Revising & Editing Your Paper

Running Head: STATESMANSHIP IN ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP

STATESMANSHIP IN ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP 9

Comment by Christin: Hi, Alfreda! Welcome to the Online Writing Center (OWC). I appreciate the opportunity to review this paper! 😊 While I will be providing comments throughout your paper, please note that I will not be editing or marking every error. Our goal is to help you further improve your writing, and I will do my best to aid you in that journey. When applicable, I will also share links to helpful resources. If you see the term “Apply throughout” in a comment, it means that the same issue occurs in other areas of your paper. Those highlighted words indicate that you'll need to scan through the rest of your draft to locate and resolve similar errors. Be sure to review the APA formatting requirements before submitting your paper for final grading. There is a great online resource for the basics of APA formatting at https://www.liberty.edu/academics/casas/academicsuccess/index.cfm?PID=11960. I hope these comments help! If you have any specific questions that I did not address here, feel free to email the OWC at [email protected]. Also, please be sure to complete the Student Satisfaction Survey located at the bottom of your completed request. Thanks for using the OWC! -Christin Disclaimer: Remember that the OWC is not an editing service. Our comments and suggestions are not exhaustive. Our service is designed to help you recognize and correct your writing so that you can become a better writer. Except where otherwise noted, formatting suggestions follow the latest (6th) edition of the APA Publication Manual (second printing).  If in doubt about whether to use the 5th or 6th edition, please consult your professor.

Statesmanship in Organizational Leadership Comment by Christin: Please note that on the title page, your page header should look like this: Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER. Pages after the title page should have a running head that looks like this: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER. These should be in Times New Roman font size 12, and the page number should be included in the page header, flush right (APA 2.01, 8.03). APA title page elements are to be centered and double-spaced in the upper half of the title page (APA 2.01). They should include the paper’s title (not more than 12 words), the author’s name, and the name of the institution (APA 2.02). They should be normal style and a standard Times New Roman font size 12 black color (APA 8.03). This video provides a tutorial showing how to properly format the running head. There is also a sample title page in Liberty’s APA Sample Paper , and you can now download an APA template in the “Writing Style Guides” section on Blackboard or by clicking here: https://www.liberty.edu/online/casas/writing-center/writing-style-guides/.

Name Alfreda Dunlap

Course PADM 610

Professor Dr.Esechie

Date 4/5/20

Statesmanship in Organizational Leadership Comment by Christin: There seems to be too much line spacing after your title here. APA formatting requires normal style and a standard Times New Roman font size 12 black color throughout. Paragraphs are to be left justified, double-spaced with no extra line spacing between paragraphs or before or after headings, and indented 0.5” (APA 8.03). Using MS Word’s “Home” “Paragraph” makes formatting easier. Change the spacing before and after to “0.” Apply throughout.

Organizational leadership is a method of management which involves leaders taking active roles in setting up strategic goals for the company. The leaders, according to Ruben and Gigliotti (2017), have to motivate their employees to ensure that they work as a team towards achieving the business goals. Organizational leadership is essential in meeting the challenges and goals presented by both the business and the employees. Managers are always promoted to top leadership roles basing on their abilities to manage business challenges and achieve future goals (Ruben & Gigliotti, 2017). Understanding both the strengths and weaknesses of a workforce is an essential part of organizational leadership. Interpersonal leadership involves the ability of managers or leaders to understand their workers. It requires a deep understanding of the employees, what motivates them, and how they interrelate with each other at the workplace. This type of leadership revolves around self-expression, which determines whether one's leadership capabilities. The authors define statesmanship as the practice of moral leadership within an organization or institution. According to Ruben and Gigliotti, Great politicians such as Churchill and Lincoln have always been regarded as a true statement due to their ability to lead their countries during difficult times. From previous studies, it is still not clear as to whether a state is a right habitat for statesmanship. Stöckl and Smajdor (2017) put it that diplomacy involves politicians who have practised high level of quality leadership. Not all politicians are statesmen, but only those who exercise wise leadership (Stöckl & Smajdor, 2017). Statesmanship is a critical factor for successful organizational leadership. Comment by Christin: Verb tense. Errors of tense include using a verb that does not clearly or correctly indicate when an action or a condition is, was, or will be completed. For example, instead of “John cooking an incredible dinner last night,” the correct alternative would be “John cooked an incredible dinner last night.” Apply throughout. Resource: Verb Tenses Comment by Christin: Whether one’s leadership capabilities what? This sentence seems to be incomplete. Comment by Christin: In general, only proper nouns, the first word of a sentence, titles, and the first word following a colon are capitalized. Apply throughout. Resource: Capitalization Comment by Christin: You’re off to a great start here. Consider also including a thesis statement that clearly conveys the central idea of your entire paper and presents an argument that is reflective of your post-research critical thinking. It’s always best to place the thesis statement at the end of the introduction. This serves as a transition into the rest of the paper, which supports the thesis statement. A thesis statement is a strong statement (consisting of a single sentence) that you can prove with evidence. It is not a simple statement of fact; it makes a claim others might dispute or challenge. A thesis statement should be the product of your own critical thinking after you have done some research. Your thesis statement will be the main idea of your entire project. It can also be thought of as the angle or point of view from which you present your material. A strong thesis statement: (1) tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion, (2) is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper, (3) directly answers the question asked of you or by you, (4) makes a claim that others might dispute, and (5) is usually a single sentence somewhere in your first paragraph that presents your argument to the reader. Please refer to this link on the OWC for further assistance: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/What_is_a_Thesis_Statement.pdf

Statesmanship Model

Statesmanship involves wise leadership among those who occupy top government positions. An ideal Statesmanship model is the one which a leader understands their people, both weaknesses and strengths (Jones, 2019). The author also identifies that statesmanship does not include leaders who are exploiting the vulnerabilities of their followers. In organizational leadership, statesmen are those leaders who listen to their workers and consider their needs during decision-making processes. Statesmanship not only involves playing well the political game but also making every game possible. It consists in providing the right conditions for politics to grow and being able to agree on the best courses of actions through reconciliation. Traditionally, statesmanship has been shown through constitutional found and reforms and during the crisis and war (Jones, 2019). Statesmanship is revealed during a political crisis and when a nation requires an immediate solution to heal its economy. Majority of previous statesmen were products of exceptional political circumstances. Statesmanship should not be associated with other forms of ruling such as management, mastery and domination. It is unique and encourages leaders to exercise wise styles of leadership. Comment by Christin: Wrong preposition. Many words in English are regularly used with a particular preposition—words such as of, for, on, to, in, and at--to express a particular meaning. Throwing a ball to someone is different from throwing a ball at someone. Because many prepositions are short and not stressed or pronounced clearly in speech, they are often accidentally left out or mixed up in writing. Resource: Prepositions Comment by Christin: Missing article. Articles are adjectives that modify nouns. English has two articles: a/an and the. The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns; a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns. We call the the definite article and a/an the indefinite article. For example, instead of “I made cup of soup for lunch,” the correct alternative would be “I made a cup of soup for lunch.” Apply throughout. There is an excellent presentation on articles on the OWC website at https://www.liberty.edu/media/1171/Articles.pdf.

Interpersonal Leadership and Organizational Leadership

Interpersonal leadership is simply the ability to understand other people and be able to motivate them to improve their performances (Van Wart, 2017). It focuses on appropriately reacting to moods, desires and behaviours of other individuals. For one to be effective with those around them, they need first to be effective with themselves. Before seeking to find the right partner in business, ensure you are the right partner as well. Interpersonal skills are essential in improving interpersonal leadership. As indicated by Bennett et al. (2019), interpersonal skills are the attributes that a person depends on when interacting with others. The skills are essential in improving cooperation and communication. In a business environment, business managers must communicate effectively and build relationships with their employees. Interpersonal skills play a massive role in both communication and relationships (Bennett et al., 2019). They include empathy, active listening, responsibility, leadership, patience, teamwork, dependability, flexibility and motivation. Interpersonal skills increase both personal and organizational productivity.

Organizational leadership involves managers setting goals for the company and then motivating employees to work towards achieving them (Kollenscher et al., 2017). Organization CEO, team coach, army general, political party leaders and head of a department are examples of organizational leaders. The organization is simply a group of people organized to perform specific duties and the leader as a person responsible for directing the group. According to Griffith et al. (2019), the primary role of a leader is to structure employee work and combine them to produce organizational inputs. Organizational leaders are different from executive and functional leaders. Their leadership qualities are high and can connect their business understanding with influential future visionaries to ensure high business productivity. Organizational leaders are also forward-thinkers as argued by Kollenscher et al. (2017) and have the ability to lead broad initiatives through integrity and ethics. There are different organizational skills and mindsets that individuals need to learn to be effective leaders. They include problem-solving, excellent communication, effective decision-making, understanding the workplace and the employees, innovation, use of integrity and ethics, educating organizational vision and strategic thinking. Organizational leadership skills can be learned even through real-world experiences. Comment by Christin: A comma is used before the conjunction preceding the last item to give all items in the list or series of three or more items equal importance. For example, instead of “In the baseball game, Sue got a walk, made a hit and scored a run,” the correct alternative would be “In the baseball game, Sue got a walk, made a hit, and scored a run.” Apply throughout. Resource: Serial Commas

The link between Interpersonal Leadership and Organizational leadership Comment by Christin: APA level one headings should be boldface, centered, and in title case (APA 3.03). See pp. 5-6 of the APA Sample Paper for examples of the various heading levels.

Regardless of the industry, interpersonal leadership plays a huge role in strengthening the organizational leadership. Through interpersonal leadership skills, leaders in the organization motivate and encourage employees to work as a team to achieve business goals. Effective communication is an essential factor in a successful business (Trivisonno & Barling, 2016). Interpersonal leadership allows employees to develop close relationships with their workmates and employers hence resulting in a smooth flow of information and ideas between them. Effective communication establishes mutual respect and allows organizational leaders to consider the inputs and opinions of their juniors. Interpersonal leadership in an organization also helps in keeping the maintaining feedback loop. Many companies strive to develop a workplace that can accommodate both external and internal factors. For this to be a success, a complete and constructive feedback loop is required (Trivisonno & Barling, 2016). Employees needed regular feedbacks regarding their duties to understand whether there are doing it right or not. Feedback loops allow employees and employers to give back feedback on their satisfaction. The ability for organizational leaders to receive and give feedback is one of the interpersonal skills. Comment by Christin: Verb ending. It is easy to unnecessarily add the verb endings -s (or -es) and -ed (or -d) because they are not always pronounced clearly when spoken. In addition, some varieties of English use the endings in ways that are different from uses in academic and professional English. Consider whether your verb ending is correct in relation to the noun it is referring to. For example, instead of “Ed and Bob takes the car into town.” Use “Ed and Bob take the car into town.” There are many helpful resources on verb use on the OWC’s website: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/writing-aids/

Interpersonal leadership expands opportunities for leaders in an organization. Interpersonal skills allow leaders to work closely with workers and other managers, thus increasing their performances. They are likely to be promoted to higher positions within the organization. Interpersonal skills help managers stay close to their workforce and understand their wellbeing. Customers also feel valued in organizations where leaders make a follow-up or respond quickly to their needs. Transparency is critical in organizational leadership. According to Stead et al. (2017), the majority of US workers think that their employers are not open to them. Lack of transparency can result in disenfranchised workers and reduced loyalty among the workforce. If workers feel that they are undervalued and that their opinions are not taken into consideration during decision-making processes, they are likely to leave for other job opportunities in new companies.

Interpersonal leadership is essential in business organizations. Not only does it help in developing personal relationships but also allow leaders to foster their professional relationships both within and outside the organization. Maintaining professional relational relationships is difficult than even creating them since they require consistency and continued empathy (Chiu et al., 2016). Therefore, the effective way of maintaining the relationships is to build them on trust. The ability of individuals to develop interpersonal relationships, god flow of information and establish trust helps them become effective organizational leaders. Leaders in organizations who do not have lose and personal links to their workforce are bound to fail in the future. Workers are less motivated, and hence production will reduce. Empathy is an essential attribute of an organizational leader (Chiu et al., 2016). Through understanding, leaders understand what is affecting their workers both on and off work. Employees may have challenges and worries of work, which may affect their performances. Therefore, leaders must be close to them to help them solve their life challenges. Comment by Christin: Did you mean to say that it is more difficult than even creating them? Comment by Christin: Spelling Comment by Christin: What do you mean by “lose and personal links”? Consider clarifying,

Application of statesmanship to organizational communication best practices

Statesmanship can be referred to as an outstanding moral type of leadership at the public level. The ideas and concepts of statesmanship have been used many years ago and have been passed from generation to generation. New understandings, such as administrative and judicial statesmanship have been developed in the modern era (Ray, 2019). The model is tipped to become more feasible as it transforms from state governance to multilevel governance. Statesmanship is the best way through which the public can be administered. It presents the best way through which relevant information can be conveyed to the public. Statesmanship determines the best communication tool to be used. Communication tool needs to be efficient and facilitates a free flow of information. It is worth choosing the right channel, which can connect the workforce. Public statesmanship reduces the noise people have to go through before accessing relevant information. The model ensures that the information sent reaches the targeted audience and at the right time. Organizations need to reduce the chances of their workforce missing out on important information. Using the right platforms open opportunity for employees to discuss and share ideas and chats.

Public statesmanship can also be applied to the development of internal communication strategies. It helps leaders understand which information to publish within the organization. The internal communication strategy should not overwhelm people with a lot of updates (Andersen & Jakobsen, 2017). Leaders need to use the strategies and platforms to encourage the employees to follow their examples. A good plan should consider how to package and deliver information both to customers and the workforce. By interlinking, the external and internal communication strategies can improve communication both in information flow and in productivity (Cao et al., 2016). Public statesmanship can also be applied in supporting company values and improving the organizational culture. The information that the company chooses to share and how it is shared plays a role in defining organization culture (Kapucu, 2006). Statesmanship allows a company to operate with their values in mind. An organization that is built on transparency and open communication, for example, need to update their employees from all levels of the organization. Communication channels should have discussions, debates and feedback. Open communication in workplace connects and aligns teams as per the instructions. By creating a room for feedback and reviews, open communication can be promoted in the company. Internal communication is two-way traffic. Leaders have to listen to their workers and regularly for feedback to determine whether they are motivated or not. Comment by Christin: Subject-verb agreement. The verb must agree with the subject in person and number. A singular subject requires a singular verb. For example, instead of “Betty are going to the mall.” Use “Betty is going to the mall.” In this particular case, the singular subject “An organization” does not agree with the plural verb “need”. Consider changing the highlighted verb to the singular form for subject-verb agreement. Resource: Subject-Verb Agreement Comment by Christin: An article is unnecessary when a noun is general rather than specific. For example, instead of “Jared is a vegetarian and doesn’t eat the meat,” the correct alternative would be “Jared is a vegetarian and doesn’t eat meat.” Since “meat” is being referred to in a general sense here, the article “the” is not needed. Resource: Definite and Indefinite Article Use

Conclusion

Statesmanship model is essential in promoting effective leadership in public and business organizations. The model allows leaders to understand their followers by identifying their weaknesses and strengths hence choose the most effective business strategies. Interpersonal leadership, on the other hand, plays a massive role in improving organizational leadership. Successful business organizations use interpersonal leadership strategy to recruit their managers. Such organizations have leaders who understand their traits and use them to develop those around them. Before a leader makes an employee effective, they need first to be effective. One of the most critical skills for interpersonal leaders in organizations is the ability to collect and give feedback. Workers need to be given feedback regarding their performances so that they can improve. It is also crucial for managers to receive regular feedback from workers to understand their opinions. Business companies can use statesmanship model to identify best practices for their communication. The model identifies the best communication strategies within the organization and determines which information can be shared publicly. It provides a perfect platform for leaders to motivate and encourage their employees to follow their examples. Comment by Christin: You did a nice job summarizing your key points in your conclusion here.

References Comment by Christin: The heading, References, should be centered at the top of the page at the one-inch margin in standard Times New Roman font size 12 (not boldface); double space after. Reference entries should be double spaced with no extra line spacing between entries. Use normal style and a standard Times New Roman font size 12 for all entries (APA 2.11, 6.22). Apply throughout. There is a sample References page beginning on p. 18 of the APA Sample Paper. There is also an excellent video tutorial here: https://watch.liberty.edu/media/t/1_1g6ou5pl

Bennett, L. M., Nelan, R., Steeves, B., & Thornhill, J. (2019). The interrelationship of people, space, operations, institutional leadership, and training in fostering a team approach in health sciences research at the University of Saskatchewan. In Strategies for Team Science Success (pp. 509-522). Springer, Cham.

Cao, Y., Bunger, A. C., Hoffman, J., & Robertson, H. A. (2016). Change communication strategies in public child welfare organizations: engaging the front line. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 40(1), 37-50. Comment by Christin: If this journal article was accessed online, be sure to include the retrieval information. In general, an online journal article reference should contain the author name, year of publication, title of the article, title of the periodical, the volume number, the pages, and the retrieval information (APA 7.01). Apply throughout. For example: Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55(1), 893-896. doi: 10.1037/h0043204 Resource: Reference List Examples

Chiu, R. B., Mirowska, A., & Hackett, R. D. (2016). Meaning and Madness of Leadership: Threat Sensitivity, Moral Foundations, and the Trump Phenomenon. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2016, No. 1, p. 17911). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management. Comment by Christin: When referring to books, chapters, articles, or web pages, only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns are capitalized. The first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word is not capitalized (APA 4.15). Apply throughout. Resource: Formatting Titles in APA Style

Griffith, J. A., Baur, J. E., & Buckley, M. R. (2019). Creating comprehensive leadership pipelines: Applying the real options approach to organizational leadership development. Human Resource Management Review, 29(3), 305-315.

Andersen, S. C., & Jakobsen, M. (2017). Policy positions of bureaucrats at the front lines: Are they susceptible to strategic communication?. Public Administration Review, 77(1), 57-66.

Jones, H. (2019). Searching for Statesmanship: a Corpus-Based Analysis of a Translated Political Discourse. Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek and Roman Political Thought, 36(2), 216-241.

Kapucu, N. (2006). Interagency communication networks during emergencies: Boundary spanners in multiagency coordination. The American Review of Public Administration, 36(2), 207-225.

Kollenscher, E., Eden, D., Ronen, B., & Farjoun, M. (2017). Architectural Leadership: The neglected core of organizational leadership. European Management Review, 14(3), 247-264.

Ray, C. (2019). The Concept of Statesmanship in John Marshall’s Life of George Washington. Humanitas, 32(1-2), 56-78.

Ruben, B. D., & Gigliotti, R. A. (2017). Communication: Sine qua non of organizational leadership theory and practice. International Journal of Business Communication, 54(1), 12-30.

Stead, V., Elliott, C., Blevins-Knabe, B., Chan, E., Grove, K. S., Hanold, M., & Smith, A. E. (2017). Collaborative Theory-Building on Women’s Leadership: An Exercise towards Responsible Leadership. Theorizing women and leadership: New insights and contributions from multiple perspectives, 37-50. Comment by Christin: In general, a book reference should contain the author’s name. (year of publication). Title of the work. Publication data (APA 7.02). Apply throughout. For example: Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Resource: APA Format Quick Guide

Stöckl, A., & Smajdor, A. (2017). The MMR debate in the United Kingdom: Vaccine scares, statesmanship and the media. The politics of vaccination. Manchester University Press.

Trivisonno, M., & Barling, J. (2016). Organizational leadership and employee commitment. In Handbook of employee commitment. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Van Wart, M. (2017). Leadership in public organizations: An introduction. Taylor & Francis. Comment by Christin: Alfreda, I enjoyed reading your essay! It is evident that you put a lot of time into it. You provided many interesting insights about statesmanship in organizational leadership. Additionally, your writing is very clear, and you succeeded in maintaining a professional/collegial tone. You also used numerous scholarly sources to support your points. Overall, this is a very nice paper! When you revise your draft, I recommend that you focus especially on thesis statement development, article use, and APA formatting as noted. For additional grammar and formatting resources, consider reviewing the many helpful writing aids on the OWC website at: http://www.liberty.edu/academics/graduate/writing/index.cfm?PID=12268 If you have any specific questions that I did not address here, you can email the OWC, request a Skype appointment, or use the Livechat option. I sincerely hope my suggestions are helpful to you! I wish you all the best as you move forward in your courses this semester. God bless! Christin