Discussions
pilitostorm
DSC4012terrorismhomelandsept2019.pptmPart 1 Historical and social Perspectives of Terrorism
Why is terrorism difficult to define?
Different people define terrorism differently
Is terrorism a problem?
Jordanian police define Hezbollah as a militia.
Lebanese people believe Israel is a source of terrorism
The Fort Hood Texas shooting a terrorist act?
Pure History
Grew from the French revolution?
The Reign of Terror ( Edmund Burke, a British Political Philosopher)
From 1794-1796 the French Government executed 17,000
Others scholars say there were 23,000 additional executions
Middle and working class take power away from elites and the Church
The American Revolution
View movie clip The Patriot on youtube, the tomahawk massacre
Focus on the guerilla tactic used
Is it terrorism??
Was fear involved?
Terrorism and Revolution in Russia
The peoples’ Will
Anarchist Terrorism
Mikhail Bakunin ( Laqueur, 1999, pp. 15-16)
Sergey Nechaev ( 1860s)
Reprint of the “Catechism of the Revolutionary”
Does Nechaev’s influence still live on?
Linked to anarchism
Russian Revolution
View the movie clip Doctor Zhivago on you- tube, the demonstration/massacre scene
Is this State Sponsored Terrorism?
Lenin and Trotsky
Another revolution ( 1917)
Impact on how people viewed terrorism
Leon Trotsky: terrorism should be used
To overthrow the middle class
Lenin and Trotsky gone
Here comes Stalin
Murdering your own people
Definition of Terrorism
A simple definition, why or why not?
Its ever changing…
Terrorism is an act or threatened act of violence against innocent people for political and or religious purposes.
(Laqueur, 1987,1999)
IRA
Selective Terrorism
Michael Collins
He studied the tactics of the peoples’ will
A new form of terrorism
Good intelligence
Selecting the targets
How does the British Govt. Respond?
History of the IRA:
Unionist favor British rule, mostly middle class Protestants living in the northern sections
Republicans: in the south Catholics, want independence from British rule
WW I 1914-1918
Eastern Uprising: Patrick Pearse and James Connolly ( Irish Republican Brotherhood) IRB
The IRB transformed into the IRA
British Army set for war crushed the uprising, captured IRA members, executed them all
Sympathy for the rebels now…
Pearse killed in front of firing squad, gives impassioned speech
Connolly, badly wounded tied to a chair, placed before the firing squad and executed
Michael Collins and Selective Terror
8
IRA ( History) cont.
The early IRA ( Irish Republican Brotherhood)
Formed in the 1850s
A failed revolt in 1867
Who financed them?
Wanting home rule ( bombings, killings began between 1870-1916)
Patrick Pearce and James Connolly ( Acted)
1916 the Easter rising ( in Dublin)
Both executed
Public sympathy shifted to the rebels
History of the IRA:
Unionist favor British rule, mostly middle class Protestants living in the northern sections
Republicans: in the south Catholics, want independence from British rule
WW I 1914-1918
Eastern Uprising: Patrick Pearse and James Connolly ( Irish Republican Brotherhood) IRB
The IRB transformed into the IRA
British Army set for war crushed the uprising, captured IRA members, executed them all
Sympathy for the rebels now…
Pearse killed in front of firing squad, gives impassioned speech
Connolly, badly wounded tied to a chair, placed before the firing squad and executed
Michael Collins and Selective Terror
9
The correlations
Of the peoples will and the IRA
Similarities of Trotsky and Collins ( from that perspective) Similar time frames ( 1900s-1929)
The politics between the groups ( Stalin and Eamon De Varela)
Both struggled to defeat a government
But both on different political sides
Both groups turned on each other
To create a separate state of mind
Types of Terrorism, Radicalization and criminology (2)
What does this mean?
Groups of people forming associations
How these groups structure themselves
To Interpret reality
And take action based on those interpretations
An analysis of group behavior
A complex proposal
The way we interpret the world motivates the actions we take ( White, 2012)
ETA
View youtube video on the separatist movement of ETA
What are the issues of the movement?
Why the violence?
Very Early Terrorism
Sicari Terrorism ( “Dagger-Men”)
Jewish Resistance to Roman rule ( 40 BC)
Violent resistance
Guerrilla or terrorist tactics??
Short dagger to kill
In with the crowds
Caused extreme anxiety
Selective terrorism ( where have we heard that?)
Structural Framework
Societies create organizations to do what?
Belonging to a structure that believes in a specific purpose
When does terrorism develop?
Inferior power ( terrorists) to fight:
Superior group ( the govt.)
Inducing civilian casualties ( big difference here between terrorists and Govt. action)
The reach of terrorism today?
Netwar
Vito Latora and Massimo Marchioni’s theory
terrorists organized in networks ( the Netwar metaphor)
Nodes are critical points ( where groups gather) discuss strategy/ delivery of firepower
When the ( Nodes) network is disrupted….
The participants can’t function
Dependent on the network ( can these be also called cells?)
Crime Prevention and Crime
How can we deter terrorist activity?
Understanding criminology
Cesare Beccaria ( 1738-1794)
Crimes and punishment
Why study criminology when dealing with terrorism?
Target-Harding..
D. Douglas Bodero
A comparative analysis between normal criminals and terrorists:
Typical criminals are opportunistic
They tend to be impulsive
They do not plan crimes
They tend to be self centered
Undisciplined
There goal is obtain goods and get away
Justify Terrorism
How do Govt. and terrorists justify their use of force?
Governments justify the behavior of soldiers:
Sacred symbols, rituals ( rewards)
A source of reality ( support of the group)
A comparative analysis with gang members:
Isolation within the group ( suicide-bombers)
Interacting with only their own
Away from mainstream society
“they must enter a world of their own reality”
Why do Terrorist Organizations Form?
A study done in 1968 to 1991
Examining 127 countries
Suggests?
A frustration about poverty
(Blomberg, Hess & Weerapana, 2004)
Potential Terrorists are Motivated to Join Groups
Through religion
Ethnicity
Nationalism
Ideology ( Lutz and Lutz, 2008, pp. 69-215)
Can we profile the terrorist personality?
E. Staub and C. McCauley state yes:
They come from 3 social groups:
Suffering group
Those who respond to suffering
Find purpose in joining a group
Laqueur said its impossible to profile
It changes with time and events
Physical appearances change
Too many variables
The Profile
Osama bin Laden:
Motivated to join a group ( Taliban)
Not improvised
For the sake of religion?
Ideology?
Did he Come from a suffering group??
Using a Group Profile
Has promise
Marc Sageman: the study of 172 militants ( a qualitative study)
They were exclusively male
Were radicalized in the west
Mentally stable
Middle class
No history of violence
Few had arrests records
Radicalized or Alienated?
From socially accepted behavior to terrorism
Are they all violent?
Alienation:
Separated from values, norms, of the dominant social world
Lack of meaning/normlessness
Sageman’s Model of Radicalization
Alienated young man ( women too)
Meet other alienated young men
They become a bunch of guys
Gravitate toward religion
They outdo each other to express zeal/love for the group
Religion interpreted in militant terms
Most groups stop at this point or go further:
Militant group meets terrorist contact
Militants join terrorist/ a group decision
Cases of Radicalization
James W. von Brunn
June 10, 2009
Entered the Holocaust Museum
Began shooting
He killed a security officer
He was a loner and white supremist
Consumed information from neo-nazi groups
He believed that Jews would destroy white Americans and Europeans
Radicalization Cases
The Boston Bombing
Two young immigrants from Russia
The west was killing Muslims
We are going to strike back
The United States was at war with their faith…
The internet reinforced this belief
Radicalization in Prisons
Page 36, 39
Prisons becoming schools for terrorism
Terrorists must be kept separate from the general population
Mark Hamm( 2007 and 2009)
The charismatic leader selects prisoners to join group
A visiting Chaplin works on the religious angel
People in crisis ( entering prison for the first time)
Will respond to religious overtures
Seeking safety
Manipulating prisoners for personal gain
Cases of Alienation
Frazer Egerton ( 2011)
Its assumed young Muslim males ages 15-30 are alienated
From social structures
They are frustrated
And attracted to violence
These young men find radical religious interpretations
With economic depravation
And ethnic exclusion
Lone Wolves
William Pierce ( terrorist, white supremist)
Short stories ( Hunter)
Represent the most basic form of terrorism
It requires only one person
Terrorists groups call on them to act
Its impossible to infiltrate the process
Nidal Malik Hasan’s attack at Fort Hood
Terrorists Financing Chapter 3
How much money did ISIS make in a day in 2014?
What is the Capone Discovery?
What is the difference between money laundering and terrorist financing?
“Terrorists move monies too commit a crime, while launderers move monies away from a crime”
Illegal Funding Efforts
Terrorists organization involve themselves in:
Expropriation ( Robbery) by Carlos Marighella
Counterfeiting, fraud, loan sharking…
Hizbollah ran cigarettes in North Carolina
Pump and Dump schemes…
Taxing the people
Charities
Selling stolen goods ( Cincinnati)
Underground Network Systems
Kidnap for profit ( around the world)
Al Qaeda’s involvement in the diamond trade
The Hawala System
Hizbollah gets most of its funding from an underground Iran…
The drug trafficking trade
Hizbollah and Hamas do it L.A.
charities
Organization and Financing of Terrorism
Guerrilla warfare ( Who funds it?)
The Cuban revolution ( 1956-1959)
It did not create it
It popularized it throughout the world
Che Guevara
Completed work on guerilla war tactics
Begins with an isolated group
Then merge into guerilla columns
Then bring the columns together into an army
The Cuban Revolution
Watch on youtube the Cuban revolution
Note that Fidel castro used an army to defeat Batista
Typical terrorist organizations are not an army
Why was fidel successful?
What funding methods did he use?
He had the support of the masses..
Urban Terrorism
Frantz Fanon ( 1925-1961)
A psychiatrist
Sent to Algiers ( to work in a mental hospital)
There he embraced the rebel cause against France ( the wretched of the earth)
Western powers dehumanized others ( only one course of action):
Violent revolt ( revolution)
Guerrilla war
terrorism
36
A New Military Approach
General David Petraeus
Studied French Officer David Galula
An alternative method for counterterrorism
Model of Community Policing ( Petraeus & Amos, 2006, pp. 47-51)
It is better for local government to do something poorly:
Than to Have foreigners do it more efficiently
The Pyramid
Typical organization
Command is at the top
Active cadre follows
Active supporters
Passive supporters
Which is the most important?
Carrying out the mission of the organization…
Group of Cells/Columns
Fraser and Fulton and Seale ( 1992)
Command ( internal discipline)
Column command
Tactics cell
Intell. cell
Supply cell
Other logistical cell
Training cell
Umbrella Organization
Type of organization more vast
Small [pyramids gather under a sheltering group]:
Manages supplies
Obtains resources
Creates support structures
Gathers intelligence
Managing the Organizations
Secrecy
A problem? Why?
Terrorist face operational problems too
They go to school to learn leadership principles??
Effective communication dimensions
Decentralization/autonomy
Causes disciplinary issues
Video https://youtu.be/oBCLV7uX8T8
Afghan Drug Plague
Youtube
Terrorist use these proceeds to fund operations.
Focus on the problem there within the citizens too…
Practice quiz
Is it easy to define terrorism?
What are the tactics of terrorism?
Killing and Maiming are normal for the terrorist? True or false
Who founded the IRA?
What is the People Will?
Who was Micheal Collins?
Who introduced the Red Terror?
A call for help
Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) is on the verge of taking control of Yemen's southern cities and towns, according to a counterterrorism source in Israel. As a result, the top leader of the Yemen's government on Saturday requested assistance from Western nations, said Jacob Moskowitz, a law enforcement veteran specializing in anti-terrorism and counter-narcotics.
Besides the ongoing al-Qaeda attacks, the Yemeni government faces civil unrest from citizens.
President Hadi warned the United States, Israel, and the European Union nations that the current security crisis could very well assist the al-Qaeda terrorists in their to efforts to seize more territories from the Yemeni people.
In a statement during the national reconciliation program being held this weekend, Yemeni President Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi said, "Yemen can no longer bear further crises.“ ( June, 2013)
How can the terrorist use this information to radicalize other persons?
Financing Terrorism
Capone discovery?
The IRA used it
Organized crime to finance terrorism
Is terrorism a cost effective venture?
What was the cost of the Oklahoma City Bombing?
The Madrid train attacks?
Fort Hood shooting
Follow the money
Drug gangs and organized crime
Terrorist and underground criminal activity
They don’t have to follow regulation or formal controls
Drug dealers need massive organizations to do what?
Terrorist do not operate like that, their organizations are much smaller
Forensic accounting
Illegal Funding Methods
Carlos liked ( expropriation) ???
Abu Nidal and cigarettes
Hezbollah and cigarettes
Internet auctions
Shinning Path of Peru taxed farmers for protection
They use the same fund-raising techniques criminals have used for years
Legal methods of raising funds
Creating charities
Banks
Wire transfers
Normal employment
Terrorism and the media (4)
Television
Radio
Print news
The internet
Website pages
Propaganda broadcasts
Social Media…
The new media
What is that?
Any virtual network?
Blogs
Multiple internet postings
Any social network?
Twitter ( most popular among terrorist) why?
Instant communication, Its socially accepted, it has a presence of legitimacy
Are cell phones cheap? What does this mean?
Any participant has access to propaganda and unfiltered news, perfect for what?
"To get them freed, France paid a $17m ransom
Paris paid a ransom in 2010 of some 17 million dollars to free four French hostages - who are still being held by al Qaeda-linked militants, probably in northern Mali
France 'Paid $17m Ransom to Al-Qaida in Mali' Ex-US ambassador Vicki Huddleston claims four French hostages still held by Salafist kidnappers in Mali By Gianluca Mezzofiore February 8, 2013 12:54 GMT
Envoy: Frances’s 17 M Ransom Funded al-qaida
Newspaper article Saturday ( 2/8/13)
What we talked about last week
The Mali rebels were funded by ransom paid in recent years
Terrorist involved in kidnapping to fund their operations, what's it called?
France denies it, the media exposes it…
Communication develops
Reporting of terrorist events
It magnifies events, campaigns and causes
Creating the social definition of terrorism
Globalize a local event
The World Wide Web:
Lots of propaganda ( Jytte Klausen (2015)
Centered around religious indoctrination…(p. 85)
Terrorism sends a message, which is?
Roundtable, how should the media cover terror attacks? (https://youtu.be/OPTWIKQh96I)
The Video
Security forces and the media
Chiefs, military commanders do not trust reporters
Reporters only trying to gather sensationalistic stories
Trying to limit and control coverage
Its ironic, media reporting generally favors security forces
Embedded reporters:
Embedded reporters: those that are assigned within the military units, and with police departments too, that go along with the military or police on specific operations…
55
How the Media Develops your construction of reality
P. 89
Nacos and her colleagues ( after 9/11) reviewed several hundred news events in the first decade of counterterrorism action:
The media found no need to focus on domestic security
Only threats overseas
All terrorism stories ( in 39 months) from most networks examined: 85 stories related to domestic security., 375 stories dealing with the threat of terrorism around the world..
The media as a weapon
Richard Clutterbuck: media similar to a loaded gun…
Embedded reporters: the military picking up the gun and using it
Military and police officials trained in media manipulation
Terrorist also recognize the “loaded gun” model
al-Qaida used it ( attacks draw media coverage)
News Frames
News frames:
A narrative for understanding a deadly drama
Introduces heroes and villains
Victims of violence become the suffering innocents
Reporting frame:
TV
Simplest and short form
Underlining causes are ignored
Reporting Frame ( Media ignores terror threat at Gaza/Israel border
Video
Reporting Frame
Youtube reporting frame
View:
SC Responses to Frame Guidelines for Reporting
Note: the systematic response to reporting news frame
Terrorism and TV
Benjamin Barber ( 1996, pp. 76-83) its pure entertainment
A banter between news anchor and guest
Debates evolve into shouting matches
Issues are rarely discussed
Pleasing personality lacking intellectual depth
It will keep viewers attention
Cooper (1977a) terrorist acts made for TV dramas
Stay tuned…..
Anchor, guest spar over gun control and crime
CNN Video ( The Title of the video is above)
Internet and Terrorism
Setting up a secure website (terroistgroup.com)
To broadcast propaganda
Steganography:
Embedding a hidden message on the site
The internet is “boon” for terrorists..
Propaganda
Recruitment and training
Encourage suicide bombings
How Decoded Emails Helped Britain, U.S. Foil Terror Plots June 19, 2013 10:55:48 am
The Washington Post describes a string of coded email messages that allowed National Security Agency to foil a suicide bombing plot in the New York City subway system four years ago. Officials say about 50 such plots have been disrupted as a result of information gathered by National Security Agency monitoring.
The Post said one case began in 2008 when Abid Naseer, a Pakistani student living in Manchester, England, began to e-mail a Yahoo account traced back to his home country that used the names of women — Nadia, Huma, Gulnaz and Fozia — as code for different types of explosives. Another message, announcing a “marriage to Nadia,” was a signal that a terrorist attack in England was imminent. The intelligence helped stop that plot, and the contacts from that case helped the NSA disrupt the subway threat, which used similar codes, such as "The marriage is ready."
Issues in the media
News claims to be fair and balanced??
These functions are naïve ( Bernard Goldberg , 2003, pp.103-114) former CBS employee
All news come with a slant
Reporters are expected to create news frames
Intense debate
Is the media liberal or conservative in its reporting of terrorism?
A profit making machine… too much to the left or right can be a problem…
Edward Herman ( 1999)
Another perspective
Social construction of reality and political bias
The media a vast propaganda machine
Promoting values and goals of business corporations
Dictators are portrayed as moderate or benign when they favor???
Powerful economic forces behind political action
Force Multipliers (5)
A method of increasing striking power
Media coverage
Religious fanaticism
The philosophy of the bomb
The IRA used it
Thermobaric bomb
Believed to have been used in the Tunisian Synagogue 2002 attack ( Hambling, 2004)
Women and terrorism
Historical they have been involved, from France, to Russia, to Ireland and more…
Then why has it been ignored?
Just like the criminal view perspectives
Because it’s a man’s terrorist world??
What does the media say:
Women are neither significant or worthy of analysis
They only play a nebulous role???
Cyberterrroism
What does it mean?
What is the biggest fear in cyberterroism?
Is cyberterroism a real threat?
What did Mark Grossman ( 1999) say? P. 116
What is a logic bomb?
Trojan Horses
Attractive. Low risk strategy..
Power-grid attack….
WMD Biological Agents
Bacterial weapons
Anthrax
Smallpox
The plague ( transmitted by insects)
Viral weapons ( caused by a viruses)
Ebola virus ( a hemorrhagic fever)
WMD Chemical Weapons
There are four types
Nerve agents
Blood agents
Choking agents
Blistering agents
Nuclear Terrorism
Need we say more….
Its not an easy proposition for terrorists, Why?
They would rather use conventional weapons
Scholars from Tel Aviv University suggest the probability is low for nuclear terrorism ( Schachter, Guzansky, and Schweitzer, 2010)
The Media as a force multiplier
Government benefits when?
Constant reporting however make terrorist seem important…
Groups want recognition of their causes, grievances and demands
The media an important tool that will spread information
The internet is one of the most important force multipliers
Tourism
The bombing in Indonesia ( nightclub)
200 people dead ( mostly Australians)
What is the objective of the terrorist here?
Terrorism and tourism…
Bombings Impact
Youtube bombing impacts
Note: the impact of the bomb as a force multiplier
FEAR spreads dramatically
The number one tool in the arsenal of the terrorist
Suicide Terrorism
Robert page ( 2005) a strategic tool
Its popular, why?
Where did it start?
Which group has the infamous honor of using it first?
Bombers come from local commuities where self sacrifice is glorified by religious leaders ( Pape, 2005, pp. 128-139)
Suicide Bomber
Youtube video
Female Suicide bomber
A female from the Tamil Tigers terrorist organization
Note how effective the female terrorist is in penetrating the security field
And focus on the victim
And how effective she was in killing the target only
Theory of Suicide Terrorism
According to Robert Pape ( 2005)
Three factors must in place:
Ethnic group resisting occupation of foreign power
Foreign power has democratic government
Finally, a difference of religious beliefs
Rohan Gunaratna ( 2000)
What do attacks have in common:
Secrecy
Reconnaissance
And rehearsal
Suicide Bomber gone bad…
Youtube
Suicide bombing gone bad
Focus on the treacherous strategy that terrorists love to use, to inflict fear
But it does not deter the terrorist in using this highly volatile tool
Force Multipliers ( in summary)
Technology
Transnational support
Religion
And the media
Chapter 6 Long-Term Separatist Terrorism
Ethnic and Nationalist Separatism:
ETA ( Euskadi Ta Askatasuna ( ETA) was born in the 1960s
A group of Basque students
Ideological struggles in the 1960s
A ripe opportunity for struggle
A time for independence from Spain
Separatist have clear goals, unlike religious terrorists ( Newman, 2007)
Separatist Terrorism
Primary focus is to mobilize a community
As government persecutions begin, terrorist present themselves as victims
It differs form ideological and religious terrorism
It’s the most violent in the modern world, why?
They gain and have the support of the masses
It goes on for a long time… ( the IRA and ETA as examples)
It undermines the moderates that want to seek a solution to the violence.
ETA
Fransisco Franco:
Leader of the fascist forces during Spain’s civil war ( 1936-1939)
Basques sided against the fascists
Franco forcibly campaigned against Basque national identity
He completely incorporated the Basque region into Spain, banning its language ( Euskera) and culture
ETA
A specific goal:
Seek to preserve their culture and linguistic identity
Did not advocate violence or terrorism
But ETA turns to terrorism
At first the ideas were symbolic ( graffiti)
Franco responds with brutal suppression
Guess what happened next??
What did ETA do?
ETA
Youtube/ Spain: Rally in Support of Basque Separatist Group ETA
(https://youtu.be/G4KWg6O3VKA)
ETA and the Death Squads
As Spanish repression increased in the 1970s:
ETA escalated its attacks
It began a Marighella-style campaign
Selective terrorism ( who started this?)
Spain responds with Martial Law
ETA escalates the violence
More women join
1980 the most violent year ( 92 people died, police officers, government officials)
Basque Independence
Youtube video
Describing the goals of ETA
Their purpose
Their resolve
What did they want?
A new government?
Or just to preserve their identity and language?
Spanish Government is angry
So thus the death squads are born:
Warriors of Christ the King
Began to torture and murder suspected terrorist and their supporters ( Woodworth, 2001, pp. 39-44)
Developed into the Anti-Terrorist Liberation Groups ( GAL)
GAL killed 28 people between 1983- and 1987, sometimes the wrong people
ETA
Youtube video
ETA Struggling for a Homeland
The brief History of ETA
Focus on the issue of how ETA began, not imploring violence but just demonstrations, and graffiti
To promote their cause.
IRA
Modern Terrorism in Northern Ireland
The IRA and current and modern troubles
The recent killing of a young reporter in Belfast
The British Army and overreaction
Unionist Terrorism
The Beginnings of the IRA
James Connolly and Patrick Pearce in the 1916 uprising against whom?
Then Michael Collins and Eamon de Valera
Selective terrorism
The struggle for independence
But then a split between Collins and Valera
Valera wanted peace and was at odds with the IRA
Then the Catholics vs the protestants in Northern Ireland…
The Catholics demanding the same rights as Protestants in 1969;
Demonstrations grew violent
British called in and they supported Northern Ireland Police Force ( RUC)
The Tamil Tigers ( SRI Lanka)
The Origins of the Tamil dissatisfaction
Fought for independence
Hindus vs Muslims
Tamils vs Sinhalese population ( ethnicity differences)
LTTE ( or Tamil Tigers) Tactics
Their Women Terrorists
Government repression after victory
The YouTube bombing of a suicide bomber at a government building.
The Black Tigers killed thousands
They conducted more successful suicide bombings than any other terrorist group
A civil war…
Chapter (7) Nationalistic and Endemic terrorism
The Russian Federation
Breakaway states and crime
Economic conditions bad ( 50% drop in the GDP)
Corruption and crime
Failed states
These regions are a hot bed for terrorism
Chechnya
What is the problem there?
Nationalism
Jihadists in the area?
Is it a legitimate war for independence?
What does Russia say
What does the US Ambassador to Russia say ( p. 170?
Chechnya thrives on support from Jihadist groups
Moscow Theater
Shamil Basayev: a charismatic leader…
A jihadist
Killed lots of civilians ( Theater)
40 terrorists
Took 850 hostages
Russian Force storm the theater
Killing 39 terrorists
And 129 hostages
Children Murdered
The Beslan School Terrorist attack
Youtube video
Note the interview of the children and mothers that were on the scene of the attack.
Note the fear and desperation in their voices
Beslan School
A Chechen Terrorist attack
On the first day of school
A chaotic scene
Russian forces not able to respond accuraetly
Incident resulted:
The murder of 400 people
Including 100 children
Beslan School
The southern Russian town of Beslan, set near the beautiful Caucasus Mountains, is like any small city in America. In this town of 30,000, kids ride bikes, play computer games, and as summer turns to fall, they prepare to go back to school. In Russia, the first day of school is a celebration. It's called "The Day of Knowledge," and it takes place on Sept. 1. On that day, parents come with their children, and balloons and gifts are brought for the teachers. "That's, like, a big deal in Russia, and everyone is just waiting for this moment, when school starts," says Dariya Fadeeva, 16, a high school senior in Beslan. "It's also a big holiday for kids going to school for the first time."
The Black Widows
Female terrorist at their best ( began June 2000):
A new weapon for the jihadists
Time line 7.2 ( page 172)
Women Terrorists
Youtube video
Women terrorist in Chechnya
Black Widows
Who was Salena
How was she involved with the Russian Winter Olympics?
Turkeys struggle with terrorism
40,000 deaths since 1980
Turkish Hezbollah
Habib akdas
Founder of al qaeda in turkey
Had undertaken
a task from osama bin laden
To punish Turkey for partnership with U.S.
habib gets pushed out of Afghanistan ( 2001)
Habib Akdas makes mistake
Double bombings that killed Muslims
Suicide attacks against two synagogues
Backfired big-time
Infuriated Turkish citizens
Allowed the Turkish police to unleash full power
Dozens of terrorists arrested
Akdas replacement arrested
Akdas flees to IRAQ, Killed 2004 Fallujah
Boko Haram
The most militant Salafi groups in the world
Boko Haram: “western education is forbidden”
Al Shabab
Harakat Shabab al Mujahadeen
It’s a regional group threatening countries in western Africa
Chapter 8
Background to the Middle East
The first decade of the 20th century
Iran’s Nuclear quest
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ( Iranian Leader)
Israel had no right to exist
Statements made:
I want to see Israel disappear
The Origins of the problems
Imperialism
Poverty
Government corruption
Political repression
Religious fanaticism
Terrorism
Fear of a nuclear war
Islam
View youtube history channel Islam
It’s a significant account of the religion
Its important to know the dimensions associated with this very peaceful religion
The Shiite Sunni Split
Muslim community at Medina
The Golden Age of Arabs
Militant Philosophy
Syyib Qutb
Muslim Brotherhood
Abdul Wahhab
The Koran ( Qu’ran)
View youtube video
History channel
Note: the beauty of the holy book’s verses and ideological perspectives
The peaceful verbiage therein
Iran
British influence
Prelude to The revolution of 1979
A call to Karbala
A “sneak-peek” into Hezbollah and its influence with Iran
The Birth of Israel
British influence and control
The politics of the UN and the world
World war 1 and contradictory promises
Terrorism in Israel and Palestine (9)
Yasser Arafat
The leader of the PLO
Formed Fatah ( a guerilla organization)
To wage war against Israel
They gain fame by doing hit and runs into Israel
The Arab nations were defeated in the battlefields
“ revolution united all revolutionaries from the past to the present”
Where did Arafat say this??
Arafat became a hero to the Arab world
Black September
In Munich the Olympic games 1972
They struck the Olympic village
Most of the Israeli Olympic team held hostage
Killing those who tried to escape
At the airport:
German police moved in
Botched rescue attempt
All hostages killed and one police officer
Abu nidal terrorist organization
( black June) created in 1976 splintering from the PLO
Sabri al banna ( code name: abu nidal)
1980s ruthless operations:
Raids on Jewish Schools ( Paris, Istanbul..)
Assassination of PLO leaders in Tunis
The attack on a synagogue in Istanbul
hamas
Ahmed yassin, one of the founders
Formed in 1987
Fought Israel with zeal
There must be no peace with Israel
( the PLO was changing its tune therefore the splits..)
They run social services ( schools, hospitals, charities)
Hezbollah
The origins of Hezbollah
The 1979 Iranian Revolution
The Shi’ite community of southern Lebanon
Hezbollah’s Operational capabilities:
A very strong non-state terrorist group
A weak Lebanese government allows Hezbollah to maintain strong holds in southern Lebanon
It has established a strong presence in Latin America
The security wing is based in Lebanon and is responsible for training guerrillas and terrorists.
They can accomplish much with the backing and funding from Iran.
Iran uses Hezbollah as an extension of its power
Bulldozing
An Israeli tactic
Destroy the family homes of suicide bombers
Does it work?
Was it expanded to other targets?
What do the critics say?
The Wall
The construction of a massive wall
The wall grabbed the attention of the world
Does it stop criminal activity on the Israeli side?
The idea dates back to Hadrian of the Roma Empire
Chapter 10
Revolutionary & Counterrevolutionary Terrorism
Reached its zenith in the 1960s and 70s
A global movement expressing dissatisfaction in the wake of anticolonialism
https://youtu.be/xvQLAg16ZD0
Revolutionary Terrorism Defined
Martha Crenshaw (1972)
Revolutionary terrorism: as an insurgent strategy in the context of internal warfare or revolution
An attempt to seize power from a legitimate state for the purpose of creating political and social change
The violence is symbolic designed to have a devastating psychological impact on established power
Uruguay’s Tupamaros
City walks and asphalt became their battleground
After WWII Uruguay a democratic country with a sound economy
But in the northern section sugar workers hit hard ( the union, a radical approach)
They went to Montevideo
They clashed with police
Raul Sendic
Revolutionary leader
Founded the National Liberation Movement ( 1963)
He joined the sugar workers
Was in jail until 1963
The group that surrounded Sendic were humanistic idealist
Wanted to bring Uruguay under direct control of the people
The structure of a violent revolt
1963
Where does Tupac Amaru come from??
50 followers
To do battle in the streets of Montevideo
Used the Carlos Marighella ideology
Terrorism would be the primary strategy
They did not want to build a conventional military force
Kidnapping was very successful
Tupamaro Organization
Maintained a hierarchy
Just like the PLO and IRA
But their support was within the borders of Uruguay
They had an executive committee
It ran the columns that supervised terrorist ops
Terrorize the terrorist into obedience ( Revolutionary Justice)
But they lacked a unified command structure for day to day activities
Epitomized Marighella”s concept
The firing unit
Four to six person groups in the cells
Columns were major units
But high decentralized
That’s why they needed the Committee for revolutionary Justice
They became the masters of urban terrorism ( Waldmann (1986, p.259)
Examples of Modern Revolutionary Terrorism
It began in 1789, where?
Then it continued from 1879 to 1917 in Russia
IRA’s use of selective terrorism
Current movements:
FARC (https://youtu.be/ihD3CaLpcRE)
ELN
Decline of Revolutionary Terrorism
Peaceful participation in the political system
Offering opportunities for change
Violence seemed no longer an attractive method for groups to express their grievances
The Soviet Union dissolved
The Berlin Wall came down
Changing the political landscape of Europe
Chapter 11
How does ISIS become so strong?
How did the U.S. help?
How much did the U.S. spend to train and equip the Iraqi army?
Al Qaeda and the Jihadist Networks
Osama bin laden:
Had 18,000 fighters
How does he rise to power?
The world was divided into two camps 1945-1991:
The communists
Non communists
Who does the U.S. back??
Specifically during the Soviet-Afghan war, 1979-1989
Mujahedeen
Or “holy warriors”
The most significant group out of the Soviet-Afghan war ( 1979-1989)
The U.S. backed them
U.S. helps in developing a funding mechanism and
Underground arms network
Thus Islamic charities flourished in the U.S. providing what?
Rise of osama bin laden
After the Soviet-Afghan war
At first he supports the mujahedeen
But then forms his own guerilla unit
Who inspires this terrorist:
Abdullah Azzam
A doctor of Islamic law ( Palestinian scholar)
He wants war
For all Muslims to rise up and strike satan
A purified form of Islam was the answer to questions of poverty
Al zawahiri
A jihadi salafist
After serving jail time
He becomes a doctor
He is jailed again for opposing Anwar Sadat
He leaves for Afghanistan to join guess who??
Osama and al meet..
Both men highly educated
Al was the brains
Osama had the charisma ( what a partnership)
Tourbulance for an al qaeda model
Azzam wants to unite all mujahedeen leaders
The meeting goes bad
Osama and al are now angry with azzam
They form their own movement
Azzam gets in the way
Guess what happens to him?? ( in 1989)
Then osama and al become the leaders of al qaeda
The evolution of al qaeda
Things change:
After the afghan jihad movement
Al goes into Egypt ( but govt. crackdown there pushes al back to Afghanistan)
Osama returns to Afghanistan
Osama is upset at Dessert Storm
Begins the war against the U.S.
In 1992, Yemen, a bomb explodes in a hotel that was housing U.S. troops
Declaring war on U.S.
Seated in front of a camera:
Al and osama declare war on the U.S. ( 1996)
In 1998 both the Egyptian Islamic Jihad and al qaeda :
Announced the world islamic front against Jews and Crusaders
Osama wanted to cause death:
In 1998 he bombed the U.S. Embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
The Nairobi bomb killed 213 people
Bin-Laden is dead
On May 1, 2011, President Obama makes a bold decision to go after bin laden, he is killed
Zawahiri is now the leader of al qaeda
Is al qaeda still strong and viable?
It has become a franchise-type-organizational structure
Haqqani network in Pakistan
A Taliban network
Franchise in Yemen, AQAP ( a Jihadi Salafist group)
May be responsible for the Charlie-Hebdo murders in Paris
Anwar al Awlaki ( an American Jihadi Salifi Cleric, very dangerous , a recruiter…)
Franchise in Algeria: AQIM
Is al qaeda still alive?
Abu musab al zarqawi
A street thug
Very dangerous
Bin laden made a mistake and gave this thug permission to set up training camps
His approach to violence was even more shocking than to other jihadi Salafists..
After 9/11 terrorists became more selective in their killings….
Zarqawi killed everybody….
Domestic Terrorism (12)
A moment of silence for the victims in Boston
A typical cowardly act
Innocent victims targeted
An 8 year old Child!!!
What did the terrorist use?
The front line personnel
What can you do to help??
Chief Paudert’s ordeal
Two Officers conduct routine traffic stop
The driver produces official looking ID
Officers confused
The passenger exits the vehicle with an assault rifle
Both Officers were killed
One of the Officers Killed was Paudert’s Son
Sovereign citizens terrorist group
Free of US citizenship/violent
Have killed over 30 police officers
Anti Terrorism
Who is at the front line of this struggle?
Many police departments have worked hard to prepare
Others are lagging behind
A coordinated response is easier said than done
Unfortunately, agencies approach terrorism with their own interpretations
Dissemination of information
FBI categorizes activities on the basis of origin
Gathering and sharing of information
Information sharing still remains difficult and illusive
Domestic Terrorist groups:
Right wing extremist
Left wing extremist
International terrorists
FISC ( the Court)
By Kimberly Dozier and Stephen Braun, The Associated Press
WASHINGTON -- The Obama administration has given up more of its surveillance secrets, acknowledging that it was ordered to stop scooping up thousands of Internet communications from Americans with no connection to terrorism — a practice it says was an unintended consequence when it gathered bundles of Internet traffic connected to terror suspects.
One of the documents that intelligence officials released Wednesday came because a court ordered the National Security Agency to do so. But it's also part of the administration's response to the leaks by analyst-turned-fugitive Edward Snowden, who revealed that the NSA's spying programs went further and gathered millions more communications than most Americans realized.
The NSA declassified three secret court opinions showing how it revealed to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court that one of its surveillance programs may have collected and stored as many as 56,000 emails and other communications by ordinary Americans annually over three years. The court ruled the NSA actions unconstitutional and ordered the agency to fix the problem
Right Wing Extremist
God is universally endorsed
Movement is dominated by a conspiracy theory
Continue to embrace patriotism and guns
Arm themselves for a holy war
Ruby Ridge Incident ( extreme right)
WACO Siege ( it became a symbol for the extreme right) david koresh ( vernon): terrorist
The KKK
The Turner Diaries
William Pierce, a college professor??? ( a white supremacist from West Virginia, started the national alliance)
His most noted novel ( the Turner Diaries)
The international white revolution
A diatribe against minorities and Jews
A how to manual for low-level terrorism
Psychological inspiration for violence
Inspire copycat crimes justify murder and mayhem
Left Wing Terrorism
These groups dominated 1967-1985
Vietnam war
Favorite tactic…. ( bombings)
But they tried to avoid causalities
Student activism, elites controlled the groups
Homegrown Extremits
John Walker Lindh ( [2001] an american captured while fighting for the taliban)
Adam Gadahn (an american spokesman for al qaeda)
Learning terrorism tactics overseas
Then coming back as a threat
Hybrid terrorism ( ring a bell??)
Joining sleeper cells hiding in the U.S.
An Introduction to the Department of Homeland Security (13)
A federal agency created in 2003
A complex mission:
Involving many agencies
Communication is a challenge
Sharing of information concerns
It also involves the engagement of citizens
A difficult undertaking
Still policies are being reviewed on the mission of anti-terrorism
Critics of the Department of Homeland Security
Is the mission confusing?
The patchwork of agencies protecting the country ineffective?
Is there weakness in port security?
Aviation security still in adequate? ( Poole, 2006)
The Southern Border secure?
Experts believe that it will become the main infiltration routes for jihadists…
Table of Organization
Page 306 ( Department of Homeland Security)
What's the purpose of the TO?
It forces agencies to do what??
Departments
The Department of Justice ( FBI)
JTTF ( very important coordination efforts with local law enforcement)
The Department of Defense ( Military)
The Intelligence Community:
CIA, NSA…
State and Local Law Enforcement
Carter (2009, pp.2-6) information sharing with the locals enhances counterterrorism efforts…
Intelligence
Gathering of criminal intelligence ( p.310)
Fusion Centers:
It’s not a new concept
Problems: funding, focus to share information was clouded, focus was on local crimes (specifically drug trafficking..)
They are getting better, evolving….:
Better synchronized intelligence
Providing a link with private corporations
David Carter’s Recommendation
Police activity should be led by intelligence:
The R-Cubed Approach:
Reassess, calls for service, specialized units, community resources, current intelligence
Refocus: establish new priorities, weigh priorities
Reallocate resources, effectively implement change
Fusion Centers
The basic concept started with HIDTA, raw information coming from law enforcement agencies..
A simple process in dealing with intelligence:
Put all the impacted stakeholders in one location
Collaboration will follow
Direct policies will not impact the process
It forces all the “players” to work together and share information
The California Intelligence system
A new concept in statewide intelligence system
Future projections were made by looking at past indicators
It’s a synthesis process
It combined public information with data on criminal trends and possible terrorist activity
Creating a Culture of Information sharing
Increase information sharing through a cooperative environment ( JTTF)
D. Douglas Bodero believes that many of these systems are already in place
RISS system for example, Regional Information sharing system, being used today
HIDTA fusion systems
Academic Research
Criticism of Fusion centers: ( Torin Monahan and Neal Palmer (2009)
Too expensive ineffective
Law enforcement mission gets “heavier”…
Massive amounts of information, threatens civil liberties…
The 911 Commission Report
Recommendations:
Create a National Counterterrorism Center
A national intelligence director
Refocus the CIA
Increase information gathering from people
Develop extensive language capabilities
Build the analysis capability of the CIA
Recruit diverse Agents so they can blend
Page 356…
The Challenge of Bureaucracy and preventing terrorism
The primary role of law enforcement is ??
All stakeholders go to training together and they pledge to work together as a team…
But when they get back home???
Realities of organizational management
Personnel and interagency rivalry
And of course shrinking budgets…
The Scope of the Mission is Daunting
Should it ( DHS) be that centralized?
Should it be decentralized?
To reach out to the communities?
DHS policies have been very unpopular for other countries:
Fingerprinting visitors
TSA long lines at the airport
The immigration debate?? ( p.372)
Intelligence Reform
The Washington Post did research ( Priest & Arkin, 2010):
Intelligence community had grown too large
No one could account for its cost..
Too many people doing the same jobs..
854,000 security clearances…
50,000 reports
No clear lines of authority…
The massive endeavor not manageable?
Passport ( Review )
When a Saudi Arabian airline passenger arrived at Detroit Metropolitan Airport weeks ago, red flags went up, landing him in jail.
He had a pressure cooker in his luggage — a similar device was used in the Boston Marathon bombings.
He gave conflicting stories about the cooker.
And perhaps the biggest flag of them all: His passport had a page missing.
"You have got to say, 'These are not ordinary times,' " said criminal defense lawyer James Howarth, who has represented dozens of travelers detained at the border, including the Saudi passenger, whom he believes did nothing wrong.
Since the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, passports have been scrutinized like never before as federal agents try to keep terrorists and criminals from entering the U.S. Over the last decade, the number of U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) agents has doubled, from about 10,000 in 2004 to a record 21,000-plus agents today.
There's plenty keeping them busy.
Passports ( cont)
Underwear bomber ( June 2013) by Tresa Baldas, Detroit Free Press
Increased U.S. scrutiny of travel documents was triggered by the 2009 Christmas Day terrorist attack by Nigerian passenger Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, who tried to blow up a Detroit-bound plane with a bomb strapped to his underwear. His plan failed and he was sentenced to life in prison on terrorism charges.
Abdulmutallab had a visa and should have been screened before boarding the plane after a warning from his father that he had become radicalized. But U.S. officials didn't know he posed a threat until the plane was in the air.
Since 2001, the State Department has revoked about 60,000 visas for a variety of reasons, including nearly 5,000 for suspected links to terrorism; 1,451 of those occurring since the attempted Christmas Day attack over Detroit.
For U.S. Attorney Barbara McQuade, who started her job as Detroit's top federal prosecutor in the days before the Christmas Day terrorist attack, border officials can't be overly cautious when it comes to scrutinizing travel documents.
"A passport is both an identity document and a road map showing where a person has traveled. A passport that has been intentionally altered may indicate that an individual is attempting to hide travel to a particular country and perhaps his activities there," said McQuade. "If travel locations are concealed, lines of inquiry that would otherwise be pursued by border officials are effectively cut off."
Organizing Homeland Security (14)
The challenge of bureaucracy
Cooperation and collaboration
Sharing intelligence
Working together
Control & Cooperation
Homeland security was a massive undertaking
Information sharing continues to be a challenge
The bottom-line in the fight to eradicate terrorism is prevention
Partnership with the business community is paramount
The Weberian Ideal
Max weber
Bureaucracy
A professional, rational organization
Labor is divided into functional areas
Homeland security:
Leadership is paramount
Collaboration essential
Intelligence & Bureaucracy
Rivalries must be eliminated between agencies
Intelligence systems work under local political systems
At times this hampers the collection and dissemination of intelligence
The Bush Administration argued that counterterrorism was a military mission
Its not, it’s a local and federal mandate to prevent terrorism
State Local Bureacracies
All agencies must buy into preventing terrorism
Sharing of intelligence information is paramount
If so then all chiefs and administrators must issue and enforce this policy
LEIN ( provides a vehicle for this process to be effective)
Community policing is critical to prevent terrorism
Policy Disputes
The US has developed policies that are in conflict with the policies of other countries:
Example, fingerprinting and photographing certain individuals
Or particular homeland security checks
And disputes domestically with local governments:
Such as border patrol and ICE enforcement
It has budget implications
The Immigration Debate
Arguments on both sides of the issue:
Relaxed Border protection leads to infiltration of terrorists and the possibility of increase domestic related terrorism
Not protecting the borders causes:
WMD smuggling
Drug trafficking
Human trafficking
Infectious disease
Infrastructure Protection
Richard Clarke states:
This country is vulnerable to cyberattacks
The nation’s power systems
Technological organizations
Its more of a technological concern, ( private partnerships) the FBI should not be in charge of this type of counterterrorism
Private Partnerships
There is a need for this collaboration between government and the private community
To protect for Cyber attacks:
The community working closely with private corporations
Thinking Internationality
Modern terrorism is a abstract concept
It fluctuates according to historical, political circumstances
To combat it:
We need people with abstract thinking skills
Knowledge of history
International politics
Expertise in regions
Federal Rivalries
Federal agencies must act more as partners instead of rivals
JTTF helps networking and collaboration efforts with all agencies
Competition is not a healthy approach to combating terrorism
JTTF
Joint Terrorism Task Force
A very effective tool in intelligence dissemination
It brings together all stakeholders who combat terrorism
The police are in a perfect position to collect the best intelligence on terrorism
Border Protection
Policy dispute
The budget issue
Collaboration
Cooperation between countries
The immigration debate
Infrastructure dilemmas
Government Partnerships
Expanding the local mission
Must involve local government
Citizens within the local government
Thinking internationality
The Federal mission
Bureaucratic problems
Responding to disasters
Homeland Security & Constitutional Issues( 15)
Human rights and security
Legal issues
Terrorism and the Constitution
National Security and Crime
Na
179
The Debate about Government power
The Patriot Act
( Patriot Games- The Patriot Act in Review[Hoover Institution] 26:00)
Civil liberties and the police powers
Executive powers and the courts
Intelligence networks and roles
Fusion Centers revisited
Changes in how War is Fought
Affect the structure of civil society
Jihadist believe their communities are threatened
Sayyid Qutb (1965)
“Jhadists are on the cliff and about to topple over the edge”
Therefore they can use any method to disrupt their enmies socities
Defense in Depth
All levels of society must become involved in homeland security
Its designed to protect a community fighting for its way of life ( Cebrowski & Barnett, 2003; Barnett, 2004)
All members of this community must be committed to fight…
In short Defense in Depth may require citizens to alter their lifestyles and way they live…
Militarization and Police Work
Rules of engagement of the military
Rules of engagement of policing
Working together to deter terrorism
Prevention
Community policing
The USA Patriot Act
Has ten sections
Title I is to enhance domestic Security
Title II: the governments’ ability to gather electronic evidence
Title III empowers federal law enforcement to interact with banking regulators
Title IV increases border patrols
Title V, enhances investigative powers
Terrorism and The Constitution
Constitutional Concerns:
Bush Administration sought to increase presidential powers to effectively fight terrorism
Federal law enforcement power is growing too strong ( Cole & Dempsey, 2002).
The Patriot Act the cause for alarm
Increase Executive Powers
According to Lewis Katz ( 2001)
Its unpleasant but these powers must be increased
The real test of the 4th amendment under these circumstances is reasonableness…
These are not normal times…
Increase electronic surveillance powers…
Katz also believes that some un-reasonable actions by police are also a possibility…
186
Civil Liberties & Police Work
Controversies in law enforcement:
Effective counterterrorism is based on good intelligence
And profiling???
Indefinite detention policy…
Executive power and the courts ( at first the courts went along, not now, its back to the precise interpretation of the laws..)
Intelligence, Networks & Roles
To prevent terrorism:
Intelligence gathering
Dissemination
Working together
Within Networks encourage the flow of information
Confronting a terror network requires resources for a long term struggle
Militarization & Police Work
Increasing the military presence within the police
What did the current President say about this subject?
Who are the first responders to a terrorists attack?
What about an active shooter scenario?
Now the question again: should we increase a military presence in policing?
The Paris Attacks
Once the event occurred we failed…
Prevention is the key
How do you prevent it?
Intelligence…
Confidential informants
Community oriented policing
Under cover officers…
More analysis in the other powerpoint.
Security Terrorism and the Future (16)
Homeland security and foreign policy
The private security conundrum
The Israeli Palestinian conflict
The changing nature of terrorism
Multilevel Communication & Sharing
P. 415
Who encounters domestic related terrorism first?
Agency’s must encourage communication
Agency's must encourage information sharing
The Private Industry Problem
Private and public relationships must be improved..
To prevent terrorism, the private sector must be involved
After 9/11, many businesses created counterterrorism divisions to get DOD contracts.
Tom Barry sees it as a concern; private corporations in control of intelligence flow…
Foreign Policy
And homeland security:
Future homeland security depends on a successful foreign policy
Partner Capacity; by Robert Gates; the US military, forming alliances with security forces and the business community, inside states that threatened with destabilization
The policy needs to be flexible, agile, executive branch and congress to develop oversight mechanism, convince other countries to be partners; long term…
Absorbing the Attack
We must be a democracy despite the attack
Maintain social order
The United States will experience low-level attacks ( example, the San. Bernardino attack, 12/15 , 14 dead, ‘scores’ more injured)
The US must prevent terrorist attacks and be able to absorb a major attack..
Can the Police, military the Federal government prevent all attacks??
Swarming and Multiple Attacks
Mumbai, India Attack in 2008 ( p. 423)
The Paris attack ( 2015)
The use of a secondary attack after police respond to an initial attack
Small attacks will continue
Swarming attacks: launching attacks on multiple targets, some soft and others not…
Raymond kelly (Commissioner of the NYPD) and his intelligence Unit was accurate… (kelly, 2010) P.423
Blending Criminal and terrorist Networks
Criminal groups and terrorist
Narco-terrorists and terrorist working together in Latin America
But criminals don’t use the media to promote their fear, whereas terrorists do..
Criminal groups employ terrorist tactics and terrorist commit crimes
Law enforcement & the Future
Overcoming Barriers to sharing
Total criminal Intelligence:
Intelligence-led policing (429) is based on:
Deploy police using a method of criminal intelligence, and data analysis,
A from of smart policing initiative
Probable Strategic Direction
P. 431 ( Centron & Davies)
Courses of future action:
Growing terrorist ranks
Probable access to WMD
Spin-off jihadist movements obtaining legitimate political power
In Conclusion
Security, Terrorism and the future:
Terrorism changes constantly
Effective Budget is critical
Multilevel and cross section of sharing of information is invaluable
Enhance private-public partnerships!!!
U.S. to form critical alliances with world security forces
Working closely together with all stakeholders but specifically police departments
Other Trends
Cyber attacks
Law Enforcement and the Future:
Community policing!!
Overcome barriers to sharing of intelligence information and resources…
More filed UC work
Enhance interviewing tactics ( vs enhanced interrogations)
