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Running Head: DEVELOPING TRAINING PROGRAM 1

DEVELOPING TRAINING PROGRAM 3

Developing Training Program

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Developing Training Program

Deception behavior cues

Behavior cues of deception that exhibit the greatest validity are gestures, speech, and verbal style (Ulvestad & Hicks, 2011). Though people behave differently when expressing themselves, gestures can either reveal what ones wants to show or what they want to conceal. Fear, anxiety, and annoyance facial expressions may be displayed spontaneously and they give people away. Secondly, speech in the deception context is revealed by characteristics such as long and short pauses between words, indirect speech, subsequent speech errors, hesitation, and periphrases. In some cases however, there is significant use of a greater number of words or decreasing speech. Thirdly, the verbal style also has noticeable characteristics that are revealed in deception. As such, intonations are evident in the verbal style of people telling lies (Ulvestad & Hicks, 2011).

Part Two

Validity of behavior cues in juveniles

The aforementioned indicators exhibit similar validity in juveniles. Juveniles experience difficulties concealing their verbal and behavioral deception cues. Sometimes however, it is difficult to ascertain the truthfulness of verbal statements in children due to inconsistency in their statements during follow-up questioning. The inconsistency is caused by cognitive load that liars cannot keep up with (Lee, 2013). As such, the inconsistency gives them away and it is easy to identify when they lie. Children’s first lies tend to be short verbal responses which consequently become better as their cognitive understanding and mental control increases. Verbal cues in deception are more evident when lies are told as opposed to telling the truth.

Lying triggers involuntary actions such as shifting gaze, scratching one’s head, and body positioning among others (Duran, Dale, Kello, Street & Richardson, 2013). Adults may try to control these gestures but juveniles may not be in a position to. Hence detection of deception in juveniles is validated by the cues. As a matter of fact, observable gestures in juveniles reveal deception easily.Verbal styles such as intonations and stammering are evident in the statements of people who lie (Duran, Dale, Kello, Street & Richardson, 2013). They do it subconsciously in an attempt to organize their thoughts so as to sound genuine as they make their points clear. The verbal styles are also valid in children, they take some time to think about the response and its repercussions before making statements. As such deception is detected.

References

Duran, N., Dale, R., Kello, C., Street, C., & Richardson, D. (2013). Exploring the movement dynamics of deception. Frontiers In Psychology, 4. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00140

Lee, K. (2013). Little Liars: Development of Verbal Deception in Children. Child Development Perspectives, 7(2), 91-96. doi: 10.1111/cdep.12023

Ulvestad, N., & Hicks, C. (2011). Deception Detection Accuracy Using Verbal or Nonverbal Cues. The Journal Of Undergraduate Research, 9(9).