08042023-Q1

Indent each new paragraph. Write your next section here. Align data analysis/statistical choices for each research question. If your study is quantitative, make sure the statistical tests match Chapter Four. State the statistical tests used and cite a reference related to the tests, such as the statistical textbook by Spatz. Discuss why the test is appropriate for the data being analyzed.

Discuss the validity of your data. External validity can include testing reactivity, interaction effects of selection and experimental variables, specificity of variables, reactive effects of experimental arrangements, and multiple-treatment interference, as appropriate to the study. As appropriate, internal validity can include history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, statistical regression, experimental mortality, and selection-maturation interaction. Discuss how and why results will be interpreted, including essential parameter estimations, confidence intervals and/or probability values, odds ratios, power of the test(s), effect size, etc.

Overall the statistical tests section of a dissertation should discuss the specific statistical analyses performed to answer the research questions or test the hypotheses. Here are some key elements that should be included:

1. Purpose and rationale- Start with a brief explanation of the purpose of the statistical tests, including why they were chosen and how they relate to the research questions or hypotheses.

2. Assumptions- In order to correctly interpret the results of statistical tests, it is necessary to consider the assumptions that underlie them, including normality, homogeneity of variance, independence, and linearity. Explain how you assessed these assumptions and what steps you took to address violations, if any.

3. Data preparation- Describe how you prepared your data for analysis, including any transformations or recoding that was done. Discuss any missing data and how it was handled.

4. Analysis methods- Explain the statistical tests used and why they were appropriate for your research questions or hypotheses. This explanation may include descriptive or inferential statistics (such as t-tests, ANOVA, regression analysis, or chi-square tests).

5. Results- Present your results in a clear and organized manner, using tables and graphs as appropriate. Include descriptive statistics (such as means, standard deviations, and frequencies) and inferential statistics (such as p-values, effect sizes, and confidence intervals) to support your conclusions.

6. Interpretation: Discuss the meaning and implications of your results in the context of your research questions or hypotheses. Describe any patterns or trends that emerged, and consider alternative explanations or limitations of your findings.

7. Conclusion: Summarize your main findings and their significance, highlighting any contributions to the literature or practical implications of your research. Also, discuss any future research directions that could build on your work.

Overall, the statistical tests section should demonstrate that you have chosen appropriate methods for your research questions, followed the best data preparation and analysis practices, and drawn sound conclusions from your results. It should also be written clearly and concisely, with appropriate references to the relevant literature and statistical software used (JASP, Exel, or SPSS).

Indent each new paragraph. Write your next section here. Summarize your methodology and provide a transition to Chapter Four. Do not write in future tense.

Indent each new paragraph. Write your next section here.

Indent each new paragraph. Write your next section here. Include the number of participants ( N =) and provide specifics about the surveyed sample population. Do not include the names of any schools, businesses, or institutions for confidentiality reasons. The use of an alternative format to identify the organization. Options such as the general geographical location (School district in the Southeast, Organization A, Organization B, or other appropriate alternative formats should be used.

Indent each new paragraph. Write your next section here. List and number research questions one at a time. You should address each question with its own level three heading. The results must be presented without implication, speculation, assessment, evaluation, or interpretation.

Use italics for letters used as statistical symbols or algebraic variables (e.g., contained 587 t-test p values; R2 = .12). Report exact p values to two or three decimals (e.g., p = .006, p = .03). However, report p values less than .001 as “ p < .001.”

Also, be sure to state whether the null hypotheses were rejected or failed to be rejected. An example of a null that failed to be rejected could be worded like the following: the results of the data analysis failed to reject the null hypothesis in determining if there was a relationship between age and purchase intentions. An example of a rejected null could be worded like the following: as a result of the data analysis, the null hypothesis was rejected for research question one in determining if there was a relationship between perceived value and purchase intentions.

Indent each new paragraph. Write your next section here. Again, the results must be presented without implication, speculation, assessment, evaluation, or interpretation.

Indent each new paragraph. Write your next section here. Summarize your results and provide a transition to Chapter Five.

Chapter Five

In the Practical Assessment of Research Question section, focus in this section on how your research question findings align or differ from scholarly published literature on the topic.

Discuss the link to leadership.

Indent each new paragraph. Write your next section here.

Indent each new paragraph. Write your next section here. The Practical Assessment of Research Question section focuses on how your research question findings align or differ from scholarly published literature on the topic. Make sure to include any unusual findings as well (i.e., results that you did not expect to be significant but were, or findings that may have surprised you based on previous research findings). Introduce the reader to this section, then address each research question separately (see below). You will have as many level three headings as you do research questions (i.e., if you have two research questions, you will have two level 3 headings. If you have four research questions, you will have 4 level 3 headings, etc.). Finally, do not repeat any statistical findings in the level 3 headings below; only report their significance. No statistical narratives should be entered into the Practical Assessment of Research Questions.

You should address each research question with its own level three heading (i.e.,  Research Question One ) and let the reader know how your results were different or similar to the results you found in the lit review studies in Chapter Two. You should have many citations in this section as you discuss each of your research questions. For example, the best practice is to have at least three or more recent citations from Chapter Two (5 years old or less) per research question needed to close the literature gap from Chapter Two. Please review Chapter Two to ensure that you have a minimum of 3 citations from Chapter Two that assists in closing the literature gap. 

Avoid restating the statistical findings and reporting in Chapter Four here. You should not repeat the statistical results but instead, note the significance and how those were similar or different from the studies you cited in Chapter Two.

If you had supplementary findings in Chapter Four, you would also need to provide a practical assessment of the findings here as you have for all the other individual research questions. Be sure to state your findings by significance (do not use statistical reporting) and how your findings are similar or different from those noted in Chapter Two's lit review. This practical assessment of the research findings will assist you in closing the research loop for your supplementary findings as you have for the other individual research questions.

Indent each new paragraph. Write your next section here. Do not copy and paste the limitations stated in Chapter One. Think of this subsection as the "humble pie” subsection. In your Limitations section in Chapter One, you addressed the study's potential limitations. Begin by looking at potential limitations as you initially proposed, and then discuss those that may have affected your findings one way or another. In many cases, the potential limitations referenced in Chapter One do not come into play here.

However, limitations can typically originate in one of two sources: the study's design and problems during implementation. Design issues involve sampling, assessment, procedures, and choice of research design (i.e., poor match). Furthermore, issues of implementation must be addressed (i.e., low sample, measurement issues, heterogeneous groups).

When developing this section, consider limitations in four significant areas internal validity, external validity, measurement, and statistical analysis. Concerning internal validity, unless the study is a "true experiment," one cannot claim that the IV "caused" changes in the DV. Likewise, the extent to which findings can be generalized must be discussed for external validity. Concerning measurement limitations, discuss issues of reliability and validity of assessment instruments. Finally, regarding statistical analysis limitations, discuss the effect size and statistical test chosen.

Indent each new paragraph. Write your next section here. The recommendations may be directed at the participants, community, state, nation, or internationally. Furthermore, discuss findings in light of questions or issues that suggest future research directions. Extend the study to other populations. For example, consider other IVs and DVs that ought to be explored in the field and how to assess those additional variables. The Implications for Future Study is the portion of the paper where researchers are allowed to dream and set the stage for similar studies in the future by thinking of ways to extend your study to other questions that may add to the understanding of the issues.

Indent each new paragraph. Write your next section here.

Figures

Consent Forms

Include a copy of the letter/form used to obtain consent from participants in the study.