week 2 DQ 2

DQ 2 Responses

Describe the importance of the Institutional Review Board to the research process.

Cite at least two references using APA documentation to support your rationale.

1.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2017). Institutional Review Board. Retrieved from  https://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm126420.htm#IRBOrg

2.

Institutional Review Boards (IRB) are a board of researchers and non-researchers where they review research procedures at a proposal or preliminary stage, making certain that ethical principles are upheld (Neuman, 2017). The IRB is located at any facility that holds human research studies. The IRB reviews all research studies with human participants to make sure that they are ethically being treated and that no harm is being done to them. Review of the IRB prevents any liability issues when researchers run human studies. The research study has to meet the criteria for the IRB to approve which includes the risks to human research subjects are minimized by using procedures that do not unnecessarily expose the research participants to risk, the risks to human research subjects are reasonable in relation to the anticipated benefits to the individual, the selection of human subjects for research participation is equitable, human research subjects are adequately informed of the risk and benefits of research participation, informed consent of human research subjects is obtained in advance of research participation, the research plan makes adequate provisions for monitoring the data collected to ensure the safety of human research subjects, there are adequate provisions to protect the privacy of human research subjects, appropriate additional safeguards have been included for vulnerable human subjects (Human Research Protection Office, 2015). The IRB had to be established because decades ago, human subjects were being taken advantage of.

 References

(HRPO), H. R. (2015, December 09). Chapter 2 - Purpose of the Human Research Protection Office and Institutional Review Board. Retrieved from University of Pittsburg: http://www.irb.pitt.edu/content/chapter-2-purpose-human-research-protection-office-and-institutional-review-board

Neuman, W. L. (2017). Understanding Research (2 ed.). New York: Pearson

3.

Institutional Review Boards are meant to review, analyze, and determine if a research study has ethical standing (Neuman, 2017, p. 62). This is important to ensure that there is full autonomy for the individuals that are participants in the study. When it comes to autonomy of a patient this is the concept of the patient being able to fully make their own choices regarding their health care or studies that involve their health care (Secker, 1999). Institutional Review Boards are essential in facilities to review proposals of studies before they are conducted to make sure that the participants rights set forth by the government are being followed. This also helps for research to be reliable and valid because it leaves less room for manipulation of data.   

 References:

Neuman, W. (2017). Understanding research (second ed., p. 62). New York, NY: Pearson.

Secker, B. (1999). The appearance of Kant’s deontology in contemporary Kantianism: Concepts of patient autonomy in bioethics. Journal of Medicine & Philosophy, 24(1), 43-66. 

4.

Institutional review boards play vital roles in protecting human research subjects. The institutional review board is tasked with reviewing accurate information that involve research proposals that ensure they protect human rights and that they fall in line with federal, state, and ethical guidelines.  The board typically consists of three or five professionals in a constitution but at times they can have even more people involved. Although the IRB is responsible for many things there main responsibility is providing guidance and oversight for the human participant protection program.

 Cornell University (2007).  IRB- Human Participants Committee Responsibilities.  https://www.irb.cornell.edu/responsibilities/ .

Study.com (2003-2017). The importance of Institutional Review Boards in Research.   http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-importance-if-internal-review-boards-in-research.html . 

5.

This topic is something that is new to me so I decided to do a little research to find out what the Institutional Review Board is about.  So the IRB is a team that was created to safeguard the rights and welfare of human research subjects that are involved in research activities that are arranged by federal regulations.  The Institutional Review Board is an asset to research process because the board applies research ethics (making sure that research is ethical).  According to an article (no author), (n.d), “IRBs can be a helpful resource in the education of disciplinary traditions of research and professional ethics” (p.25).  This is done by reviewing the anticipated procedures for research that will be done.  They boards have the right to reject or approve, monitor any research involving people.  They also have authority to determine if research can be completed or not.  According to Won, Oak (2012), “there needs to be compliance with the law and guidelines, the institution can guard the rights, safety and welfare of research participants” (p.8).

IRBs as Asset for Ethics Education in Geography. (2012). PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER,

64(1), 25-33.

Won Oak, K. (2012). Institutional review board (IRB) and ethical issues in clinical research.

Korean Journal Of Anesthesiology, 62(1), 3-12. doi:10.4097/kjae.2012

What is the meaning of reliability and validity as used in the research process? Provide specific examples of how they are used at your workplace.

Cite at least one reference using APA documentation to support your rationale.

1.

When conducting research its important to know if the sources used are reliable and valid. According to Phelan & Wren (2005) reliability refers to the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results and validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure. Reliability is used in dentistry everyday when assessing our patient’s periodontal health. We use a special instrument to measure the gums that’s gives reliable results every time because of the 1mm marks.  Validity is also used in our office daily when we take x-rays on our patients. Say we used our periodontal instrument to measure the gums; we can use the x-rays to measure the bone level. In the bone level is low, our measurements will be high and if our bone levels are healthy and high, our periodontal measurements will be low.

Phelan, C., Wren, J. (2005). Exploring Reliability in Academic Assessment. Retrieved from https://chfasoa.uni.edu/reliabilityandvalidity.htm

7.

Validity and reliability are concepts that help when measuring properties of a survey, test, questionnaire or anything that is measure. Definitions are, “Validity refers to the extent to which a procedure measures what it is supposed to measure” (Neutens & Rubinson, 2014, pg. 167). “Reliability refers to the stability of the instrument” (Neutens & Rubinson, 2014, pg. 167). Reliability means that the research process has been repeated several times and the results continue to be similar. So when the information is reliable the information can be valid.

A good example of validity and reliability at my workplace is the CBC machine/SYSMEX. Our CBC machine is used constantly, and to measure reliability we repeat our samples to make sure the information is correct.  When the results are constantly similar, we valid the CBC results for each patient. As well we validate the machine to be accurate.

 Reference

Neutens, J. J., & Rubinson, L. (2014). Research techniques for the health sciences (5th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.