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PSYCHOLOGY INSTRUCTIONS: QUANTITATIVE Dissertation Research Plan

PSYCHOLOGY INSTRUCTIONS: QUANTITATIVE Dissertation Research Plan 23

PSYCHOLOGY INSTRUCTIONS

Dissertation Research Plan: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ONLY

Scientific Merit

Overall scientific merit of the Dissertation Research Plan (DRP) based on three overarching criteria:

1. Advances the scientific knowledge base.

2. Makes a contribution to research theory.

3. Meets certain “hallmarks” of good research methodology.

The specifics of scientific merit are further described in the DRP Rubric.

DRP Rubric

The DRP Rubric is used to determine whether the research plan meets the scientific merit criteria. Each performance level is described for each “core” criteria in the rubric.

**All Rubric criteria must be assessed at the “Proficient” 85% level or greater to obtain approval.

DRP Rubric Scale:

Non- performance

Basic

Proficient

Distinguished

0%

70%

85%

100%

Based on the rubric, the reviewer will designate the DRP as one of the following: Approved, Deferred for minor or major revisions, Disapproved, or Not Ready for Review.

Reviewers will use the Proficient – 85% Criteria in this document to help them define the “minimum” requirements for each DRP section.

Proficient - 85% Criteria

This document is a “supplement” to the DRP Rubric by providing additional details and instructions on what is required to achieve a score of Proficient - 85% for each DRP Section in the DRP template. The 85% criteria are intended to “assist” both learners and faculty in assessing a DRP to ensure it meets the “minimum” requirements of scientific merit.

**Note – This document describes the criteria for QUANTITATIVE DRPs. If you are proposing a qualitative study use the Proficient – 85% Criteria for qualitative studies.

Section 1. Topic Endorsement

1.1 Research Topic (2 paragraphs)

FIRST PARAGRAPH: Describe the specific topic to be studied.

SECOND PARAGRAPH: describe the significance of this topic to your program/field (e.g., Psychology, Counseling, Business, Technology, Public Service Leadership, Education, etc.) AND your specialization within your program.

The Research Topic should be correctly formed:

· The Research Topic should be appropriate for the specialization.

· The Research Topic should use appropriate language for key concepts/phenomena.

· Relationships between/among the concepts should be clearly specified (e.g., correlation).

· The target population should be named

· The concepts should be appropriately focused.

· Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

· Use APA style in citing all resources.

Please single space using Times Roman 11 pt throughout the form – the boxes will expand as you input text. After you complete the various sections, delete instructions in red

Research Topic

Courseroom Unit 4 materials – u4s1, u4s2 – Complete the Research Topic template. Name:

Key Term/ Construct 1 –

Definition per scholarly literature (include citation)

Key Term/ Construct 2 –

Definition per scholarly literature(include citation)

Key Term/ Construct 3 –

Definition per scholarly literature(include citation)

Population studied:

It should not be a vulnerable population

One paragraph - Describe the topic of your study clearly (supported with citations). Start with a senetence “The research topic of this study is …” Include psychological key terms or constructs, definitions of key terms as found in academic journals (supported with citations), and population of interest.

Study Significance

One paragraph - explain the relationship to your specialization (e.g. general psychology) with cited support. Use the document “Programs of Research” to determine the fields of study within your specialization. Also position your topic within a specific APA division:

https://www.apa.org/about/division

Briefly describe the objectives of that specific APA division and how your topic is related to those objectives.

1.2 Research Problem (1 Paragraph)

Write a brief statement that fully describes the problem being addressed.

In simplified terms, the research problem should take this form:

“The research literature on _________ indicates that we know ________, we know __________, but we do not know ______________.”

The Research Problem should be correctly stated:

· Existing literature and key findings should be summarized

· Gaps or problems in the existing literature should be clearly formulated

· The Research Problem should be explicitly stated, not implied.

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

This section should be a single succinct well written paragraph that encapsulates the main variables of the study. When someone asks the question “what is this study about?” or “why are you doing this research?” this would be the 15 second answer that highlights what the problem is and why it is being addressed.

See unit 7 assignment 1 instructions and assignment

The research problem establishes the need for the study based on a gap in the professional research literature. The research problem specifically states that gap by focusing on some aspects of your topic that are not known. Therefore, you start with the statement:

“The research literature on __(your topic)_______ indicates that we know _(cite results of studies you have found)_______, and we know __(cite more results of relevant studies)________, but we do not know _(here you state the gap in research)_____________.”

Specialization Chair Topic Endorsement

(To be completed by Specialization Chair/Designee after Section 1 is approved by Faculty Mentor/Colloquia Faculty)

Chairs: Please insert your electronic signature to certify that topic and title are appropriate to your specialization and return to [email protected] for Dissertation Learners, or to the Colloquia Faculty for Colloquia Learners.

Signature:

Date:

Comments:

Section 2. Research Overview

2.1 Research Problem Background (3 paragraphs)

Provide a brief SUMMARY of your review of the research literature on the topic. This should include citations from at least 10 articles, but should indicate that you have performed a full review of the literature (minimum of 75 articles) on the topic. This should be demonstrated by providing a statement about the body of existing literature on the topic, then, summarizing recent research findings on the topic, highlighting the findings that are most relevant to your proposed study, demonstrating how your proposed research could add to the existing literature on the topic. Be sure to provide appropriate in text citations and include references in the reference section. Subheadings help ensure that each component is fully addressed. Address each main variable for your study in the literature.

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

• This will not be your full dissertation literature review but an initial foundation. You will continue to add to your literature review throughout your dissertation process.

This section is the foundation for the dissertation proposal. This section should use separate subheadings (typically to focus on each variable in your proposed study) to demonstrate that the proposed topic is logically derived from the literature. Provide a summary of your literature (relevant research studies) review – 5 - 10 studies.

Helpful units and assignments:

U4a1 – Literature Review presentation – click on transcript to read

U5a2 questions for critical analysis – the lit review where you submitted 5 articles

For every study include the following elements: 1. Research question or Research purpose  2. Research method or data analysis (qualitative or quantitative

3. Research sample – Include number of participants as (N=…)  5. Key findings, results, conclusions 7. Note gaps in the literature that provide the rationale for your study, to fill the gap in the literature.

2.2 Research Question(s)

List the primary Research Question and any Sub-Questions that the proposed study will address.

Your Research Question (s) should be correctly formed:

· The Research Question(s) should be aligned with your Research Problem, the Research Topic, and the Dissertation Title.

· There should be separate Research Question(s) and/or subquestions identified for each intended analysis.

· The Research Question(s) should be phrased in a way that it can be answered by the intended methodology and analyses.

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

Please make sure the questions are logically derived from the literature and materials presented in the earlier sections of this plan. Make sure each of the variables and connections presented in the research questions are thoroughly presented and discussed earlier in the research plan.

2.3 Purpose of the Study

State the purpose of the study. The purpose of the study will be to answer the research question in order to solve the research problem and to contribute information about the wider social or community problem to a specific audience or audiences.

Note:

Describe the purpose using the language of your specific study, topic, research problem, and research question.

Provide a statement indicating how the study will answer the research question, demonstrating how it is aligned with the research problem and how it will contribute to the literature.

2.4 Methodology and Basic Design Overview

Provide an overview of the research methodology and design that you are proposing.

· State your rationale for studying the Research Problem with a QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.

· State your study’s RESEARCH DESIGN (non-experimental, experimental, quasi-experimental, etc.), and the rationale for selecting that design (why the design is appropriate for answering the Research Question).

· Briefly describe the data collection, statistical models, and analysis that will be used to conduct the study

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

It is important that you can demonstrate that you understand why the method was chosen and that you are able to support your rationale with cited materials. Be sure to conclude this section with a clear reason for why this method/approach is the best one for your study.

2.5 Dissertation Title

Your Dissertation Title should be correctly formed:

· Dissertation Title should be aligned with your Research Problem (1.4) and Research Question (1.5), (use the same terminology for all).

· The Dissertation Title should reflect the key variables or constructs to be studied.

· The Dissertation Title should reflect the method to be employed in the research.

· The Dissertation Title should be concise (12 words or less).

Section 3. Research Theory

3.1 Theoretical Foundations

Briefly describe the primary theoretical basis for the study. Describe the major theory (or theories) that will serve as the lens through which you will view the research problem and research questions and provide any corresponding citations.

NOTE: The theoretical foundation should be a theory from your discipline that supports your topic. In doing so, certain constructs (explanatory ideas) from that theory would be used to support the research focus.

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

If more than one theory is presented, include an introductory paragraph highlighting which theories will be discussed. Then, use paragraphs with a subheading for each theory discussed. Include relevant citations.

Helpful units and assignments

Unit 8 – u8s2 – Determining a theoretical framework. Answer the questions posed

Unit 8 d1 – identify the theory, provide a brief description

3.2 Contributions to Theory

Describe how your study will contribute to theory in your field by meeting one or more of these four criteria.

1. The study should generate new theory.

2. The study should refine or add to an existing theory.

3. The study should test to confirm or refute a theory.

4. The study should expand theory by telling us something new about application or processes

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

The material in this section should directly address the study’s specific contribution to theory. If it supports more than one criteria, use a subheading for each criteria and discuss how the study will support each one selected. Cite sources to support your thinking.

3.3 Theoretical Implications

Describe the theoretical implications you believe your study could have for your field AND your specialization area. This will be the theoretical framework(s) to be used in conceptualizing the study and analyzing the data.

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

All dissertations must be rooted in theory and at a minimum, identify theories that contribute to, impact, affect or will be affected by the research. This section should focus on two main areas: 1. Identifying the theory(ies) that are the foundation for the study and 2. How the study will advance/alter, develop a new theory. This section should clearly be connected to your specialization and field.

Very similar to the response above.

3.4 Practical Implications

Please describe the specific practical implications that may result from this research that can be used by any or all of the following stakeholders: the population being studied, professionals for whom this topic pertains, and/or the wider community itself.

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

Often, the discussion section of other similar studies will provide insight into how your study could have practical implications for the field. Please seek reference materials that could be cited to support your rationale for the practical implications you see for your study. “Practical” means applications of your study translated in various fields. Some examples: the impact for counselors, educators, patients, learners, academia, professional societies.

Section 4. Research Methodology

4.1 Research Design

Describe the research design you will use.

Start by specifically stating the type of quantitative research design you will use (non-experimental, quasi-experimental, experimental), include the exact name or type of design to be used, and describe the exact method(s) (archival, survey, observations) you will use to collect the data. Briefly describe how the study will be conducted.

· The Research Design should be clearly identified.

· The Research Design should be appropriate to the Research Question.

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

This section addresses two things: research design and research method.

Design: List the exact name of the quantitative approach , briefly describe it and indicate why your study falls into this classification (e.g. The proposed research is experimental (insert citation). Experimental research is defined as…(insert citation). This study is considered experimental for the following reason(s)…).

Method: Discuss the methods that will be utilized to collect data and why they are appropriate. Cite sources to support your thinking.

Make sure this section aligns with earlier sections of the research plan. Be certain that the proposed research design and methodology can answer your research questions.

4.2 Population and Sample

Describe the characteristics of the larger population from which the sample (study participants) will be drawn. Include specific data/statistics.

State the estimated sample size and your method of determining the sample size needed for the study.

State the sampling strategy (probability or non-probability), the specific method (random, purposive, convenience, etc.), then describe the sample inclusion and exclusion criteria.

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

Remember that the term “sample population” should not be used. There is a sample and there is a population. Discuss each separately using a subheading for each. Include your power analysis or approach for calculating your sample size and an explanation for how your sample size was determined (e.g. effect size, etc.) Be sure to use academic citations to support your decisions.

4.3 Ethical Considerations

Describe any ethical considerations given the sample, population, and/or topic.

Please explain as fully as possible (i.e., How do you plan to protect human participants while identifying the sample, while collecting the data, while analyzing the data, after data are collected, and during data storage?)

Is the proposed population or research topic greater than minimal risk?

|_| Yes |_| No

If yes, has the researcher had a consultation with the IRB office?

|_| Yes |_| No

If yes, please paste the IRB’s e-mail response or a summary of the response here.

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

If your population is vulnerable and therefore potentially at greater risk, consult with IRB. Include here the response received from IRB

If population is not vulnerable, state so, and also state that the study is minimal risk for participants.

See unit 6 materials

Section 5. Research Data

5.1 Constructs

A construct is an idea—an intangible concept that we want to measure. We must then define the construct in terms of a variable (something which can be measured), and then we must provide an operational definition as to how that variable will be measured for this particular study. For example:

Construct: Intelligence

Variable: IQ

Operational definition: WAIS-IV score

Define each construct required by the research question and title. Provide citations showing your theoretical framework. Number each construct.

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

This section should be structure in the following way:

Construct 1: Intelligence. Variable: IQ. Operational definition: WAIS-IV score (Citation). Theoretical Connection: xxxxxxx (Citation).

5.2 Variables (Definitions of Constructs as variables)

Define each construct (in Item 4.1) as a variable. Provide citations to theoretical framework or previous research supporting the selection of variable type.

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

In the example from 5.1, the variable is IQ. For this section, you would define IQ using the research literature supporting IQ as a characteristic that varies.

5.3 Operational Definitions

Present an operational definition for each construct you will measure (with citations for published measures). How will this variable be measured in this study?

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

In the 5.1. example, the operational definition of Intelligence was noted by an intelligence test score. In this section, clearly note the measure you will use to define each construct. Cite the measure.

5.4 Measures/Instruments

Describe in detail all data collection instruments and measures (tests, questionnaires, scales, interview protocols, and so forth). Also include any demographic information you plan to collect.

For each measure include:

(A) citation for published measure/instrument

(B) description of the measure/instrument

(C) data type(s)/levels of measurement for variable(s) measured by the instrument

(C) available psychometric information (including normative data and validity & reliability coefficients for each measure/instrument.)

Attach a copy of each instrument you plan to use as an appendix to your Research Plan. If permission is required to use the instrument, please attach a copy of documentation showing that you have permission to use the instrument.

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

This section requires extensive detail and should include numerous subheadings to fully address each note in the left-hand bar. The information under each subheading should detail information about the instrument including the psychometric data, the type of data that is attained by the instrument , if it has been used in the same delivery format as is being proposed and if permission is needed to use the instrument (attach permission if it is needed.)

5.5 Research Hypotheses

For each quantitative question and sub-question in Item 1.5, list hypotheses for their investigation. Give nulls and alternates for each sub-question. Use appropriate nomenclature for the hypotheses.

5.6 Type(s) of Data

Complete the table rows for each Research Question, indicating the variables, whether they are Independent Variables (IV) or Dependent Variables (DV), and what data type they are (Ordinal, Ratio,

RQ

Variables

IV/DV

Data Type

1

2

3

4

5.7 Data Collection -Sampling Procedures

Describe in detail each step that you will take from the beginning of recruitment to consent from the participants to participate. You must provide specific details and present the details in the order in which they will occur. You must include all of the following (if applicable):

· The recruitment site(s), acknowledgement of any permissions needed from the sites, and if there is an IRB at any of the sites.

· All of the means by which recruitment will occur (i.e., flyers, e-mails, social media)

· How potential participants will contact you.

· How the potential participants will be screened and how you will proceed if they do qualify and if they do not qualify for the study.

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

This should be a step-by-step list that anyone could follow to duplicate your study. Address each point in the left-side bar with a subheaded concise paragraph.

5.8 Data Collection Procedures

Data collection begins at the time of informed consent and continues until the data is collected.

Describe the exact procedure that will be used to collect the data. This is a step-by-step description of exactly how the research will be conducted. This should read like a recipe for the data collection procedures to be followed in your study. Be sure to include all the necessary details so that someone else should be able to follow this to replicate the study.

5.9 Data Analyses

List the research question and sub-questions, followed by the null and alternative or research hypotheses for each research question. Then describe all methods and all procedures for data analysis including:

(a) types of data to be analyzed,

(b) organizing raw data,

(c) managing and processing data,

(d) preparation of data for analysis (transforming, recoding, etc.),

(e) the actual data analyses to be conducted to answer each of the research questions and/or to test each hypothesis, including descriptive statistics, any hypothesis tests and any post-hoc analyses (complete the table),

(f) storage and protection of data

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

RQ#

Type of Analysis

Descriptive Stats

Hypothesis Testing

Posthoc Analysis

(f)

5.10 Expected Findings

Describe the expected results of the data analysis. Discuss the expected outcome of each of the hypotheses and discuss whether or not your expectations are consistent with the research literature on the topic. Provide in-text citations and references in the reference section.

This section should repeat each RQ and Hypotheses and discuss the expected findings for each. Support the expected findings with citations, logic and reasoning.

Section 6. References

In the field below, provide your references for the research about your topic, and key theorists/researchers associated with the selected methodology. You will continue to build on this list of references for your Chapter 1 Background of the Problem, Chapter 2 Literature Review and Chapter 5, where you will discuss your findings in the context of the literature.

· Use APA style for all references.

For Colloquia Learners:

Submit completed form to your Colloquia Faculty for review.

For Dissertation Learners:

Mentor: This form must be approved by all Dissertation committee members prior to submission for SMR Committee review. Please send completed and approved Dissertation Research Plan to [email protected] for SMR Committee review.

Dissertation Mentor Signature: _________________________________________________

Dissertation Committee Member Signature: ______________________________________

Dissertation Committee Member Signature: ______________________________________

APPENDIX (as needed)

Scientific Merit Evaluation

The Colloquia Faculty/SMR Reviewer determines if the research plan is approved, deferred for minor or major revisions, or disapproved based on the SMR Rubric.

· Minor revisions are things like needing to include more detail or issues related to APA style.

· Major revisions are issues where there are major design flaws, potential ethical concerns or a clear inconsistency in terms of the research questions, the design and the proposed data analysis.

· Disapproval occurs if the researcher fails to pass the scientific merit review on the third attempt or it could occur earlier in the process if it is clear that the study does not have any potential for scientific merit or the study has major ethical or methodological flaws that can’t be corrected.

· If a researcher does not pass the scientific merit review on the 3rd attempt, then the case will be referred to the School’s Research Lead/Chair or Program Chair for review, evaluation and intervention. Interventions might include the requirement that the learner take a writing course, take an additional research course, attend the dissertation writer’s retreat or attend a Track 4 colloquia event. The purpose of any intervention would be to help the researcher develop research or writing skills that could help them succeed.

ATTENTION DISSERTATION MENTORS AND RESEARCHERS

If the Dissertation Research Plan has been deferred:

· The SMR reviewer will provide feedback on any criteria that you have not met.

· The mentor is required to meet with the SMR Research Help Desk to discuss the deferral and develop a plan for guiding the revisions.

· You are required to make the necessary revisions and obtain approval for the revisions from your Mentor. Make the corrections on the original document (the one that was returned from the reviewer with their comments present - DO NOT DELETE the comments). Also, please highlight any changes made in the original document using a different color if necessary.  If these two key pieces are missing from the updated research plan, it will be returned to the mentor.

Once you have Mentor approval for your revisions, your Mentor will submit your Dissertation Research Plan for a second review. You will be notified if your Dissertation Research Plan has been approved, deferred for major or minor revisions, or disapproved.

Up to three attempts to obtain Scientific Merit Review (SMR) approval are allowed. Researchers, Mentors, and reviewers should make every possible attempt to resolve issues before the Dissertation Research Plan is failed for the third time. If a researcher does not pass the scientific merit review on the third attempt, then the case will be referred to the Research Chair and/or Program Chair in your School for review, evaluation, and intervention.

First SMR Review

|_| Approved

|_| Disapproved

|_| Deferred for Minor Revisions

|_| Deferred for Major Revisions

|_| Conference call needed with mentor and researcher

Reviewer Name:

Reviewer signature:

Date:

Second SMR review

|_| Approved

|_| Disapproved

|_| Deferred for Minor Revisions

|_| Deferred for Major Revisions

|_| Conference call needed with mentor and researcher

Reviewer Name:

Reviewer signature:

Date:

Third SMR review

|_| Approved

|_| Referred to Research Lead, Research Chair and/or Program Chair for intervention. Interventions might include the recommendation or the requirement that the learner take a writing course, an additional research course, attend the dissertation writer’s retreat or attend a Track 4 colloquia event. The purpose of any intervention would be to help the researcher develop research or writing skills that could help them succeed.

Reviewer Name:

Reviewer Signature:

Date:

Final Scientific Merit Status

|_| Approved

|_| Disapproved

Reviewer Signature:

Date:

*This has been a scientific merit review of the research plan. Obtaining this approval does not guarantee that you will obtain IRB approval.

*If a researcher does not pass the scientific merit review on the 3rd attempt, then the case will be referred to the Research Lead, the Research Chair and/or the Program Chair for review, evaluation and intervention. Researchers, mentors and reviewers should make every attempt possible to resolve issues before the SMR is failed on a 3rd attempt.

Revised: Aug 7, 19, 10:27 AM

Revised: Aug 7, 19, 10:27 AM

PSYCHOLOGY

INSTRUCTIONS:

QUANTITATIVE

Dissertation

Research

Plan

Rev

ised:

Aug

7,

19,

10:27

AM

PSYCHOLOGY

INSTRUCTIONS

Dissertation

Research

Plan:

QUANTITATIVE

STUDIES

ONLY

Scientific

Merit

Overall

scientific

merit

of

the

Dissertation

Research

Plan

(DRP)

based

on

three

overarching

criteria:

1.

Advances

the

scientific

knowledge

base.

2.

M

akes

a

contribution

to

research

theory.

3.

Meets

certain

hallmarks

of

good

research

methodology.

The

specifics

of

scientific

merit

are

further

described

in

the

DRP

Rubric.

DRP

Rubric

The

DRP

Rubric

is

used

to

determine

whether

the

research

plan

me

e

t

s

the

scientific

merit

criteria

.

Each

performance

level

is

described

for

each

core

criteria

in

the

rubric.

**All

Rubric

criteria

must

be

assessed

at

the

Proficient

85%

level

or

greater

to

obtain

approval.

DRP

Rubric

Scale:

Non

-

performance

Basic

Proficient

Distinguished

0%

70%

85%

100%

Based

on

the

rubric,

t

he

reviewer

will

designate

the

DRP

as

one

of

the

following:

Approved,

Deferred

for

minor

or

major

revisions,

Disapproved,

or

Not

Ready

for

Review.

Reviewers

will

use

the

Proficient

85%

C

riteria

in

this

document

to

help

them

define

the

minimum

requirements

for

each

DRP

section.

Proficient

-

85%

Criteria

Th

is

document

is

a

“supplement”

to

the

DRP

Rubric

by

providing

additional

details

and

instructions

on

what

is

required

to

achieve

a

score

of

Proficient

-

85%

for

each

DRP

Section

in

the

DRP

template.

The

85%

criteria

are

intended

to

“assist”

both

learners

and

faculty

in

assessing

a

DRP

to

ensure

it

meets

the

“minimum”

requirements

of

scientific

merit.

**Note

This

document

descr

ibes

the

criteria

for

QUA

NTITA

TIVE

DRPs.

If

you

are

proposing

a

qualitative

study

use

the

Proficient

85%

Criteria

for

qualitative

studies.