PowerPoint presentation - history
vk4queen
Draft1.pptxReview of the article on the tomb of Nefertari
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date of Submission
Introduction
The article selected is “The stability of the tomb of Nefertary 1904-1987”.
Authors of the article are Wilson-Yand and George Burns.
The article aimed at explaining the importance of the tomb of Nefertary
Introduction
The digging of the tomb of Nefertari began after Ramesses II become the pharaoh of Egypt
The tomb was discovered in 1904 in Egypt.
Currently is among the most elegant and most preserved tomb (Habicht et al., 2016).
Review of the article
There has been an international concern about the preservation of the tomb of Nefertari.
Degradation and deterioration of the tomb of Nefertari happened between the year 1904- 1987
Most of the article did not cover the effect of damages caused on the tomb adequately.
Review of the article
The papers addressed the paint loss and some minor loss that happened to the tomb before 1904.
Little have been covered about the massive damage that occurred between 1904- 1971
The aim of the Authors is to provided an in-depth understanding of the damages that have occurred.
History of the destruction
Destruction on the tomb occurred prior to its discovery in 1904 all the way up to 1971.
The information found through the study is useful to international objective of conserving the tomb of Nefertari as an archeological sites (Wilson-Yang, & Burns, 1989).
When preserved it act as the main source of tourist attraction to the country
Causes of destruction
The main challenge responsible for the deterioration of the tomb of Nefertari is loss of paint and plaster strata.
The article identifies two factors as the main reason for the damages and deterioration of the value of the tomb of Nefertari.
Causes of destruction
The factors include entry of flood water and absorption of water by the walls from the underground
When water is absorbed it makes the paintings to fade.
When it is not protected the government risk losing revenue collected
It is the main tourist attraction.
Importance of the tomb
The tomb act as the most valuable artistic treasured by Egypt
The walls are painted with attractive colors
Attractiveness attract tourist across the world
It is among the main indicator for economic development
Important archaeological materials considered
The curved paintings on the wall of the tomb are important factors that attract tourist to the tomb
The remains of the body found in the tomb
Calcium sulphate dehydrated part of the plaster that was eroding
Important archaeological materials considered
There was the loss of paintings over time
The government after the discovery renovated the paintings
To make the attractive as away of promoting tourism industries
Pictures illustrate before and after repairs
Methods of analysis
The method used for the analysis was use of artifact analysis method.
Trowels were used to scrap the dirt and soils on the paintings on the wall and it is the best tool (Kealhofer, Torrence, & Fullagar, 1999).
The materials of interests which are the paintings and the body remains obtained were taken for analysis
Methods of analysis
Stratigraphy method was used on evidence obtain to determine the level of destruction
Layers of paintings on the wall was used to determine dating of the artifact obtained
It is believed that the lowest layer is the one that is formed first.
Findings of the study
There is evidence of deterioration on paint and plaster after the discovery in 1904
There was accelerated deterioration of paintings and plaster between 1921-1942.
In the upper tomb levels there was progressive deterioration
Findings of the study
Evidence of deterioration of paintings and plaster at the tomb
The images are damaged through the loss of painting on the wall
Findings of the study
At the tomb there is a continuous paint layer loss
There are some parts of the tomb that are still in stable conditions
Since 1904 there has been human intervention at the tomb
Discussion of the findings
Flood water is the main contributing factor of paint loss at the tomb
It moves with speed into the tomb hence removing the painting coat on the wall
More of the painting have been lost through the flooding
Discussion of the findings
Absorbed water also contributed to the loss of painting layers
The walls of the tomb absorbs water from the ground which fades the paintings that are on the wall (Asperen de Boer, 1967).
There is need for a protective mechanism to be put in place by the government
Discussion of the findings
Sodium chloride has also contributed to the fading of wall paintings
As water is absorbed by the wall it moves with chemical composition of sodium chloride
Sodium chloride reacts with the paint on the wall hence fading the paintings
Conclusion
The tomb of Nefertari is the main tourist attraction in Egypt
There is need for protection so that government can continue benefiting
Since its discovery there has been progressive deterioration of paintings on the wall
Conclusion
The main contributing factor to the destruction of the paintings are:
Floods,
Water absorbed by the wall
Deposition of sodium chloride on the wall
References
Asperen de Boer, J. V. (1967). Humidity in walls in relation to the preservation of works of art. Studies in Conservation, 12(sup1), 109-117.References
Habicht, M. E., Bianucci, R., Buckley, S. A., Fletcher, J., Bouwman, A. S., Öhrström, L. M., ... & Böni, T. (2016). Queen Nefertari, the royal spouse of Pharaoh Ramses II: a multidisciplinary investigation of the mummified remains found in her tomb (QV66). PloS one, 11(11).
Kealhofer, L., Torrence, R., & Fullagar, R. (1999). Integrating phytoliths within use-wear/residue studies of stone tools. Journal of archaeological Science, 26(5), 527-546.
Wilson-Yang, K. M., & Burns, G. (1989). The stability of the tomb of Nefertari 1904–1987. Studies in conservation, 34(4), 153-170.
