reseach paper 1 fpr nutrition

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Spotlight on Alcohol

The Character of Alcohol

  • Ethanol
  • The alcohol in beer, wine, spirits
  • Methanol
  • Wood alcohol—poisonous

Alcohol: Is it a Nutrient?

  • Provides energy
  • 7 kcal/g
  • No other nutritive value

Alcohol and Its Sources

  • Fermentation
  • Yeast cells metabolize sugar to make alcohol
  • Alcoholic beverages
  • Beer: 5–6% alcohol
  • Wine: 8–14% alcohol
  • Liquor: 35–45% alcohol
  • “Proof” is twice the alcohol percentage

Alcohol Absorption

  • No digestion required
  • Absorbed from mouth, esophagus, stomach,
    and small intestine
  • Absorption slowed by food
  • 80–95% of alcohol is absorbed unchanged

Alcohol in the Body

  • Metabolizing small amounts of alcohol
  • Alcohol dehydrogenase
  • Alcohol  acetaldehyde
  • Aldehyde dehydrogenase
  • Acetaldehyde  acetate
  • Acetaldehyde, acetate converted to acetyl CoA
  • Acetyl CoA molecules built into fatty acids

Alcohol in the Body

  • Metabolizing large amounts of alcohol
  • Overwhelms alcohol dehydrogenase system
  • Uses microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)

Alcohol in the Body

  • Removing alcohol from circulation
  • Liver metabolism limited
  • Blood alcohol level falls slowly

Alcohol in the Body

  • Individual differences in rate of alcohol metabolism
  • Gender
  • Race/ethnicity
  • Age

When Alcohol Becomes a Problem

  • Alcohol in the brain and nervous system
  • Depressant; affects all parts of brain
  • Alcohol’s effect on GI system
  • Esophagitis and gastritis

When Alcohol Becomes a Problem

  • Alcohol and the liver
  • Fatty liver
  • Fibrosis
  • Cirrhosis
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome
  • Physical abnormalities
  • Mental retardation
  • Low birth weight and poor growth

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

  • Can have a devastating impact when consumed during pregnancy
  • Variety of congenital defects:

Mental retardation

Coordination programs

Heart, eye, and genitourinary malformations

Slowed growth rates

Alcoholics and Malnutrition

  • Poor diet
  • Alcohol provides energy but no nutrients
  • Economic factors
  • Lack of interest in food; GI problems

Alcoholics and Malnutrition

  • Vitamin deficiencies
  • Alcohol interferes with vitamin metabolism
  • Folate, thiamin, and
    vitamin A
  • Mineral deficiencies
  • Inadequate diet; fluid losses
  • Calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc
  • Some mineral levels are elevated

Alcoholics and Malnutrition

  • Macronutrients
  • Alcohol interferes with amino acid absorption
  • Alcohol raises blood levels of fats
  • Body weight
  • Inconsistent effect of alcohol calories on weight

Does Alcohol Have Benefits?

  • Moderate drinking has been associated with reduced mortality
  • Heart disease
  • French paradox: red wine

Does Alcohol Have Benefits?

  • People who should not consume alcohol:
  • Those who cannot moderate their intake
  • Children and adolescents
  • Those taking certain medications
  • Those with illnesses worsened by alcohol
  • Those who drive or operate machinery
  • Pregnant or breastfeeding women
  • Those with a strong family history of alcoholism