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Pacific Bluefin Tuna, also known as Northern bluefin tuna, Tuna, Bluefin tuna. The species' scientific name is Thunnus orientalis [NOAA 2022]. Oriental tunas belong to the kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordate, class Actinophyta, order Scombromorpha, family Scombroidae and genus Tuna [NOAA 2022]. In terms of its evolutionary relationship, Thunnus orientalis belongs to the Scombroid family, which includes the Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) [NOAA 2022]. This species is extremely streamlined, with skin that is black or blue and has a grey-green iridescence [NOAA 2022]. The underside is spotted with silver or grey, resembling banded markings, while the section from the second dorsal fin to the tail is yellow with black edges [NOAA 2022]. Notably, the tip of the pectoral fin does not reach the front of the second dorsal fin, and the tail is lunate in shape [NOAA 2022]. This species has an average length of 1.5 meters and weighs around 60 kg, with a maximum recorded length of 3 meters and weight of 450 kg [NOAA 2022]. The Pacific Bluefin Tuna is a pelagic oceanic fish species, is known for its ability to inhabit shallow sea surfaces, as well as depths of at least 550 meters, while also adapting to a wide range of water temperatures [IUCN 2021]. It commonly aggregates and classifies with other lanternfish species, and it's worth noting that juvenile fish migrate from the western Pacific breeding area to the eastern Pacific, then return to the western Pacific to spawn after reaching maturity [IUCN 2021]. This species' primary distribution can be found in the western and central Pacific regions, including Mexico, the United States (Hawaii), Japan, Taiwan, and other areas [IUCN 2021]. The Pacific bluefin tuna is a large and fast-swimming predatory fish that feeds on a variety of prey, including squid, sardines, mackerel, sauries, herring, pomfret, opah, and other tunas [CDFW 2020]. They have been known to occasionally consume red tuna, crabs, and krill [CDFW 2020]. Pacific bluefin tuna tend to swim in schools based on size and sometimes hunt together with other tunas or mackerels [CDFW 2020]. These fish are capable of diving to depths of up to 550 meters (1,800 feet) in search of prey [CDFW 2020]. Predation is a significant threat to Pacific bluefin tuna, and their natural predators include other fish, seabirds, dolphins, and marine mammals [CDFW 2020]. Adult bluefin tuna are particularly vulnerable to predation by billfish, sharks, and marine mammals, while younger and smaller bluefin tuna are more susceptible to predation overall [CDFW 2020]. Pacific bluefin tuna prefer living in water temperatures ranging from 16.5°C to 20°C, but can tolerate a wide range of temperatures [CDFW 2020]. They migrate seasonally depending on water temperature changes, and are found in specific areas during specific times of the year [CDFW 2020]. On average, Pacific bluefin tuna have a lifespan of around 15 years, with the longest recorded lifespan being 26 years [CDFW 2020]. The reproductive ecology of bluefin tuna species is well worth studying [Shuya Nakatsuka 2020]. They have two notable breeding sites, the North Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea [Shuya Nakatsuka 2020]. In both regions, the spawning season for bluefin tuna lasts from spring to summer [Shuya Nakatsuka 2020]. In addition, there is also evidence from histological studies that bluefin tuna species also spawn within the Kuroshio-Oyashio transition zone along the Pacific coastline of northeastern Japan [Shuya Nakatsuka 2020]. In recent years, local California fish markets have become popular everywhere, and fresh Pacific bluefin tuna can be expensive [CDFW 2020]. Because Pacific bluefin tuna is a highly valuable seafood with significant benefits for human consumption and health [UCSD 2023]. Its meat is rich in protein, selenium, vitamin B6, and omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential nutrients for maintaining human health [UCSD 2023]. These nutrients play a crucial role in maintaining human health

[UCSD 2023]. The tuna is available year-round and is a reliable ingredient that can meet people's demands for food ingredients [UCSD 2023]. People typically use Pacific bluefin tuna to make raw dishes such as sashimi and sushi to showcase its delicious taste and rich nutrients [UCSD 2023]. Additionally, the tuna can also be cut into steaks or fillets and grilled or pan-fried, but this less common how people consume it [UCSD 2023]. The history of catching Pacific bluefin tuna can be traced back to Japan in 1804 and fishing activities in the United States in the 1900s [CDFW 2020]. From 1929 to 1940, the catch of Pacific bluefin tuna was very high, but with the outbreak of World War II, the catch sharply declined [CDFW 2020]. From 1952 to 2018, the annual catch fluctuated greatly, with the five major fishing countries being Japan, Mexico, the United States, South Korea, and Taiwan [CDFW 2020]. The two main fishing methods are purse seining and recreational hook-and-line fishing [CDFW 2020]. Most commercial Pacific bluefin tuna are caught by purse seiners (netting) and then shipped around the world for sale [CDFW 2020].

Shuya Nakatsuka (2020) Stock Structure of Pacific Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus orientalis) for Management Purposes—A Review of Available Information, Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 28:2, 170-181, DOI: 10.1080/23308249.2019.1686455

Bruce Collette (Smithsonian, USA), et al. “The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 15 Jan. 2021, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170341/170087840.

Fisheries, NOAA. “Pacific Bluefin Tuna.” NOAA, 27 Dec. 2022, https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/pacific-bluefin-tuna.

“Pacific Bluefin Tuna.” CA Marine Species Portal, https://marinespecies.wildlife.ca.gov/pacific- bluefin-tuna/false/.

“Pacific Bluefin Tuna.” California Sea Grant, https://caseagrant.ucsd.edu/seafood- profiles/pacific-bluefin-tuna.