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Today, obesity has become among the highest ranked causes of disease in the world, in fact, obesity has been ranked 6th most disease risk in globally [2]. This research found that over 1 billion grownups and 10% of youngsters are now classified as weighty and obese [2]. Also, obesity was said to have the leading cause of premature deaths and many chronic illnesses which can be prevented after it was seen to surpass smoking in the USA [3]. Hypertension and obesity are increasingly becoming a challenge all over the world today, making it a significant public health challenge that is unable to be ignored. When we look at the case in the year 2000 and compare it with now, the total of grown-ups with hypertension is predicted to surge by 60% making it a total tally of 1.56 billion by the time we get to the year 2025 [1]. The rising numbers of obesity cases translate to a considerable probability of these people getting hypertension. This means that if instances of obesity are reduced then most probably the trials of hypertension will decrease significantly. Also, this condition not only increases the risk of hypertension but is also associated with other medical conditions such as chronic kidney diseases and diabetes. Central obesity excessive belly fat around the digestive system and abdomen has been a significant cause of diseases such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Population studies have shown that at least two-thirds of the commonness of hypertension can directly be as a result of obesity [4]. Belly fat, also, has also been associated with the development of sleep apnoea, stroke, coronary artery disease, and blocking of the heart causing heart failure [2].

Studies have shown that leptin represents the most significant invention in the reviews about obesity as it has been of much help in the energy and appetite studies. Leptin is an adipocyte resultant hormone that is used in the regulation of appetite and energy use. Leptin has also been seen to decrease the decreases action of hypothalamic AMPK. It has also been observed to help in the instigation of the trail that reduces the eating and even the other weight cut actions associated with leptin.

Obesity combined with hypertension is what is causes the increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Overweight and obese people have been found to not have cardiovascular risk increase significantly without the presence of hypertension [5]. This makes it clear that hypertension is a central player in the determining the risk of obese people having cardiovascular disease. Although people with the fat condition are at significant risk of hypertension, the vice versa has also been found to be true. People with hypertension have a high probability of becoming obese is very high. According to Tecumseh and Framingham studies, it has been seen that weight gain in days to come is expected to have a higher percentage of the hypertensive people than the rest of the population. This also leads to the conclusion that the community with an average weight that is hypertensive is likely to end up gaining weight in the long run [6]. This is seen as two-way traffic as both hypertension, and obese population tends to be at the risk of having the other condition.

The mechanisms that associate obesity to hypertension and increased cardiovascular threat are not yet entirely understood. Nonetheless, neuroendocrine devices and factors which are resultant from the adipose are assumed to be a player in a critical role [7]. Obesity often leads to hypertension and cardiovascular disease through the process of making active the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone structure. This is done by aggregating the sensitive motion, by endorsing insulin opposition and leptin opposition, by the improved procoagulatory commotion and by endothelial malfunction. Also, there are other mechanisms which include more prominent renal sodium absorption which causes a right wing of the natriuretic force connection and as a result the increase of volumes [8]. On the other hand, Disruptive nap apnoea also has a probability of occurrence which contributes to the concerned instigation of obesity.

Hypertension as a result of obesity is in many cases said to be connected with some fundamentals of metabolic disorder. These fundamentals include elements such as insulin opposition and glucose prejudice. Furthermore, it is essential to note that it is essential to be conscious of diabetes as it consists of 2% of the cured hypertension patients per annum [9]. Also, we have seen some arguments that are compelling for the perception that metabolic deformities that are connected with obesity not only play an essential role in the start of cardiovascular ailment. However, it was also found to contribute to varying renal injuries. The very initial sign of renal damage in hypertension is the tubular injury. This is because it is narrowly connected to metabolic disorders [10]. According to Kincaid-Smith [11], he set it clear through his recent proposal that the insulin resistance disorder together with obesity plays a very vital role in hypertensive nephrosclerosis which is the introduction and the initial stages of renal failure in the patients with hypertension.

Obesity.

Obesity is a medical condition in which the body accumulates a lot of fats to the extent that it may result in an adverse effect on health. For one to be considered an obese, the Body Mass Index (BMI) measurement is taken.The weight of a person is measured and divided by the square of the height of the person, and when the result is over 30 kg/m², within the range of 25kg/m²-30kg/m², it is considered overweight. The values of measurements to test obesity may vary depending on the country. Some countries may use a lower cost, usually the Asia countries. People develop obesity due to factors that include;

Genetics. Just like many other many medical conditions, obesity is caused by the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphism in the various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity when sufficient food energy is present. Around the year 2006, more than 41 pf this sites have been linked to the development of obesity when a favorable environment is current. The FTO gene (fat mass and obesity associated gene)have been found on average to weigh 3-4 kg more and have a 1.67 -fold higher risk of obesity compared with those without the risk allele. The difference in Body Mass Index(BMI) between people are due to genetics varies depending on populations examined from 6% to 85%. Studies that have been carried focusing on inheritance patterns rather than on specific genes have found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were also fat, in contrast to less than 10% of the family of two parents who were of average weight. People living in the same environment have different risks of developing obesity due to they're underlying genetic. The thrifty gene hypothesis postulates that people are prone to obesity due to dietary scarcity which occurred during human evolution. This hypothesis states that the human body can store energy as fat during rare periods of abundance which is then used during times of varying food availability, and individuals with greater adipose reserves would be more likely to survive the famine. The tendency to store fat, nevertheless, would be maladaptive in societies with stable food supplies.

Obesity is also associated with metabolic factors. The metabolic syndrome associated with abdominal obesity, which includes insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and elevated CRP levels identifies a subject who have increased in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The metabolic syndrome is linked to overweight.It is liked to a condition called insulin resistance. In this condition, the digestive system breaks down the foods eaten into sugar(glucose).Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that helps sugar enter cells to be used as fuel. People with insulin resistance have cells that don’t respond usually to insulin, and glucose cant comes the cells as quickly.As a result, the glucose levels in the blood rise despite the body’s attempt to control the glucose by churning out more and more insulin. The glucose level that remains unused in your body is high, and the body thus converts into fats. The fats accumulation in the body was thereby making an individual with metabolic syndrome become obese due to malfunctioning of the body insulin, cells resistance to insulin results in high-level glucose which then is converted to fats accumulating in the body to the extent that an individual is obese. Metabolic factors come together in a single individual. Diabetes is a metabolic factor where there is an increased level of blood sugar in the blood, especially diabetes type 2.The high blood sugar level in the blood increases the chances of an individual becoming obese because the high sugar in the body is stored as fats, and the individual who has this diabetes are obese.

Social, economic factors. The social classes determine one as being obese or not, besides the genetic factors. In the developed countries, it is thought that the wealthy can afford more nutritious food, they are also under greater social pressure to remain slim, and have more opportunities along with greater expectations for physical fitness. However this is different in the developed countries, the ability to afford food high energy expenditure and the cultural practices favoring a larger body size is believed to contribute e to the obesity of individuals. The attitudes towards body weight held by people in one’s life also play a role in being obese. Some cultures value people with large body size compared to those who are slim, hence such a culture promotes the obesity of people. Depending on the social perspective of the people, obesity is encouraged if fat people are considered wealthy. Some individual struggle to gain weight or to become obese because being obese in certain societies gives one the status of being wealthy with a considerable body, sometimes becomes obesity. Though it is accepted that energy consumption more than energy expenditure leads to obesity on an individual basis, the cause shifts in these two factors on the much-debated social scale. The correlation between social class and NMI varies globally. A review carried out in 1989 found that in developed countries women of a high social level were less likely to be obese.No significant differences were seen among the men of the different social types, In the developing world, women, men, and children from high social levels had higher rates of obesity. A review conducted recently found the same relationships, but they are weaker. The decrease in the strength of correlation was felt to be due to effects of globalization. Among the developed countries, levels of adult obesity, and percentage of the teenage children who are overweight are correlated with income inequality. A similar relationship is seen among the US states: more adults, even in higher social classes are obese in more unequal countries.

Medicine. Certain medications, notably steroids and also some antidepressants, antipsychotics, high blood pressure drugs, and seizure medications are known to increase body weight. Some medicine administered to individuals can cause or increase the level of hunger, others slow the bodies ability to burn calories or create one to hold onto extra fluids. The medication effects aren’t the same for everybody; a person might gain or lose about 15 pounds of weight on a single drug. Prescriptions for medications used to treat diabetes, high blood pressure, mood disorders, seizures and even migraines can result in weight gain.

To tell whether one is obese or not, the most common way to measure if you are underweight or overweight is Body Mass Index (BMI).Body Mass Index uses your weight and height to estimate the body make up. If the BMI is below 18.5 it’s underweight, if its,18.5-24.9, that’s healthy weight; if it's between 25.0-29.9, that’s overweight,30.0 or higher is obese.

Waist circumference. MI doesn’t directly measure the fat, and research suggests that the amount of fat stored around the waist matters for determining one's health. To measure the waist circumference, place a tape measure around bare stomach just above the hip bone. The tape measure should be snug and lines up parallel to the floor.Relax, exhale and measure your waist. If the waist circumference is high, it indicates that you are obese if your size is above 35 inches.

Effects of obesity.

High blood pressure. The additional fat tissue in the body needs oxygen and nutrients to live, which requires the blood vessels to circulate more blood to the fatty tissue. This increases the workload of the heart because it must pump more blood through additional blood vessels. More circulating blood means more pressure on the artery walls.The higher blood pressure in the artery walls increases the blood pressure .Extra weight can raise the heart rate and reduce the body’s ability to transport blood through the vessels.

Heart disease.Hardening of the heart(Atherosclerosis) is more common in obese people compared to those who are not overweight. Coronary artery diseases are more prevalent because fatty deposits build up in the arteries that supply the heart. Narrowed arteries and reduced blood flow to the heart can cause chest pains or even result in heart attack. A blood clot can also occur in the narrowed arteries and can cause a stroke.

Metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome has been identified as a compound risk factor for cardiovascular disease by the Cholesterol Education Program.Metabolic syndrome consists of other six components: abdominal obesity, elevated blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, insulin resistance with or without glucose intolerance, elevation of individual blood components that indicate inflammation, and height of specific clotting factors in the blood. Metabolic syndrome is exhibited mostly by the overweight individuals.

Cancer. Being overweight in women contributes to increased risks for a variety of diseases including breast cancers, colon, gallbladder, and uterus.Men who are obese have a higher risk of contracting colon cancer and prostate cancers.

Obesity is a primary cause of diabetes type 2.This type of diabetes usually begins in adulthood but, now occurring in children.Obesity can cause resistance to insulin, the hormone that regulates blood sugar.When hormone causes insulin resistance, the blood sugar becomes elevated.Being obese increases the chance of diabetes among individuals.

Hypertension

This is a condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high. There are two types of hypertension, primary hypertension, and Secondary hypertension. Primary hypertension where the high blood pressure is not related to another medical condition while Secondary high blood pressure is as a result of another medical condition, usually occurring in the kidneys, arteries, heart, or the endocrine system.

The signs that indicate one has hypertension include the decreased the blood flow to the heart. The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the other parts of the body. Thus, the decrease in the blood flowing to the lungs to be replenished with oxygen increased the pumping of blood hence raising the blood pressure on, and increasing the pressure on the walls of the arteries.The heart rises it’s pumping activity to increase the blood flowing to the lungs to get a supply of oxygen. This results in the high blood pressure in the body. The heart pressure also builds tension on the walls of the arteries, sometimes causing the artery vessels to burst or block due to the high building pressure. The pumping of blood creates pressure which results in the bursting of the arteries or even getting blocked of brain arteries.

Hypertension weakened and narrows blood vessels in the kidneys. Hypertension may fail to function of the kidney as a result of narrowing of the blood vessels in the organ. The high blood pressure cause damages to the blood vessels in the kidney, the pressure results in the reduction of the arteries in the kidney and kidney failure as a result.Hypertension can also occur in Aneurysm. Increased blood pressure can cause the blood vessels to weaken, and bulge, forming an aneurysm. If the aneurysm ruptures, this can be fatal.

Heart failure. The pumping of the blood against the higher blood pressure in the blood vessels makes the heart muscles thicken. As a result, the thickening may result in the difficulty for the thickened muscles to pump blood occurring in the heart failure.

The trouble with memory and understanding. The uncontrolled high blood pressure may result affect the ability to think, remember and learn about an individual Trouble with memory concepts understanding is more prevalent with people with high blood pressure.

Damage to the arteries. Healthy arteries are flexible, durable and elastic. The inner lining is smooth so the blood can flow freely, supplying vital organs and tissues with nutrients and oxygen. Hypertension gradually increases the pressure of the blood flowing through the arteries. As a result, narrowed arteries and damaged arteries come about. High blood pressure damages the cells of the arteries inner lining.This happens when the fats from the diet taken enter the bloodstream, they can collect in the damaged arteries.As a result, the artery walls become less elastic, limiting the flow throughout the body.

Coronary artery diseases. Coronary artery disease affects the arteries that supply the blood to the heart muscle. Arteries narrowed by the coronary artery disease does not allow the blood to flow freely through the arteries.When the blood cannot flow freely to the heart, it can result in chest pain, heart attack or irregular heart rhythms.

High blood pressure results in the Enlarged left Heart. High blood pressure forces the heart to beat harder than necessary to pump blood to the rest of the body. This causes the left ventricle to thicken (left ventricle hypertrophy). These changes limit the ventricle’s ability to pump blood to the body. This condition increases the risk of heart attack, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death.

Damage to the brain. The brain depends on the blood supply network to work correctly and survive through nourishing brain blood vessels with oxygen and nutrients. High blood pressure can cause a Transient ischemic attack. This is sometimes referred to as a mini-stroke, a brief, temporary disruption of blood supply to your brain. It’s often caused by atherosclerosis or blood clot both of which can arise from high blood pressure. Hypertension also leads to a full stroke. A stroke occurs when a part and weakening the brain’s blood vessels, causing them to narrow., rupture or leak. High blood pressure can also cause blood clots to form in the arteries leading to the brain blocking blood flow and potentially causing a stroke. High blood pressure can also lead to the development of Dementia. This is a brain disease resulting in problems with thinking, speaking, reasoning, memory, vision, and movement.Vascular dementia results from narrowing and blockage of the arteries that supply blood to the brain. High blood pressure can also result in Mild Cognitive Impairment. It is a transitional stage between the changes in understanding and memory that come with aging and more serious problems caused by Alzheimer disease. Like dementia, it can result from blocked blood flow to the brain when high blood pressure damages arteries.

High blood pressure damages the eyes. High blood pressure can damage the tiny delicate blood vessels supplying blood to the eyes. High blood pressure can damage the vessel supplying blood to the retina, causing retinopathy. This condition can lead to the bleeding in the eye, blurred vision and complete loss of vision. It can also result in Choroidopathy a situation in which fluid builds up under the retina because of leaky blood vessels in a layer of blood vessels located under the retina. High blood pressure may as well result in nerve damage (optic neuropathy).This may occur when the blocked blood vessels damage the optic nerve, causing bleeding within the eye or vision loss

The relationship between obesity and hypertension

Obesity came about as a result of scarcity. For a long time, humanity has dealt with food scarcity and potential starvation for most of the time on earth. For much of the civilization, being overweight or obese as praised as a symbol of wealth and prosperity, which was celebrated at the time. As the countries developed in the 18th century and food became more readily available the weight of the populations started to raise.Initially, the higher availability of food created a stronger healthier community and then in the last century; it developed into a full-blown problem. Until the 1950’s, doctors linked to heart diseases with the obesity after diagnosis was carried out. The improved industrial technology has created ways of producing cheap, high-calorie foods. Hence people started consuming high-calorie foods thus leading to the development of obesity.

Modern hypertension begins with the understanding of the cardiovascular based on the work of physician William Harvey(1578-1657), in his book “ De Motu Cordis”.Stephen Hales made the first published blood pressure in 1733.Hypertension was later joined by other scholars as Thomas Young, to be a disease.The first report of elevated blood pressure without evidence of kidney disease as a generalized circulatory disease was taken up and termed hyperpiesia by Sir Clifford Allbut. However, hypertension as a medical entity came into being in 1896 with the invention of the cuff-based sphygmomanometer by Scipione Riva-Rocci in 1886.This allowed blood pressure to be measured in clinics.In 1905, Nikolai Korotkoffimproved the technique by describing the Korotkoff sounds that are heard when the artery is auscultated with a stethoscope while the sphygmomanometer cuff is deflated. Malignant hypertension was coined by physicians Mayo Clinic to describe a syndrome of very high blood pressure, severe retinopathy, and inadequate kidney function. In the 1950 s benign hypertension was considered harmless and the following reports gathered showed that hypertension increased death and cardiovascular disease and that this risks increased in a graded manner. Population studies were sponsored, and it showed that hypertension was common among the African Americans.

Obesity and hypertension are closely related. Obesity increases the risk of development of hypertension. Obesity and hypertension results in cardiovascular damage. Hypertension leads to the damage of the blood arteries, such as the left ventricular arrhythmias, diastolic heart failure, and ischemic heart diseases. It also harms the central nervous system and the kidneys. Obesity affects the physiological process. Obesity and hyper are linked, with obese patients having higher rates of hypertension than normal weight individuals. Obesity influences the insulin level in the body which results in hypertension. Antihypertensive medication influence insulin sensitivity and the metabolic risk, which may lead to one developing obesity.

Hypertension can be controlled by making changes to lifestyle.Weight loss is one of the most effective lifestyle changes for managing blood pressure and avoiding obesity. Losing a small amount of weight when overweight or obese helps to reduce the chances of getting a high blood pressure. It is also important to keep an eye on the waistline especially for women. Carrying too much weight around the waist puts too much danger of high blood pressure. Men also have to keep an eye on their size so that they avoid accumulating a lot of fat that can result in high blood pressure. Exercising regularly is also very important as it ensures that blood pressure is lowered by 5 to 8mm Hg if one has high blood pressure. It is also worth eating a healthy diet. Eating healthy foods that is rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products and skimps on saturated fat and cholesterol can lower blood pressure by up to 11mm Hg.

Lower the alcohol level drinking. By drinking alcohol only in moderation, one can potentially lower blood pressure .However this protective effect can be lost if one drinks too much. Another important preventive measure is to quit smoking. Stopping smoking reduces the risk of heart diseases and improve the overall health. People who leave smoking lead a healthier life.

Reducing stress is important in preventing high blood pressure and obesity. Chronic stress contributes to high blood pressure. Stress adds to high blood pressure if an individual reacts to stress by eating unhealthy food. It is essential to take some time to try to understand the causes of ones emphasize and consider a way of eliminating it.It is crucial to healthily cope with stress.

Monitor blood pressure regularly and see a doctor and get support. In dealing with hypertension and obesity, it is essential to visit the doctor regularly to monitor the blood pressure to avoid the high blood pressure disease, because the doctor can diagnose early. It is also recommendable to find support from the family who can provide emotional support as well as advise to cope with conditions.

Conclusion.

Hypertension and obesity are conditions that have affected many people around the world, yet they are very related. High blood pressure has affected individuals who have more weight or are obese than those who are underweight. The effects of high blood pressure on the body blood vessels are severe and lead to damage of the blood vessels, resulting in other cardiovascular diseases. Eating unhealthy foods which have produced in many individuals gaining unrealistic weight and thus increasing the risk of high blood pressure. Among the obese individuals from the research, it is clear that obesity is a major cause of high blood pressure. Individuals who have Body Mass Index that exceeds 30kg /m² have reported conditions of high blood pressure. The adverse effects of hypertension are vast and include the damages that involve the blood vessels of the nervous systems, kidney, eyes, and heart. Hypertension alone can lead to several other related diseases and make the life of an individual with a high blood pressure more chronic. While hypertension is pegged to obesity, individuals with obese weights tend to think that obesity is a lifestyle and does not look into the risks that may come about from having to be overweight. It is clear from that many of this conditions of obesity come about because of the unhealthy practices that are bound as cultural. The attitudes that people have about being obese as a way of wealth and gaining appraisal from the community.This cultural perception is what has contributed to the unhealthy lifestyles which has in turn added to many of the people to suffer from obesity-related diseases of hypertension. The world right now has moved ahead in technology and mechanization of agriculture has led to the fast production of foods which are cheap.Without the social force or control over food eating, the people in developing countries consume foods high in calorie sugars in celebrations of the scarcities that they had gone through in the previous times, hence resulting to increase in the weights of the population and thus increased blood pressure. The uncontrolled eating of food has led in many cases of obesity and therefore registering more cases of hypertension.Therefore, hypertension and obesity can be avoided if only can healthy eating is observed.

Avoiding obesity is very important as seen from this investigation. Obesity has only resulted in high blood pressure among many individuals and therefore, the number one cause of high blood pressure is obesity, and hence it is important to avoid overweight. Eating healthy and observing healthy practices that promote healthy living is recommendable for people to live hypertension-free life. Over the past centuries, high blood pressure has been affecting many people, but they are the conditions that can only be prevented by changing our lifestyles. In a world where there are cheap fast foods being produced because of the technological advancements in agriculture, it is important to provide education and even introduce regulations that can help protect the young children from eating the unhealthy foods that contain high sugars. The regulations should be used to control parents and regulate the kind of foods that they use in feeding their children. The unhealthy sugary foods taken by many people is because of lack of regulations to control the sale of such foods that lead to many individuals developing hypertension.

As a result of the increased number of patients with the high blood pressure conditions, it is essential that blood pressure testing in hospitals is promoted to ensure that individuals become aware of their blood pressure. This is because many individuals are not even aware that they are obese or have high blood pressure. High blood pressure does not have symptoms, and one may not realize that they have the condition unless they go for a blood pressure checkup.Hypertension is a silent killer because many people lead their lives without being aware of the underlying blood pressure within them. Hypertension may become chronic and result in heart complications which are more fatal than high blood pressure itself.Thus, before high blood pressure damages the organs of the body, it is important that people are educated on the importance of having their blood pressure tested to avoid deads that may result from blood pressure related diseases. Training them helps creates awareness and thus support them to visit their doctors and have the blood pressure measured.Nowadays, wrist watches have been introduced into the market that can check the pulse rate and strength of the heart. Using this kind of observations to monitor heart pulse can help in determining the health status of an individual. It is also essential to restrain from unhealthy practices such as smoking because this results in hypertension disease. Avoiding stress is very important because stress has been known to be one of the biggest causes of high blood pressure and obesity among many individuals.Therefore, for one to lead a healthy life, restraining from stressful activities is essential, and finding ways to eliminate stress in a more robust method; not consuming mass foods or indulging alcohol. Living a healthy life begins with monitoring’s one's blood pressure; making it a routine to visit a doctor and string a schedule to eat healthy foods is the beginning of getting ride of hypertension as well as obesity.

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