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Disease

Definition

Characteristics

Dilation

Enlargement of the heart due to stretching of the heart walls

Result of the over-filling of a heart chamber

Hypertrophy

Enlargement of the heart due to an increase in the size of the muscle fivers

1) obstruction of the peripheral vessels

2) disease conditions involving the heart valve

3) inflammatory and degenerative changes in the heart muscle

Endocarditis

Inflammation of the inner layer of the heart

Includes inflammation of the heart valves

Valvular endocarditis caused by bacteria deposited on a valve (thrombi known as vegetations)

Valvular Defects

1) Valvular insufficiency or incompetence

Imperfect valve closure that permits leakage or regurgitation of blood

2) Valvular stenosis

The narrowing or construction of a valve

3) Prolapse

A valve or one of the cusps of a valve turns inside out

Paricarditis

Inflammation of the outer sac of the heart (pericardium)

Caused by T.B., pyogenic organisms, neoplasms, trauma, myocardial infarction.

Myocarditis

Inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart (myocardium)

After rheumatic fever and diphtheria or idiopathic

Rheumatic Heart Disease

A febrile inflammatory disease that is a sequelae of rheumatic fever

a. Cause – Group A. Beta Hemolytic Strepococci

b. Lesion – small nodules formed within the connective tissue of the heart (Aschoff’s Nodules / Bodies) Formation of scar tissue, usually in the mitral valve, causing stenosis.

Coronary Artery Disease

Pathologic changes in the walls of the coronary arteries and the consequences or results

Caused by a. Atherosclerosis; b. Thrombosis or Embolism, c. Spasms – usually caused by syphilitic involvement of the mouths of the coronaries, leads to uncontrolled contractions of the heart, contractions occlude the lumens of the coronary arteries.

Consequences:

Cardiac Failure

The condition resulting from the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s needs.

Types

a. Acute – Myocardial infarction

b. Chronic – Congestive heart failure as a result of high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis, prior myocardial infarctions, etc.

Hypertensive Heart Disease

Condition caused by a constant pumping against resistance – slowly “wears out the heart”

Caused by hypertension (high blood pressure)

Cardiomyopathy

Disease of the myocardium due to a primary disease of the heart muscle

Accompanies congestive heart failure, infectious diseases, hypertrophy of the heart chambers, and chronic alcoholism.

Carditis

A general term to encompass inflammation of any of the layers or valves of the heart

Congenital Heart Disease

A. Septal defects – the septa between the two sides of the heart. (Mixing of the blood between the left and right sides of the heart).

B. Patent ductus arteriosus – a defect in the closing of the opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta; causes mixing of pulmonary and systemic blood. This defect predisposes to infection and thrombosis