Need ONE Response Per Each Discussion Total 6 Responses. Attached Are The Discussions . Posts Will Be A Minimum Of 150 Words, APA Format.One Reference Per Each Discussion
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Yindra Isaac Amador
Health Care Policy
As one glances across the globe, one realizes that each country has their own set of rules when it comes to their healthcare system. These rules can impact individuals in both positive and negative ways. Upon reviewing the healthcare system of America and that of the United Kingdom several differences arise. For instance, a major difference is the price paid by the United States government between private health insurance and public health programs. According to the American Medical Association, on average, private health insurance plans spend 11.7% of premiums on administrative costs versus 6.3% spent by public health programs (as cited in Shea & Gresh, 2016). According to Shea and Gresh (2016), the United Kingdom, as well as other countries that support Universal Healthcare, spend half as much per capita on health care as compared to the United States. On the other side of the spectrum, opponents in the United States believe that Universal Healthcare would increase the federal government’s debt and deficit by as much as twenty-one percent (Shea & Gresh, 2016).
Another key difference is the coverage that the healthcare offers to the population. For example, in the United Kingdom, healthcare is accessible to all individuals regardless of their conditions and job status; thus, a person with a chronic condition such as asthma could be treated without having to pay a high price for his or her medications (Shea & Gresh, 2016). Similarly, with the exception of a few clauses, under the current law of the United States, health insurance companies can’t refuse to cover or charge individuals more just because they have pre-existing conditions (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2017). The difference lays within the law itself since the rule only applies to health insurances brought forth after March, 2010 (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2017). Nonetheless, it definitely aids those with chronic conditions who need healthcare services. As an advance practice nurse, one may advocate for policies that improve our healthcare system such as the enabling the accessibility of healthcare information across different hospitals (Windle, 2016). This will allow healthcare providers from different hospitals to obtain access to their patients’ records electronically; regardless of the clinic or institution that they were previously attending. Moreover, one may also advocate for patients so that they may have affordable access to their medications; regardless of their medical history and health conditions.
References
Shea, G. P., & Gresh, B. (2016). Healthcare in america: Try thinking this way - part 2. Healthcare Transformation, 1(2), 120-137. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/heat.2016.29019.she
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2017, January 31). Pre-Existing Conditions. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/about-the-aca/pre-existing-conditions/index.html
Windle, J. R. (2016). 2016 ACC/ASE/ASNC/HRS/SCAI health policy statement on integrating the healthcare enterprise. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology, 23(6), 1527-1543. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12350-016-0637-6
Muller Sanon
Health Care Policy
In 2013, an approximate 64% of Americans received health coverage through private health, 54% received it through employer-provided insurance, and 34% had government-sponsored coverage such as Medicare and Medicaid (U.S. Census Bureau, 2014). The ACA expanded health care reach by implementing the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI), which expands health care services while reducing spending.
Britain’s health care coverage is composed of universal and compulsory provisions. This is made available to all residents by noncompetitive statutory health insurance (SHI) funds, which is acquired through employment or is government-funded to those eligible (the unemployed, low income, students, and retired persons). Citizens cannot opt out of the SHI network (Sable & Amir, 2017).
Health care administration ensures efficiency in resource use and manages health care spending. Ethical health administration is achieved when there is transparency, accountability, and proficiency. The principal agency that oversees the federal health care system is the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (Sable & Amir, 2017). Within this organization, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA); and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), are responsible for promoting overall public health through the implementation of regulations and policies that ensure quality health care.
In the UK, it is The Ministry of Health that is responsible for overseeing the implementing of policy and finance in public health. The Ministry of Health is established by Parliament to manage the statutory health insurers. Another agency of importance is The French Health Products Safety Agency which establishes safety decisions that concern health services, goods, and products (Sable & Amir, 2017).
References
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (2016). National Healthcare Quality Report and National Healthcare Disparities Report.
Sable, B., & Amir, T. (2017). Healthcare policy comparison among industrialized nations. Journal of Professional Nursing, 31340-350. doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2015.02.007
Manuel Cifuentes
Health Care Policy
The World Health Organization reports indicate that the British population disposes of quality choice of health providers and overall good health; hence the choice of analyzing the British health care system and comparing it to the United States (WHO, 2013). Quantitative research based on statistics and numerical markers, are imperative to guiding health care leaders into making effective choices that impact the overall well-being of a population. Health statistics are utilized to measure the effectiveness and costs of medical services. Government agencies around the globe strive to provide its population with health care systems that maximize health promotion (WHO, 2013).
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the life expectancy in the United Sates is 78.8 years old (CDC, 2013). The latest data reported in 2013, revealed that there were 2,596,993 number of deaths, with a death rate of 821.5 deaths per 100,000 population. The infant mortality rate in 2013 was 5.96 deaths per 1,000 live births (The Commonwealth Fund., 2015). Some of the major health concerns in the United States are heart disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases, accidents, and strokes (cerebrovascular diseases) (CDC, 2013). The total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditure. In the United States, this percentage was 17.1 in 2013 (The World Bank, 2013). According to the World Fact Book (2013), the life expectancy in the UK is 81.75 years old; indicating that Britain’s life expectancy is higher than the United States’ by 3.7%. In 2013, the mortality rate was 9.06 deaths per1,000 population (WHO, 2013). Comparing this date with the United States’, UK’s mortality rate is higher by 0.84 deaths per 1,000 population. Some of the major health concerns in the UK are heart disease, Alzheimers/Dementia, stroke, and lung cancers (WHO, 2013). The total health expenditure of the UK in 2013 was 11.7, indicating a 6% difference from the United States (The World Bank, 2013).
There is ample room for advocacy and political implications for advanced nurse practitioners to enhance health outcomes when given statistics of life expectancy. For instance, nurses can sit at legislative sessions to advocate for better nursing staffing, enhanced measures to lower hospital readmissions, and establish measures to prevent adverse events.
References
Centers for Disease Control (2013). "Health Care Statistics." http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/deaths.htm. Web. 17 September 2019.
Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)." Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP). Http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.TOTL.ZS, n.d. Web. 17 September 2019.
The Commonwealth Fund. (2015). Health Reform Resource Center.
U.S. Census Bureau (2014). Health Insurance in the United States: 2013 – Tables & Figures.
World Health Organization (2013). Health Reports 2013 – 2016. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets Web. 17 September 2019.
Manuel M Cabrera
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US Healthcare System and UK Healthcare System
The current state of healthcare in the United States is a controversial topic for discussion. It is often assumed that the private sector is more likely to produce positive results due to competition. However, available data indicates that the hybrid healthcare system in the United States is highly inefficient compared to single-payer systems in other developed countries (Sawyer & McDermott, 2019). The healthcare system in the UK may be viewed as one of the examples of the effectiveness of a single-payer system. The central advantage of this approach is that all of the citizens are insured and gain access to healthcare services regardless of income. On the contrary, around 11% of citizens in the US are not insured (Chris Childers, 2016). The situation is rather problematic because many individuals cannot gain access to healthcare services because of institutional barriers and enormous costs. Affordable Care Act may be viewed as an important law because it helped to improve insurance rates in the US. However, the current administration seeks to repeal such provisions as mandates (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2017). One may argue that this approach would reduce the effectiveness of the healthcare system while reducing access to care. The importance of political activism should not be underestimated since it has a significant impact on health outcomes. Available evidence indicates that a single-payer healthcare system is more likely to be effective. However, one has to recognize that it is rather difficult to change the current system because powerful interest groups are interested in the maximization of profits. Therefore, it is necessary to educate the general public by highlighting the efficiency of a single-payer healthcare system in such countries as the UK. Overall, nurses should attempt to facilitate change in this area by focusing on lobbying and political activism to improve health outcomes while reducing costs.
References
Chris Childers. (2016, April 26). US and UK healthcare system comparison [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4Y0TKiwNgo
Kaiser Family Foundation. (2017). Summary of the American Health Care Act [PDF file]. Retrieved from http://files.kff.org/attachment/Proposals-to-Replace-the-Affordable-Care-Act-Summary-of-the-American-Health-Care-Act
Sawyer, B., & McDermott, D. (2019). How does the quality of the U.S. healthcare system compare to other countries? Retrieved from https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/quality-u-s-healthcare-system-compare-countries/#item-post-op-clots-better-u-s-comparable-countries
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Lizandra Alvarez
UK versus US Health systems
Based on the available resources, it’s clear that there are significant differences between the UK and US Health systems. The most obvious difference is on the means of payment. Within the US there are many payment providers as opposed to the UK Health system who only has one (Childers, 2016). The United States has many providers that include, private insurance, Medicaid, and Medicare. The United Kingdom has the National Health Care Service, also known as the NHS.
Another key point when comparing the UK versus the US Health system is concerning efficiency. A clear example of this in the US is the different requirements that each payment provider request from the health care provider to receive payment for services delivered. This leads the healthcare provider spending more time having to juggle those requirements to receive payment (Childers, 2016). Within the UK having a single payment provider streamline the process because the healthcare provider only needs to accommodate one set of requirements for all patients. This results in less paperwork, giving more time to the health care provider to invest in patient care.
Some opportunities as an Advanced practice nurse would be to focus on increasing efficiency within the healthcare system, by reducing the number of payment providers. Nurses can do this through advocacy and awareness-raising (Mason, Gardner, Outlaw, & Ogrady, 2016). Focusing on lowering the healthcare cost while maintaining high-quality services is the key to any advocacy movement in the growing nursing field. Nurses are instrumental within this type of advocacy because of their proximity and contact with the public (Williams, Phillips, & Koyama, 2018).
References
Childers, C. (2016, April 26). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4Y0TKiwNgo
Mason, D. J., Gardner, D. B., Outlaw, F. H., & OGrady, E. (2016). Policy et politics in nursing and health care. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Williams, S. D., Phillips, J. M., & Koyama, K. (2018). "Nurse Advocacy: Adopting a Health in All Policies Approach". " OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing Vol. 23, No. 3, Manuscript 1.
Euclides Muñoz
To identify the differences; it is essential to mention that in the United Kingdom, it created the first prepaid insurance the system in the world, because, after the industrial revolution, workers and emperors created a health system for the sick. Likewise, in 1991, according to the UK Health Law, all employees had to have medical insurance, and finally, in 1948, the National Health Service was created (Wing-Yee, 2018).
At present, these advances have shown an interest in the laws of protecting and sheltering the health of citizens, which is why today the entire population can access comprehensive health services of which 80% are free, while a minority has got private insurance. However, this free majority coverage system for citizens has shown low indicators of quality and efficiency, since there seems to be a gap between professional quality and patient needs (Wing-Yee, 2018).
On the other hand, the American health system has been characterized by defining health as an individual right and obligation, so the state does not consider health protection as a state obligation (Sawyer, & McDermott, 2019).
Returning to the historical background, it was in 1752 when the first hospital was created, however, until the mid-eighteenth century doctors made home visits to wealthy people, so they were not in the health centers; Until the nineteenth century the need to take care of acute the patient is understood, so doctors are established in health centers (Wing-Yee, 2018).
Unlike in the UK, in the United States, most people have private health insurance, but only 85% have access to medical services. Also, health insurance is categorized by age, ethnicity, and race, with the young than 65-year-old being the largest consumers of medical insurance. The programs for the vulnerable population are financed from taxes (Sawyer, & McDermott, 2019). Finally, the US health system is characterized by high costs, inadequate coverage, unlike the health system in the UK, and discrimination based on age, race, and ethnicity (Wing-Yee, 2018).
From the practice of advanced nursing, many limitations may exist, such as those that prevent medical attention for patients who do not have insurance. However, the first key is to focus on the prevention, since, from the nursing care it is possible to motivate the patients to consider prevention as a key to well-being and a protective factor against diseases. So, the second key is health-centered education programs to address biocultural risk factors, because, most Americans' health problems being preventable (Sawyer, & McDermott, 2019).
Reference
Sawyer, & McDermott. (2019). How does the quality of the U.S. healthcare system compare to other countries. Health System Tracker.
Wing-Yee, V. H. (2018). A comparative study of healthcare financing systems in US, UK and HK. doi: 10.5353/th_b4170985
