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Interpersonal Messages Fourth Edition Joseph A. DeVito

Chapter 2

Culture and Interpersonal Communication

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Chapter Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to:

2.1 Define culture, enculturation, ethnic identity, and acculturation, and explain why culture is important in intercultural communication.

2.2 Explain and give examples of the seven major ways cultures differ from one another.

2.3 Define intercultural communication, and explain the guidelines for effective intercultural communication.

Culture (1 of 5) 2.1 Define culture, enculturation, ethnic identity, and acculturation, and explain why culture is important in intercultural communication.

Culture: specialized lifestyle of a group of people passed on from one generation to the next through communication, not genes.

Every group has developed

Values

Beliefs

Artifacts

Languages

Ways of behaving

Ways of thinking

Art, laws, and religion

Culture (2 of 5)

Sex

Biological distinction between male and female

Gender

Cultural roles of “masculine” and “feminine”

What are your gender expectations of men? Women?

VIEWPOINTS Gender Stereotypes

The stereotype of the male generally defines him as logical, decisive, aggressive, insensitive, unemotional, non-nurturing, mechanically talented, and impatient. The stereotype of the female generally defines her as illogical, variable, nurturing, emotional, sensitive, mechanically untalented, and patient. (Ciccarelli & White, 2016).

Do your acquaintances maintain any of these stereotypes? What are some of the implications of thinking through these stereotypes?

Culture (3 of 5)

Learning Cultures

Enculturation

How culture is transmitted from one generation to the next

Ethnic identity

Acculturation

How you learn the rules and norms of a culture different than your native culture

Being exposed to a new culture

Who teaches you culture?

Can ethnic identity cause ethnocentrism?

How has your culture been modified by contact with a different culture?

Who teaches you culture?

Can ethnic identity cause ethnocentrism?

How has your culture been modified by contact with a different culture?

enculturation – the process by which culture is transmitted from one generation to another; you learn the culture into which you’re born (your native culture)

acculturation – the process by which one culture is modified or changed through contact with or exposure to another culture

Culture (4 of 5)

The Importance of Culture

Demographic changes

Sensitivity to cultural differences

Economic interdependence

Communication technology

Culture-specific nature of interpersonal communication

Figure 2.1 Factors accounting for the importance of communication in culture

Culture (5 of 5)

The Aim of a Cultural Perspective

Culture influences interpersonal communication:

What you say to yourself

How you talk with others

Cultural understanding helps you communicate effectively from those who are culturally different from you

Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Relativism

VIEWPOINTS Cultural Evolution and Cultural Relativism

Cultural evolution (often called social Darwinism) holds that much as the human species evolved from earlier life forms to Homo sapiens, cultures also evolve. Under this new view, some cultures may be considered advanced and others primitive. Most scholars reject this view, however, because the judgments that distinguish one culture from another have no basis in science and are instead based on individual values and preferences. Cultural relativism, on the other hand, holds that all cultures are different but that no culture is either superior to any other.

Cultural Differences (1 of 12) 2.2 Explain and give examples of the seven major ways cultures differ from one another.

It is important to understand how cultures differ and how these differences influence communication.

Cultural distinctions

Individualist or Collectivist Orientation

High Context or Low Context

Power Structure

Masculinity-Femininity

Tolerance for Ambiguity

Long-term and Short-term Orientation

Indulgence and Restraint

Cultural Differences (2 of 12)

Individualist and Collectivist Cultures

Individualist Culture

Responsibility for the individual

Focus on individual goals

Success measured by individual accomplishment

Competitive

individualist culture – you’re responsible for yourself and perhaps your immediate family

collectivist culture – you’re responsible for the entire group

Cultural Differences (3 of 12)

Individualist and Collectivist Cultures

Collectivist Culture

Responsibility for the entire group

Focus on group goals

Success measured on contributions to the whole

Face-saving

face-saving: maintaining a positive public self-image

VIEWPOINTS Men, Women, and Culture

It’s been argued that in the United States women are more likely to view themselves as interdependents, having a more collectivist orientation, whereas men are more likely to view themselves as independents, having a more individualist orientation.

Does your experience support this? What implications do you see for the workplace?

Cultural Differences (4 of 12)

High- & Low-Context Cultures

High-Context Culture

Emphasis on information is in the person

Collectivist

Personal relationships

Oral agreements

Messages can be vague because of shared knowledge

High-context cultures place a great deal of emphasis on the information that is in the

context or in the person.

Low-context cultures place more emphasis on the information that is explicitly stated in verbal messages or, in formal transactions, in written (contract) form.

Cultural Differences (5 of 12)

High- & Low-Context Cultures

Low-Context Culture

Emphasis on the information that is explicit in words, written messages

Individualist

Rely on nonverbal cues

Messages are direct and specific

Cultural Differences (6 of 12)

Masculine Cultures

Men valued for

Aggressiveness

Material success

Strength

Clear distinction of gender roles

Ambition, Assertiveness, Competitive

Win-Lose Conflict Strategies

Feminine Cultures

Women valued for

Modesty

Focus on quality of life

Tenderness

Less distinction between the gender roles

Focus on interpersonal relationships

Win-Win Conflict Strategies

Cultural Differences (7 of 12)

Masculine and Feminine Cultures

Values for men AND women

Modesty

Concern for Relationships

Quality of Life

Cultural Differences (8 of 12)

High- & Low- Power-Distance Cultures

High-Power-Distance Culture

Power held by a few

Ordinary citizens have less power

Direct confrontation is viewed negatively

Cultural Differences (9 of 12)

High- & Low- Power-Distance Cultures

Low-Power-Distance Culture

Power is more evenly distributed

Equality that is consistent with assertive behavior

How could this difference impact the classroom environment? Relationships?

Cultural Differences (10 of 12)

High-Ambiguity Tolerant Culture

Uncertainty normal and expected

Comfortable with the unknown

Minimize the importance of rules for relationships and communication

Okay with vague or ambiguous details

Low-Ambiguity Tolerant Culture

Avoid uncertainty

Want details and specifics

Uncertainty is seen as a threat

Clear rules for communication and relationships

Timelines are important

VIEWPOINTS The Cultural Defense

Consider these two cases:

(1) A Chinese immigrant discovers that his wife has been unfaithful. In a rage, he kills his wife. His defense was that this is the way his culture has taught him to react to infidelity.

(2) An Iraqi family flees to the United States to avoid a dictator and while in the United States their daughters (ages 13 and 14) are wed to Iraqi men in their 20’s, and their parents are charged with child abuse and delinquency of a minor.

Their defense was that they were simply following Iraqi tradition which permits marriages of young girls of this age.

If you were on the jury listening to these two cases, how would you respond? How do you feel about “cultural defenses” Are there some you’d accept and others you would not?

Cultural Differences (11 of 12)

Long-Term Orientation Culture

Importance of future

Planning and preparing future results

Short-Term Orientation Culture

Focus on the past and present

Expect quick results

Cultural Differences (12 of 12)

Indulgence Cultures

Emphasize gratification of desires

Focus on fun and enjoying life

Life control

Leisure

Value individual desire

Great importance on friendships.

Describe health as “very good”

Restraint Cultures

Limit gratification

Value on thrift

Social norms regulate and reinforce

Focus on group social norms

Have higher percentage of people who are cynical and pessimistic

Significantly higher rates of death due to cardiovascular diseases

Improving Intercultural Communication (1 of 9) 2.3 Define intercultural communication, and explain the guidelines for effective intercultural communication.

Communication between persons who have different cultural beliefs, values, or ways of behaving

All messages have unique cultural context that influences their content and form

Messages are interpreted based on our cultural filters

Figure 2.2 A Model of Intercultural Communication

Improving Intercultural Communication (2 of 9)

Prepare Yourself

Reduce Your Ethnocentrism

Confront Your Stereotypes

Be Mindful

Recognize Differences

Adjust Your Communication

Recognize Culture Shock

Improving Interpersonal Communication (3 of 9)

Prepare Yourself

Learn about the other culture

View a “realistic” film

Read

Scan magazines and websites

Talk with others

Recognize and face fears

VIEWPOINTS Cultural Imperialism

The theory of cultural imperialism argues that certain developed countries, such as those of North American and Western Europe, dominate the cultures of countries importing their products, especially their Internet and television.

What do you think of the influence that television and social media have on the native cultures throughout the world? How do you evaluate this trend?

Improving Intercultural Communication (4 of 9)

Reduce Your Ethnocentrism

Tendency to see others and their behaviors through your own cultural filters and evaluate your own as superior

Avoid ethnocentrism

See others as different, not superior or inferior

Be aware of cultural blinders

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to see others and their behaviors through your own cultural filters, often as distortions of your own behaviors.

Improving Intercultural Communication (5 of 9)

Confront Your Stereotypes

A fixed impression of a group of people

Barriers caused by stereotypes:

Ignoring the unique characteristics of an individual

Fail to benefit from an individual’s special contributions

A sociological or psychological stereotype is a fixed impression of a group of people.

Improving Intercultural Communication (6 of 9)

Be Mindful

Use intellectual scrutiny

Use logic

Use critical thinking

Avoid being “mindless”

Recognize that other cultural systems may be different, but not superior or inferior

Improving Intercultural Communication (7 of 9)

Recognize Differences

Differences between you and culturally different people

Differences within the culturally different group

Differences in meaning

VIEWPOINTS Cultural Sensitivity and Differences

Intercultural communication is especially important in political discussions between members of widely differing cultures. Take a look at one of the online news pages, especially the “world” section.

How many news items can you identify that would profit from an understanding of intercultural communication? In what specific ways might intercultural communication competence be of value?

Improving Intercultural Communication (8 of 9)

Adjust Your Communication

Interpersonal communication only takes place to the extent there is a shared system of symbols

Be aware of and adjust your message and symbols

Improving Intercultural Communication (9 of 9)

Recognize Culture Shock

The psychological reaction you experience when you encounter a different culture

Stage One: The Honeymoon

Stage Two: The Crisis

Stage Three: The Recovery

Stage Four: The Adjustment

culture shock : the psychological reaction you experience when you encounter a culture very different from your own.