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Approximate Age Ranges
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Erikson (Psychosocial)
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Freud (Psychosexual)
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Kohlberg
(Moral)
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Piaget
(Cognitive)
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Bandura(Social Learning Theory)
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Vygotsky (Sociocultural Theory)
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Mahler
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Birth to 2years
Infancy
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Trust vs. Mistrust
The babies learn to trust whoever is close to them because they will get them the basic needs they require, including physical contact and nourishment. They also know to lack confidence in the care of others
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Oral Stage
Feeding is the most stimulating activity as the gums, tongue, and mouth aim at the pleasurable sensations in the baby's body.
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No moral development
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The period of sensorimotor
Perception of events is focused on the body.
Objects are the extension of oneself.
Reflex-based actions.
Recognizes their external environment.
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learning through observation
Infants learn from whatever they observe in their environment.
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Pre-intellectual social
speech
No thoughts are built through the use of language.
Speech is used for social change.
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Differentiation, Practicing, and Rapprochement
Being half-awake and half-asleep.
Not fully aware of the caretaker, but infants act as if they are fused with their caretaker.
The infants differentiate between the mother and other individuals.
Have features of fear and curiosity.
Separates and characterizes anxiety.
Want to be soothed by the mother but at the same time do not want the help.
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Children learn to be independent of themselves in various activities such as feeding, going to the toilet. In this same stage, they also doubt what they do themselves.
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Anal Stage
The anus is the focus of pleasurable sensation in the body of the baby; hence the essential activity is training the toddler on toileting.
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There is no moral development yet.
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Pre conceptual
Self-centered and asks lots of questions.
The rapid development of language. Discovers the environment they are in and links words to objects.
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Paying Attention
Imitation of whatever they.
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3 to 6 Years
Early Childhood
Preschool
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Initiative vs. Guilt
Children want to involve themselves in many adult activities, sometimes going beyond the rules set for them by their parents, which might make them feel guilty.
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Phallic Stage
The phallus is the most vital part of the body, and pleasure comes from stimulating the genital regions. Boys are so excited at whatever they have, but girls wonder why they don’t have the same.
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Preconventional
Orientation of obedience and punishment.
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Preoperational
Counts 1 to 10. Likes repeating words had from others and selfish thinking.
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Retention
Recall whatever they initially observed to try and take part in it.
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Have an egocentric speech that assists in controlling the behaviors of the child.
When playing games, they verbalize their thoughts out loudly
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Beginning of emotional object constancy
The child can deal with the mother’s absence and get involved with some other things.
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7 to 11 Years
Middle Childhood
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Industry vs. Inferiority
At this stage, children tend to master new skills and ideas or feel inferior, thus unable to perform anything.
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Latency
When sexual needs are silent, the children tend to put all their energy into schoolwork activities.
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Conventional
Orientation to law and order.
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Concrete Evaluations
It starts to comprehend the differences between right and left and size relationships. Solves concrete problems.
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Do a lot of recalling concerning the behaviors they observed from others.
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Inner speech
Publicly communicate with others.
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12 to 18 Years
Adolescence
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Identity vs. Role Confusion
Adolescents try to discover who they are.
They discover their political, career, and sexual identities, and at times they may be unable to establish what roles they are to play.
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Genital Stage
Young individuals seek pleasure in heterosexual relationships.
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Post conventional
Orientation to social contact, ethical principles of the universe, and religious
Reflections.
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Formal Operations
Deductive reasoning thus rational thinking
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Reproduction
Practicing whatever they paid attention to and observed.
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Inner speech
They pick out whatever they think should be said out loud and keeps the rest in silence.
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18 to 40 Years
Adulthood
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
In early and middle adulthood, these individuals seek love and companionship with others and may fear disappointments.
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The adults continue to love more and get into heterosexual relationships.
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Motivated by other people's behavior and similarly do them like their friends.
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Inner speech
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40 to 65 Years
Middle Years
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Generativity vs. Stagnation
Adults that are middle-aged participate in meaningful activities and work and hence become inactive and stagnant.
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The genital stage continues all through adulthood.
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Motivation influences the quality of learning.
They still want to practice whatever they observe, but it may be risky due to their body changes.
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Inner speech
This allows them to develop a silent inner thought.
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65 and above
Late Adulthood
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Integrity vs. Despair
Older adults try to make sense out of life regardless of what they pass through.
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They still want to practice whatever they observe, but it may be risky due to their body changes
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Inner speech
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Joshuaah
DevelopmentalmilestonesChart.docx
