., (2023) which state that organizational climate has an
important role in influencing organizational performance. This shows that a
conducive and supportive work atmosphere greatly influences the level of
individual and organizational performance. In the context of the the Indonesian
Navy Military Sea Lift Command, improving a good organizational climate can
improve cooperation between members, encourage better collaboration, and
increase job satisfaction which has an impact on overall performance. In addition,
the results of the influence of organizational climate on performance also show that
positive changes in work environment factors can have a major impact on
productivity. Therefore, the Indonesian Navy Military Sea Lift Command must
continue to pay attention to and develop a supportive organizational climate to
improve the performance of personnel at every level, create a productive and
harmonious work atmosphere, and encourage the achievement of organizational
goals optimally.
The Effect of Professionalism on Organizational Performance
Professionalism is closely related to the mastery of work-relevant skills and
knowledge, as well as ethical and responsible behavior, all of which contribute to
better performance. Mulyadi, et al., (2020); Haryati and Suhermin (2020) revealed
that professionalism in an organization has a significant impact on achieving
organizational goals because it motivates members to work with high quality and
efficiency. This also applies in the context of the Indonesian Navy Military Sea Lift
Command, where professionalism in carrying out tasks and responsibilities greatly
affects the overall performance of the organization. The results of this test indicate
that to improve organizational performance, the Indonesian Navy Military Sea Lift
Command must pay attention to the development of professionalism of its
members, through training, skill development, and the implementation of a strict
code of ethics.
The Effect of Esprit De Corps on Strategic Leadership
The test results show that esprit de corps does not have a positive effect on
strategic leadership. The results of this study contradict several studies by Affandi,
The Role of Strategic Leadership in Mediating the Improvement of the Organizational Performance Of the Indonesian Navy Military Sea Lift Command Warship
Journal of Management, Economics and Finance, Vol. 3, No. 3. March, 2025 7
et al., (2019); Okoro, (2019) which show that esprit de corps, which refers to the
spirit of togetherness and solidarity in a group or organization, can influence
leadership style and decision-making in the context of strategic leadership. Most
crews may be more focused on daily tasks and carrying out routines according to
their responsibilities without seeing a direct link between esprit de corps and
strategic decision-making. This suggests the need for a deeper understanding of
how esprit de corps is translated into the context of strategic decision-making in the
military environment. In addition, another factor that can influence this result is the
dominance of a larger hierarchical structure of superiors in strategic decision-
making. In a military organizational structure, strategic decisions are often more
influenced by decisions from leaders who have high authority, not just the collective
spirit of members that can lead to such decisions.
The Effect of Organizational Climate on Strategic Leadership
The test results prove that organizational climate has a positive effect on
strategic leadership. The results of this study are in line with the findings of research
by Toma et al., (2019); Hasbi et al., (2020); Latif (2023) which show that a positive
organizational climate can encourage the creation of effective leadership in an
organization. Openness in communication, recognition of performance, and support
in strategic decision-making are factors that can improve the quality of strategic
leadership. In the Indonesian Warship, which has a high disciplinary structure, the
creation of a conducive organizational climate is very important to facilitate
adaptive and responsive leadership to changes that occur. This condition reflects
the importance of the role of organizational climate in facilitating the
implementation of more effective strategies. A positive organizational climate not
only provides encouragement for strategic leadership but also strengthens the
relationship between leaders and members of the organization in achieving long-
term goals. Thus, good organizational climate management is the main key to
improving the quality of strategic leadership at the Indonesian Warship.
The Effect of Professionalism on Strategic Leadership
The test results show that professionalism does not have a positive effect on
strategic leadership. This finding indicates that although professionalism is
considered an important element in individual performance in an organization, it
does not directly affect the quality of strategic leadership. This may be caused by
other factors that are more dominant in influencing strategic leadership such as
organizational climate, leadership vision, and the organization's ability to respond
to change. As explained by Mau and Wooley (2019), strategic leadership requires
more than just professionalism because it requires clarity of vision, effective
communication skills, and the capacity to make decisions that are relevant to the
organizational context. Strategic leadership is more influenced by the integration of
various factors, including leadership experience, organizational values, and the
ability to deal with stressful situations.
The Effect of Strategic Leadership on Organizational Performance
The test results show that strategic leadership has a positive effect on
organizational performance. This finding confirms the importance of the role of
strategic leadership in improving organizational performance. Effective strategic
leadership can help organizations formulate a clear vision, manage change well,
and optimize existing resources to achieve long-term goals. This is in line with the
findings of Ashkevari and Ghasemi (2023); Azeez (2021); Payal et al., (2019)
Yudah Trismoyo, Willy Arafah, Sarfilianty Anggiani
Journal of Management, Economics and Finance, Vol. 3, No. 3. March, 2025 8
which state that good leadership can drive better performance in an organization,
because strategic leaders could motivate organizational members and direct them
towards achieving greater goals. Strategic leadership is a key factor in achieving
operational goals and improving organizational performance, especially in facing
complex and challenging dynamics. Leaders who can implement the right strategy
and align their vision with organizational goals will motivate members to give their
best contribution, which in turn increases operational effectiveness and efficiency
in the Indonesian Navy Military Sea Lift Command Warships.
The Effect of the Mediating Role of Strategic Leadership Between Esprit De
Corps on Organizational Performance
The test results show that esprit de corps has a positive effect on
organizational performance mediated by strategic leadership. This finding indicates
that esprit de corps, which describes the spirit of togetherness and solidarity in an
organization, has a positive impact on organizational performance through the
influence of strategic leadership. When members of an organization have high
esprit de corps, this will strengthen collaboration and communication which in turn
helps leaders to implement policies and achieve organizational goals more
effectively. Strategic leadership acts as a mediator that allows esprit de corps to be
realized in actions that support increased organizational performance. Klein et al.,
(2019) revealed that esprit de corps contributes to leadership effectiveness and,
ultimately, improves organizational performance. In this case, strategic leadership
plays an important role in directing the collective energy of organizational members
towards achieving predetermined goals. Strengthening esprit de corps in the
Indonesian Navy Military Sea Lift Command Warships can support improved
operational performance, especially if supported by strategic leadership that is able
to facilitate synergy between soldiers. Leaders who understand the importance of
building esprit de corps can create an environment that supports the achievement of
more optimal performance within the organization.
The Effect of the Mediating Role of Strategic Leadership Between
Organizational Climate on Organizational Performance
The test results show that organizational climate has a positive effect on
organizational performance mediated by strategic leadership. A conducive
organizational climate, such as a work atmosphere that supports open
communication and participation of soldiers, can increase the effectiveness of
strategic leadership in leading the organization towards achieving goals. Strategic
leaders who can create a positive organizational climate will facilitate decision
making and implementation of policies that support organizational performance.
Sipahutar, et al., (2024) found that an organizational climate that supports
collaboration and openness can improve organizational performance by facilitating
more effective decision making and supporting visionary leadership. The
importance of a supportive organizational climate, such as strengthening
cooperation between departments, transparent communication, and recognition of
the contributions of organizational members, can improve more optimal operational
performance. Strategic leadership acts as an effective director to ensure that a good
organizational climate is translated into real actions that support the achievement
of the organization's mission.
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Journal of Management, Economics and Finance, Vol. 3, No. 3. March, 2025 9
The Effect of the Mediating Role of Strategic Leadership Between
Professionalism on Organizational Performance.
The test results show that professionalism has a positive effect on
organizational performance mediated by strategic leadership. Professional leaders
not only develop personal competencies but also motivate team members to achieve
higher performance standards. Therefore, high professionalism can strengthen the
effectiveness of strategic leadership in driving the achievement of organizational
goals. These findings indicate that strengthening professionalism among military
organization personnel, especially the Indonesian Warships which are reflected in
high competence and work ethics can play a role in increasing the effectiveness of
strategic leadership. Ultimately, this affects overall organizational performance.
Leadership driven by high professionalism can create a productive and results-
oriented work atmosphere.
CONCLUSION
The conclusion of this research consists of ten hypotheses. Based on the
results of hypothesis testing, it can be concluded that of the seven direct influence
hypotheses in this study, there are two unsupported hypotheses, namely hypothesis
four (H4) and hypothesis six (H6). Meanwhile, the three indirect influence
hypotheses are all supported and are partial mediation. The direct effect is shown
in the direct influence of esprit de corps, organizational climate, professionalism,
and strategic leadership on organizational performance at the Indonesian Navy
Military Sea Lift Command Warships. While the indirect effect is shown in the
influence of strategic leadership as a positive mediating variable in mediating the
influence of esprit de corps, organizational climate, and professionalism on
organizational performance. The direct effect with the most significant p-value is
in the influence of organizational climate on strategic leadership. Meanwhile, the
strongest finding of the indirect effect of the mediating variable strategic leadership
is in the organizational climate variable on organizational performance.
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