Discussion Make sure you provide 2 references and utilize APA style.. . Discussion Rubric

As for the initial post if you answer all the questions sufficiently you will meet the word requirements. 

Answer the following questions based on the data provided: 

TB Surveillance Since 1953, in cooperation with state and local health departments, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has collected information on each newly reported case of tuberculosis (TB) disease in the United States. Currently, each TB case report (Report of Verified Case of Tuberculosis or RVCT) is submitted electronically to CDC’s Division of Tuberculosis Elimination. Figure 1 depicts reported TB cases in the United States from 1982 to 2005.1 Figure 1. Re Figure 1. Reported TB Cases Question 1 What factors might have contributed to the increase in TB cases from the mid 1980s to 1992? (See figure1 above.

Question 1

What factors might have contributed to the increase in TB cases from the mid 1980s to 1992?

(See figure1 above.)

Table 1 below presents the distribution of new cases of tuberculosis by age group and sex. Use this information to answer the next question. 

 

Table 1. Number of TB Cases Reported to CDC by Age Group and Sex for 2007 

Question 2

A. In 2007, which group had the greatest number of TB cases? 

B. Does this mean that males 44-65 years of age are at greatest risk for developing TB?

Estimating the Risk of Developing TB disease

The number of TB cases per 100,000 population, called the TB case rate, is determined by

the following equation: 

       number of new TB cases that occur during a specified time period x 100,000 the population at risk  

Also called cumulative incidence or an incidence rate, this formula provides an estimate of the risk for developing a disease. The population at risk information for the United States, which is needed to calculate the TB incidence (or case) rate, is collected by the US Census. Information on the US population by year can be found on the United States Census Bureau’s American Factfinder website (http://factfinder.census.gov/home/saff/main.html?_lang=en).  

Question 3

A. Estimated population values and the number of new TB cases reported to the CDC appear in Table 2 below. Use this data to calculate the TB (incidence rates) case rates for years 2000 to 2007.

B. Describe the trend in TB incidence rates over time.

Question 5

A. Which group has the highest incidence rate of TB in 2007?  

B. Why do you think this age group has the highest TB case (incidence) rate of TB?  

C. Is your answer for question 5a different from your answer for question 2a? If so, justify

why your answer is different. 

TB Incidence Rates and Mortality Rates

Look at Table 4 on the next page of this exercise. This table presents information on TB morbidity (or illness) by providing the number of cases and the case (incidence) rates. It also presents information on mortality (or death) associated with TB in the US by providing the number of deaths and the death rates from 1953 to 2006. 

Question 6

Describe the change in TB case (incidence) rates presented in Table 4 below.

Question 7 (the question is in the graph below make sure to answer it)

Table 4 includes the cause-specific death rates associated with TB.  

Definition:   number of deaths associated with TB each year  x 100,000  Mid-period population

Question 8

What is the TB death rate percent change between1978 and 1979?

Question 9 

What are the possible reasons there was such a large difference between the rates for these

years?

TB Morbidity (Incidence Rates vs. Prevalence Ratios)

Tuberculosis is a disease where people can become infected and remain infected without symptoms for many years. TB infection (without active disease) is called latent TB infection. The identification and treatment of people with latent TB infection is an important goal of TB control, because successful treatment of TB infection will prevent progression from infection to active disease. TB infection can be detected using a skin test and more recently

through a blood test.  

An epidemiologic measure that can be used to measure the proportion of a population with a specific infection or disease is called the prevalence ratio. For example, conducting tuberculin skin testing in a homeless shelter would provide a measure of the proportion of residents who have been infected with TB. This would include both old and new infections.

The following formula can be used to determine the prevalence ratio: 

number of new and old TB infections during a specified time period x 100,000 total (usually mid-period population) during the same time period 

Note: incidence rates and prevalence ratios may be expressed per 100 or per 1,000. They are commonly presented per 100,000.

Question 10 

Suppose that a county TB controller would like to know how many people currently living in a local nursing home are infected with TB. After receiving the appropriate approval and consent from the nursing home residents and administration, she has a trained nurse administer and read the results of tuberculin skin tests. Of the 100 nursing home residents who were tested, 30 had positive tuberculin skin test results during July of that year. 

What is the prevalence ratio of TB infection in this nursing home during the month of July?

Provide your answer per 100.

 

Question #11

Nurses conduct continuous assessment. Compare and contrast the tools used to assess families and communities. 

  

Question #12

You have been asked to describe the science of epidemiology to a new group of nursing students. Covering web of causation, morbidity, and mortality, how would you explain this to the students?