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DiseasesoftheNervousSystemChart.docx

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Diseases of the Nervous System

	Disease	Definition	Characteristics	Notes
Trauma to the Brain	Concussion	Any injury of a soft structure, such as the brain, resulting from a blow or violent shaking with no physical damage apparent.	An immediate and temporary disturbance of brain function	It may result in only a temporary grogginess or there may be a wide spread loss of cerebral control with a sudden drawing of the knees and severe vomiting.
	Contusion	A bruise to the brain causing swelling and pain	The skin is not broken at the site of the injury	May lead to hydrocephalus
	Laceration	Tearing of brain tissue	May occur with or without fracture of the skull
	Intracranial Hemorrhage	Hemorrhage in the cranium Categorized according to the location in relation to the meninges	Layers from outside to inside: Bone, Dura Mater, arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater, Brain	Consequences depends on the location
			Extradural or Epidural	Between the bone and dura mater
			Subdural (Most Common)	Between the dura mater and arachnoid mater / Will cause sudden death in severe cases
			Subarachnoid	Between the arachnoid mater and pia matter
Meningitis	Meningitis	Inflammation of the membranes around the spinal cord and brain	Caused by numerous bacteria and viruses The form caused by the meningococcus (Neisseria meningitides) is called Epidemic meningitis – The most serious form	Transmitted via the respiratory tract by droplet spray or direct contact with discharges – It then reaches the meninges via the blood or lymph stream.
Encephalitis	Encephalitis	Inflammation of the brain	Can be bacterial or viral The most common form is viral encephalitis – Transmitted to humans via an infected mosquito	May also be a complication of other infectious diseases like malaria, influenza, measles.
General Paresis	General Paresis	A diffuse meningoencephalitis seen in the tertiary stage of syphilis	Inflammation and degeneration of brain tissue will lead to death
Cerebrovascular Accident / Stoke / Apoplexy	Cerebrovascular Accident / Stoke / Apoplexy	Damage to the brain as a result of circulatory interruption.	Usually due to thrombosis, embolism, or hemorrhage These are usually secondary to atherosclerotic disease	If hemorrhage occurs where blood escapes into the tissue of the brain ti may be due to hypertension or possibly a congenital aneurysm.
Encephalomalacia	Encephalomalacia	Softening of the brain due to death of tissue from lack of blood supply
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)	Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)	A temporary interference with blood supply to part of the brain – No permanent damage occurs	Characterized by dizziness, fuzzy vision in one eye, numbness or loss of sensation on one side of the body	May last a few minutes or several hours.

Diseases of the Nervous System

	Disease	Definition	Characteristics	Notes
Hydrocephalus – “Water on the brain”	Hydrocephalus	The increased accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain	Caused by a blockage of the normal outflow of the fluid. Brain is pushed against the skull in adults	Dramatic enlargement of the cranium in infants. Bones have not ossified (fused) together yet. Severe cases lead to stillbirths or very short lifespans.
Myelitis	Myelitis	Inflammation of the spinal cord. Occurs due to infection or injury to the spinal cord
Poliomyelitis	Poliomyelitis	Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord. Often affects brain tissue also Anytime the brain and spinal cord are both involved the term encephalomyelitis is used.	Acquired through a viral infection from respiratory system or contaminated food then reaches the spinal cord through the bloodstream	Affects the motor neurons of the central nervous system resulting in serious damage and paralysis of the muscles controlled by these nerves.
Neuritis	Neuritis	Inflammation of the nerves	May be a direct infection or a complication of other infections like tuberculosis, tetanus, or measles	May also be from damage by trauma or toxins
Epilepsy	Epilepsy	A chronic disorder of the nervous system with recurring convulsions and losses of consciousness.	The result of some form of interference with normal electrical activity in the brain. Most causes are idiopathic. Some are associated with brain injury, trauma at birth, or tumors.
		Grand Mal or Tonic Clonic Seizures	Violent convulsions – Includes the making of peculiar sounds, biting the tongue, excess salivation	Seizures vary in length and frequency. After a convulsion, the person is usually groggy and doesn’t know what has happened.
		Petite Mal or Absence seizures	Loss of consciousness for short periods of time with dizziness	This form is more common in children. Often appears to be day dreaming.
Rabies (Hydrophobia)	Rabies (Hydrophobia)	An acute, viral, infectious disease of warm-blooded animals	In humans, it causes spasms of the throat muscles when swallowing is attempted, therefore, they avoid fluids.	Transmitted to humans through the saliva of an infected animal via a bite. Characterized by involvement of the central nervous system. Results in paralysis and death.
Multiple Sclerosis	Multiple Sclerosis	A chronic degenerative disease of the nervous system characterized by remissions and relapses.	The myelin sheaths of the nerves are destroyed. Impairs motor and sensory nerve impulses. This causes muscle weakness and incoordination, tremors, paralysis, vision problems, and abnormal, rapid eyeball movements.	Scattered diffusely throughout the gray and white matter of the brain stem and spinal cord. Affects young adults between 20 and 40 years of age.

Diseases of the Nervous System

	Disease	Definition	Characteristics	Notes
Parkinson’s Disease (Shaking Palsy or Paralysis Agitans)	Parkinson’s Disease Shaking Palsy / Paralysis Agitans	A chronic, degenerative disease of the nervous system	Characterized by a slow spreading tremor, muscle weakness and rigidity with a peculiar gait.	Walking occurs in short, rapid steps. Loss of balance and falling often occurs.
Alzheimer’s Disease	Alzheimer’s Disease	A chronic, organic mental disorder which leads to presenile dementia. Tends to occur after the age of 60	Characterized by loss of memory, mood changes, and other mental disturbances.	Destruction of neurons in the cortex of the brain occurs and plaques are deposited upon the nerve fibers. This is believed to be due to neurofibril degeneration. (Very small fibers found in the cytoplasm of the soma or nerve cell body).
Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease	Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease	A central nervous system disease that causes a slow degeneration. Leads to dementia	Caused by a small protein particle called a prion. Was once thought to be caused by a slow-moving virus	Can be transmitted by a parenteral injury with an object contaminated with the infectious agent.
Cerebral Palsy	Cerebral Palsy	A non-progressive paralysis resulting from some type of brain damage before or shortly after birth	May also include some mental retardation.