Select three common models of managed health care organizations as discussed in Chapter 24. Identify the pros and cons for each chosen model. Give suggestions to strengthen the weaknesses of the chosen models.
Health Maintenance Organizations
Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) are organized healthcare systems that are responsible for both the financing and the delivery of abroad range of comprehensive health services to an enrolled population. HMOs act both as insurer and provider of healthcare services.They charge employers a fixed premium for each subscriber. An independent practice association (IPA)–model HMO provides medical careto its subscribers through contracts it establishes with independent physicians. In a staff-model HMO, the physicians would normally be full-time employees of the HMO. Individuals who subscribe to an HMO are often limited to the panel of physicians who have contracted with theHMO to provide services to its subscribers.
Preferred Provider Organizations
Preferred provider organizations (PPOs) are entities through which employer health benefit plans and health insurance carriers contract topurchase healthcare services for covered beneficiaries from a selected group of participating providers. Most states have specific PPO lawsthat directly regulate such entities. Common characteristics of PPOs include:
• Select provider panel
• Negotiated payment rates
• Rapid payment terms
• Utilization management (programs to control the utilization and cost)
• Consumer choice (allows covered beneficiaries to use non-PPO providers for an additional out-of-pocket charge [point-of-serviceoption])
In PPOs, a payer, such as an insurance company, provides incentives to its enrollees to obtain medical care from a panel of providers withwhom the payer has contracted a discounted rate.
Exclusive Provider Organizations
Exclusive provider organizations (EPOs) limit their beneficiaries to participating providers for any healthcare services.
EPOs use a gatekeeper approach to authorize non-primary care services. The main difference between an HMO and an EPO is that theformer is regulated under HMO laws and regulations, whereas the latter is regulated under insurance laws and regulations. Characteristicsof EPOs include the following:
• Primary care physicians are reimbursed through capitation payments or other performance-based reimbursement methods.
• Primary care physicians act as gatekeepers.
Point-of-Service Plans
Point-of-service (POS) plans use primary care physicians as gatekeepers to coordinate and control medical care. Subscribers covered underPOS plans may decide whether to use HMO benefits or indemnity-style benefits for each instance of care. In other words, the member isallowed to make a coverage choice at the POS, though a patient who chooses a provider outside the plan is responsible for highercopayments.
Experience-Rated HMOs
Under experience-rated HMO benefit options, an HMO receives monthly premium payments much as it would under traditional premium-based plans. Typically, to arrive at a final premium rate, there is a settlement process in which the employer is credited with some portion,or all, of the actual utilization and cost of its group. Then, refunds or additional payments are calculated and made to the appropriate party.
Specialty HMOs
Specialty HMOs provide limited components of healthcare coverage. Dental HMOs, for example, have become more common as an option toindemnity dental insurance coverage.
Independent Practice Association
An IPA is a legal entity composed of physicians organized for the purpose of negotiating contracts to provide physician services. Forexample, an IPA might contract with an HMO or a physician–hospital organization. The associated physicians maintain their own practicesand do not share services, such as claims, billing, scheduling, accounting, and so forth.
Group Practice
A physician group that has only one or a small number of service delivery locations is a group practice. It is completely integratedeconomically, sharing costs and revenues. Group practices often are either specialty or primary care dominated.
Group Practice Without Walls
A group practice without walls is a physician organization formed for the purpose of sharing some administrative and management costswhile physicians continue to practice at their own locations, rather than at a centralized location.
Physician–Hospital Organizations
A physician–hospital organization (PHO) is a legal entity consisting of a joint venture of physicians and a hospital. It is formed to facilitatemanaged care contracting, to improve cost management and services, and to create new healthcare resources in the community.
Medical Foundations
In a medical foundation, the foundation employs or contracts with physicians to provide care to the foundation’s patients.
Management Service Organizations
A management service organization (MSO) is an entity that provides administrative and management services, such as practice management,marketing, managed care contracting, accounting, billing, and personnel management, to physicians. The MSO can be hospital affiliated, ahospital–physician joint venture, physician owned, or investor owned.
Vertically Integrated Delivery System
A vertically integrated delivery system is any organization or group of affiliated organizations that provides physician and hospital servicesto patients. The goal of hospital–physician integration is to provide a full range of services to patients. A vertically integrated delivery systemachieves this goal, providing services ranging from primary outpatient care to tertiary inpatient care. More elaborate systems provideadditional services, such as home health care, long-term care, rehabilitation, and mental health care.
Horizontal Consolidations
A horizontal merger involves similar or identical businesses at the same level of the market. There is no single qualitative or quantitativefactor from which it can be determined whether such a group merger is permissible. Recognizing a congressional intent to preservecompetition by preventing undue market concentration, the courts have focused primarily on the possibility that consolidation willsubstantially lessen competition.