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Area Affected

Disease

Definition

Characteristics

Notes

Upper Respiratory Tract

Acute Inflammation

Rhinitis

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa

Part of having a cold

Sinusitis

Inflammation of the sinuses

Due to a variety of allergic, viral and bacterial causes

Pharyngitis

Inflammation of the pharynx (throat)

Laryngitis

Inflammation of the larynx (voice Box)

Coryza

Acute viral infection of the upper respiratory tract (Common Cold)

Characterized by: Nasal congestion, runny nose, runny eyes, mild sore throat and headache.

Influenza

A common upper respiratory viral infection (Flu)

Characterized by: fever, chills, sore throat, possible vomiting, headache, cough, muscle pain.

Hay fever

A form of allergy as a result of hyper sensitivity to various grass and tree pollens.

A common upper respiratory problem characterized by watery and itchy eyes, a runny nose, and sneezing and coughing.

It is an antigen-antibody reaction that causes the release of histamine. Histamine causes the dilation of surrounding capillaries that leak or secrete excess plasma into the tissues. This is what causes the congestion and runny nose.

Nasal Polyps

Inflammatory growths with a stem or a pedicle.

The most common tumor-like growth to the nose.

Trachea and Bronchi

Tracheitis

Inflammation of the Trachea (wind pipe)

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the Bronchi

Characterized by fever, chest pain, difficulty breathing and a chronic cough.

Caused by the person trying to clear excess mucous from the lining of the respiratory passageways.

Bronchiolitis

Inflammation of the smaller bronchi and bronchioles.

Bronchial Asthma

An allergic response characterized by a hypersecretion of mucus and spasms of the bronchial muscles.

Besides spasming, the excess mucous narrows the lumen of the air passageway.

Area Affected

Disease

Definition

Characteristics

Notes

Lungs

Pneumonia

Inflammation of the lungs due to infection with bacteria, viruses or other pathogenic organisms – Causes the buildup of inflammatory exudates in the alveoli – if the lungs are inflamed due to other agents that are not infectious, the term pneumonitis is used

Lobar Pneumonia

Inflammation localized in one or two loves of the lung. -- The affected lobe(s) is usually full of thick, fibrinous exudate making exchange of respiratory gasses impossible.

Streptococcus pneumoniae causes the majority of cases – Responds well to antibiotic treatment and therefore is usually an acute disease

Bronchial pneumonia or

Bronchopneumonia

Inflammation of the bronchi and terminal bronchioles that can spread into the lungs. More scattered throughout the bronchi and lungs as spotty patches than lobar pneumonia.

-- It is most commonly a secondary disease

-- Seen in complication of: whooping cough, measles, influenza, chronic bronchitis, cancer, aids.

-- Also a common nosocomial infection

Viral Pneumonia

Caused by a variety of viruses

Associated Conditions

Pleuritis (Pleurisy)

Membranes surrounding the lungs

Often accompanies lobar pneumonia.

Pleural Effusion (Hydrothorax)

Fluid in the plural cavity – AKA hydrothorax

Accompanies circulatory disorders.

Empyema (Pyothorax)

Pus in the pleural cavity

Accompanies many infectious diseases.

Hemothrorax

Blood in the pleural cavity – may accompany wounds, infections, or tumors.

May accompany wounds, infections, or tumors.

Pneumothorax

Air in the pleural cavity

The result of a penetrating wound form outside the body or form the rupture of an alveoli in disease like tuberculosis and emphysema.

Anoxia

Deficient blood oxygen supply to tissues.

Postmortem Conditions of Pneumonia

1) rapid coagulation of blood

2) Cyanosis (bluish color of mucous membranes resulting from lack of oxygen)

3) Dehydration

4) Edema

Area Affected

Disease

Definition

Characteristics

Notes

Lungs

Tuberculosis

A. Cause: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

B. Lesion : Tubercle or Ghon’s lesion – has a granulomatous characteristic with gross visible necrosis forming a cheesy, crumbly, caseous mass.

Known as caseation necrosis – tubercle contents may become liquefied and resemble pus but without all the cardinal signs of inflammation -- This is the formation of a Cold Abscess

Tubercles may also erode the wall of a bronchus leaving an empty cavity – This is the process of Cavitation

C. Sputum is grayish yellow or white

D. Forms of Tuberculosis

Pulmonary

Involving the lungs. The most common form.

Miliary

Generalized tuberculosis with minte tubercules in the affected part. The name comes from the fact that the lesions look kike millet seeds (a type of grain)

The moste affected organs are: Brain, Kidneys, Intestines, Bones and Skin.

Postmortem Conditions of Tuberculosis

1) Cavitation

2) Hemorrhage

3) Dehydration

4) Emaciation

5) Cold abscess

6) Caseation necrosis

Pneumoconiosis

Specific Types

a. Anthracosis – Inhalation of carbon particles (hazard to coal miners)

b. Silicosis – inhalation of silica (stone dust) hazard to miners and rock workers.

c. Asbestosis – inhalation of asbestos dust.

Atelectasis

state of collapse of the lungs in which the air sacs are completely airless

May be caused by: a complete obstruction of a bronchus or an accumulation of fluid or air in the pleural cavity that presses against the lung.

Area Affected

Disease

Definition

Characteristics

Notes

Lungs

Emphysema

a chronic deterioration and destruction of lung tissue

1. Causes an incomplete or partial bronchial obstruction with the presence of excess mucous and tissue irritation.

2. Characterized by the lungs being supercharged with air that is high in carbon dioxide content

3. The difficulty is in moving the air out because of the increased resistance to the flow of air in the lungs.

4. The alveolar walls eventually break down and join the air sacs together into much larger, functionless sacs called bullae.

5. These will also rupture eventually leaving the person with no way to exchange respiratory gases.

COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A combination of two or more conditions in which the exchange of respiratory gases is ineffective

These included, but are not limited to, emphysema, bronchial asthma, and chronic bronchitis.

Cystic Fibrosis

a disease of the pancreas that is characterized by chronic respiratory infections

1. Most often Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.

2. The name comes from the presence of fibrous tissue in the pancreas that is left behind following the formation of a fluid-filled cyst

3. The infections are caused by the presence of a thick, sticky mucous that is secreted from the respiratory epithelium

4. The bacteria then start to grow and multiply causing the infections

5. This also happens to the mucous of the pancreatic duct so that the digestive enzymes are not secreted appropriately leading to food not being digested.

6. Most of the deaths from this disease are attributed to the obstruction of air flow to the lungs by the mucous.

Carcinoma of the Lung

The number one cause of death of male cancer patients