Work in Global Society
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DevisingQuestionsandGroupWorkingweek5readonly.pptxBUSM4558 Work in a Global Society
Tutorial 6 (Week 7):
Devising Questions and Group
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Data Collection Methods: When to use which type of interview questions?
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| Type of Research | When used | Objective | What type of interviews are used? | |
| Quantitative | ||||
| Qualitative |
Quantitative – numerical
Qualitative – non numerical
Quantitative objective – conversion of qualitative data into numbers ie measurement/predictive
Qualitative - describe
IQ
Qualitative – average
Quantitative – 100 points
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A Roadmap for Qualitative Interviews: Key Principles
Use open-ended questions
Avoid leading questions
Probe issues in depth
Let the informant lead
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Open Ended Questions
Open Questions: Questions that allow the respondent to answer without presented or implied choices
Examples:
“What colour is your hair?”
“What are your interests?”
Open Question Words:
What? Where? Who? When? How?
Why? * * “Why?” Limit the use of “WHY” questions in this type of work because it implies that there is a right answer
They are more usually used for face to face (qualitative) research
These are the types of questions you will use in your assignment
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Close Ended Questions
When to use Closed Questions:
Questions for which the answer choices are either given to the respondent or understood by the respondent
Examples:
“Is your hair black, brown, or red?” [Choices provided]
“Are you interested in research?” [Choice implied: yes/no]
Closed questions limit the breadth of information that a respondent has to offer.
They are more usually used for survey (quantitative) research
(Source: John Hopkins School of Public Health)
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Avoid Leading Questions
Leading questions are those which, inadvertently or not, lead the interviewee in a particular direction that the interviewer
Allow people to answer in their own terms voicing their own views, values and experiences.
Leading questions are phrased to suggest a particular answer or to imply that one answer is expected or more correct:
What fears do you have about globalisation?
What actions do you take to stop globalisation?
Did you know that the wealthy have taken most of the benefits of globalisation?
These questions were phrased to elicit answers related to fears and actions. It makes the assumption that the interviewee fears globalisation and has taken action about stopping globalisation or that the wealthy benefit from globalisation. This may not be the case
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Asking Non Leading Questions
| Leading | Nonleading |
| What fears do you have about globalisation? | |
| What action have you taken to stop globalisation? | |
| Did you know that the wealthy have taken most of the benefits of globalisation? |
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Get the students to do this exercise individually or in groups
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Your own questions
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Now get them to try and devise some questions they may use in the second assignment
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Probing
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“The key to successful interviewing is learning how to probe effectively ….
That is, to stimulate an informant to produce more information….
Without injecting yourself into the interaction that you only get a reflection of yourself in the data”
(Barnard 1995)
Probing Techniques
“What?” or “What” questions
A stimulus without putting yourself in it
Silent Probe
Just remain quiet and wait for informant to continue
can happen as you are busy writing what the informant has just finished saying
Echo Probe
Repeat the last thing the informant said and ask them to continue
“I see. The company announced their were going to be redundancies. Then what happened?”
The Uh-huh Probe
Encourage participant to continue with the narrative by making affirmative noises
“Uh-huh”, “yes, I see”, “right”, “ok”
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Probing Techniques
Grand or Mini-Tour Type Questions
Used to obtain a verbal description of the respondents cultural life .
Grand Tour (broad, overarching questions)
“Could you describe a typical day in your workplace?”
“Could you describe what happened in your workplace yesterday from the time you started to the time you left?”
Mini Tour (used to explore items of interest that emerge from the grand tour questions)
“Can you describe what happens when you attend those meetings?”
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Letting the Informant Lead
“In unstructured interviewing, you keep the conversation focused on the topic, while giving the informant room to define the content of the discussion”
“The rule is: Get the informant on a topic of interest and get out of the way. Let the informant provide information that he or she thinks is important”
(Bernard, 1995)
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Tips for Interviewing
Do not begin interviewing straight away
Start with a greeting and explain what your project is and why you want to talk to them
Listen and express interest in what the informant tells you
More of a friendly conversation
Not a strict question and answer exchange
Remain neutral: don’t approve or disapprove
Try and encourage informant to expand on their answers and give as many details as possible
Use “describe” and tell me “about”
Do not move to a new topic until you have explored the informant’s knowledge on the question at hand
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Tips for Interviewing
Let the informant’s answers determine the direction the interview takes (though keeping to the topic of interest!)
Learn to rephrase/rethink questions
Try and conduct your interview in a quiet location
Try and conduct your interview in a place where your and the interviewee feel safe and comfortable
Take notes as well as recording – your recorder can fail or there can be lots of background noise
Start the interview with a short outline of your project, what you want to find out and why you have chosen them as an interviewee
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Interviewing Ethics
Always ask the interviewees permission to be recorded!!!
Keep your recorder visible
Anonymise your interviewees in the report e.g. (Manager at bakery, 15 March 2017)
After the project is finished delete your recordings
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How Many Questions and How Should We Order Them?
There is not best number of questions – the number you ask will depend on what you want to find out – the best way of thinking about this is to divide your topic into themes – these can be guided by the literature you have read and/or your ideas
Topic: Deindustrialisation
Theme 1 – Work and Training History
Q1 – What has been your work history?
Q2 – What training have you had for your work?
Q3 – What ……
Theme 2 – Impact on Self
Q4 What has been the impact of losing your job on yourself?
Q5 How has it made you feel?
Q6 How many jobs are there that you feel qualified to do?
Theme 3 – Impact on the Community
Q7 – What has been the impact of Acme Industry’s closure on the local community?
How Many Questions and How Should We Order Them?
Topic – The Gig Economy
Theme – Motivation to Enter the Gig Economy
Q1 – What motivated you to enter the Gig economy
Q2 – How much of a barrier did capital requirements pose?
Q3 - …………..
Theme – Experience of the Gig Economy
Q3 – What have been the positive aspects of the Gig Economy?
Q4 – What have been the negative aspects of the Gig Economy?
Q5 – How have you found …………….
Theme – Future plans
Q6 – How long do you plan to be in the Gig economy?
Q7 What will make you ………….
Tips – Group Working
Avoid stress and angst by starting work early
Decide on your topic and devise your questions
You should all ask the same questions to your interviewees
Aim to complete your interviews over the mid-semester break.
Think about setting up a Google Drive that you can jointly devise questions, post articles and drafts of your assignment
You can write your process in an iterative way – using Track Changes in Word or similar in the Google Drive one person starts and then others add to the draft and rearrange the text – this avoids a disjointed assignment
We will devote at least one full tutorial to working on the assignment (week 8) - this will enable you to seek advice and assistance from your tutor
What Other Sources Can we Use in the Assignment?
As well as the interviews you can use as data:-
Photos
Documents
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Exercise
Form into groups of 3
Each devise a set of questions about work or studying at RMIT (5 minutes)
One interviewer, one respondent , one observer (5 minutes)
Debrief (3 minutes) –observer gives feedback on what they saw, interviewer/interviewee about the process and how the questions worked
Rotate and repeat x2
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