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Interpersonal Messages Fourth Edition Joseph A. DeVito

Chapter 1

Foundations of Interpersonal Communication

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Chapter Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to:

1.1 Explain the personal and professional benefits of the study of interpersonal communication.

1.2 Define interpersonal communication.

1.3 Diagram a model of communication containing source–receiver, messages, channel, noise, and context, and define each of these elements.

1.4 Explain the principles of interpersonal communication and give examples of each.

1.5 Define communication competence and explain the essential interpersonal communication competencies.

Why Study Interpersonal Communication? (1 of 2) 1.1 Explain the personal and professional benefits of the study of interpersonal communication.

Personal Success

Requires effective interpersonal communication

Relationships are made, maintained, and sometimes destroyed based on interpersonal interaction

Why Study Interpersonal Communication? (2 of 2)

Professional Success

Communicating interpersonally is critical for all professions

Job interviews

Leading meetings

Employers look for people with “the ability to effectively communicate orally and in writing.”

VIEWPOINTS To communicate

Women often report that an essential quality—perhaps the most important quality—in a partner is the ability to communicate.

How important, compared to all the other factors you might take into consideration in choosing a partner, is the ability to communicate? What specific interpersonal communication skills would you consider “extremely important” in a life partner?

The Nature of Interpersonal Communication (1 of 6) 1.2 Define interpersonal communication.

Interpersonal Communication Involves Interdependent Individuals

Interpersonal communication is the verbal and nonverbal interaction between two (or more) “connected” people:

Friends

Lovers

Employer & an Employee

Family

They are interdependent, what one person

does has an effect on the other.

The Nature of Interpersonal Communication (2 of 6)

Interpersonal Communication Is Inherently Relational

Takes place in a relationship

Affects the relationship

Defines the relationship

The way you communicate influences the kind of relationship you will have.

The Nature of Interpersonal Communication (3 of 6)

Interpersonal Communication Exists on a Continuum

Figure 1.1 An Interpersonal Continuum

The Nature of Interpersonal Communication (4 of 6)

Interpersonal Communication Involves Verbal & Nonverbal Messages

Verbal

Words

Non-verbal

Facial expressions

Tone

Touch

Silence

VIEWPOINTS How would you describe your interpersonal communications on a typical day?

The Nature of Interpersonal Communication (5 of 6)

Interpersonal Communication Exists in Varied Forms

Face-to-Face

Online

Computer-mediated

Asynchronous

Synchronous

What are the similarities and differences between online and face-to-face communication?

Asynchronous: the communication does not take place in real time

Synchronous: the communications occur at the same time

The Nature of Interpersonal Communication (6 of 6)

Interpersonal Communication is Transactional

Figure 1.2 The Linear View of Interpersonal Communication

Figure 1.3 The Transactional View of Interpersonal Communication

The Elements of Interpersonal Communication (1 of 6) 1.3 Diagram a model of communication containing source–receiver, messages, channel, noise, and context, and define each of these elements.

Figure 1.4 The Process of Interpersonal Communication

The Elements of Interpersonal Communication (2 of 6)

Source-Receiver

Interpersonal communication involves at least two individuals

Source

Receiver

In a Twitter message

Informer

Meformer

Speakers (senders) encode

Listeners (receivers) decode

source: formulates and sends messages

receiver: receives and understands messages

informers: those who share information and also reply to others

meformers: those who mainly give out information about themselves

The Elements of Interpersonal Communication (3 of 6)

Messages

Metamessages

Can be verbal or nonverbal

Feedback Messages

Feedback conveys information about messages

Feedforward Messages

Feedforward conveys information about messages before you send them

Metamessage: this type of message refers to other messages; it’s a message about a message

The Elements of Interpersonal Communication (4 of 6)

Channel

Medium through which messages are sent:

Vocal-auditory

Visual

Chemical

Tactile

Information overload

VIEWPOINTS Technostress

The anxiety and stress resulting from a feeling of being controlled by the overwhelming amount of information and from the inability to manage the information in the time available even has a name: technostress.

Have you ever experienced or witnessed technostress? What effects did it have?

The Elements of Interpersonal Communication (5 of 6)

Noise

Anything that interferes with the message being received

Physical

Physiological

Psychological

Semantic

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

signal-to-noise ratio: a measure of the relationship between meaningful information (signal) and interference (noise)

The Elements of Interpersonal Communication (6 of 6)

Context

The environment influencing the form and content of communication

Dimensions of context:

Physical

Social-psychological

Temporal

Cultural

Principles of Interpersonal Communication (1 of 8) 1.4 Explain the principles of interpersonal communication, and give examples of each.

Interpersonal Communication is Purposeful

Why do we use interpersonal communication?

To learn

To relate

To influence

To help

To play

Principles of Interpersonal Communication (2 of 8)

Interpersonal Communication is a Package of Signals

Verbal and nonverbal behaviors reinforce or support each other

What happens when messages in the

“package” contradict each other?

Principles of Interpersonal Communication (3 of 8)

Interpersonal Communication Involves Content and Relationship Messages

Content messages

Focus on the real world, external to the speaker and listener

Relational messages

Focus on the relationship/connection between the individuals

Principles of Interpersonal Communication (4 of 8)

Interpersonal Communication is a Process of Adjustment

People have their own verbal and nonverbal communication systems

Necessary to learn others’ signals in order to effectively understand them

This is even more important in intercultural communication

Communication accommodation theory

Communication accommodation theory holds that speakers will adjust to, or accommodate, the speaking style of their listeners to gain social approval and greater communication efficiency

Principles of Interpersonal Communication (5 of 8)

Interpersonal Communication Involves Power

All interpersonal relationships and communication have a power dimension

Legitimate power

Referent power

Reward power

Coercive power

Expert power

Information or persuasion power

VIEWPOINTS

Although all relationships involve power, they differ in the types of power that the individuals use and to which they respond.

How would you describe the power dynamics in any one of your close relationships?

Principles of Interpersonal Communication (6 of 8)

Interpersonal Communication Is Ambiguous

Messages have more than one meaning

Clarifying tactics can reduce ambiguity

“Throwing shade”

All relationships contain uncertainty

Pearson Education

Principles of Interpersonal Communication (7 of 8)

Interpersonal Communication Is Punctuated

Interactions are continuous

To understand or remember, we divide or segment into smaller pieces:

Stimulus

Response

Punctuation of communication

Figure 1.5 Punctuation and the Sequence of Events

Try using this three-part figure, discussed in the text, to explain what might go on in the following situation: One person complains about another person’s nagging, and the nagging person complains about the other person’s avoidance and silence.

Principles of Interpersonal Communication (8 of 8)

Interpersonal Communication Is Inevitable, Irreversible & Unrepeatable

Inevitable

Whether intentional or not, we are always communicating You cannot not communicate

Irreversible

Once something is said, can you take it back?

Unrepeatable

Everyone and everything is constantly changing

VIEWPOINTS Interpersonal competence

Which characters in television sitcoms or dramas do you think demonstrate superior interpersonal competence?

Which characters demonstrate obvious interpersonal incompetence?

Interpersonal Competence (1 of 6) 1.5 Define communication competence and explain the essential interpersonal communication competencies.

The Competent Interpersonal Communicator Thinks Critically and Mindfully

Critical thinking = logical thinking

Mindfulness is a state of awareness in which you are conscious of your reasons for thinking or behaving

To increase mindfulness

Create and re-create categories

Be open to new information and points of view

Beware of relying too heavily on first impressions

Think before you act

Interpersonal Competence (2 of 6)

The Competent Interpersonal Communicator Makes Reasoned Choices

Choice points

Realize that each communication situation can be approached in different ways

Have a large arsenal of choices

Evaluate the available choices based on knowledge of the research and theory in human communication; make reasonable predictions as to which choices will work and which choices won’t

Execute these choices effectively

Interpersonal Competence (3 of 6)

The Competent Interpersonal Communicator is an Effective Code-Switcher

Code switching refers to using more than one language in a conversation

Also refers to using different language styles depending on the situation

Identifies you as one of the group

Clarifies meaning

Interpersonal Competence (4 of 6)

The Competent Interpersonal Communicator Is Skillful

STEP

Skill

Theory

Example

Practice

Interpersonal Competence (5 of 6)

The Competent Interpersonal Communicator is Culturally Aware & Sensitive

Culture—the lifestyle of a group of people

Values

Beliefs

Artifacts

Ways of behaving and communicating

Communication competence is culture-specific

Interpersonal Competence (6 of 6)

The Competent Interpersonal Communicator Is Ethical

Questions of Ethics

Good and Bad

Right and Wrong

Moral and Immoral

All interpersonal communication has ethical dimensions.