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Pathophysiology of Developmental Aphasia Childhood aphasia, also known as pediatric aphasia, can result from damage to the left side of the brain from a stroke or brain injury, affecting all language input (understanding and reading) and output (writing and speaking and can occur during utero development, childbirth or caused by a stroke or other brain injuries (Norbury, 2013). Aphasia can is into four broad categories: · Expressive aphasia involves difficulty conveying thoughts through speech or writing. The person knows what they want to say but cannot find the words needed. · Receptive aphasia (Wernicke's aphasia) involves difficulty understanding spoken or written language. The individual hears the voice or sees the print but cannot make sense of the words. · Global aphasia results from severe and extensive damage to the brain's language areas resulting in the loss of almost all language functions, both comprehension and expression. They cannot speak or understand speech, nor can they read or write (Lesser, 2003). Aphasia is known for disrupting cognitive processes concerning linguistics, such as naming and sentence comprehension. Injury to specific areas of the brain leads to specific impairments such as disruption of cognitive processes across the brain, leading to specific impairments, like a selective naming deficiency. According to Tippett, Niparko, & Hillis (2014). improvement in the understanding of the neurobiology of recovery and learning has introduced new techniques to treat aphasia.		Developmental Aphasia Childhood aphasia (CA) is a language impairment that affects previously acquired linguistic abilities, which cannot be explained by other cognitive or physical disorders and is associated with neurotransmitter systems' dysfunctional activity (Dávila e al., 2020).. Developmental aphasia can be present in emotional, behavioral, or developmental disorders such as anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or autism spectrum disorder. Developmental Aphasia requires proper diagnosis so that each child affected can get the right kind of help and succeed in school (Language and speech disorders in children \| CDC. (2019, January 30).		Developmental Aphasia Presented By: Shiela Hopkins Cindy Marcum Nisha Santhosh Pamela Tansinda Reginald Ubeh


		Walden University NRNP 6660: PMHNP Role 1: Child and Adolescent Dr. Modupe Okonofua

		Diagnosis Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) diagnosis and classification include clear speech and language symptoms, demonstrating the essential role of speech-language pathologists in the assessment process (Europa et al., 2020). A standard neurological, Neuropsychological, Speech-language evaluations, Positron Emission Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Genetic testing, and a thorough history of developmental speech, language, and learning abilities are of vital importance for detecting PPA. Also, inaccuracy in reading, processing information, or spelling Difficulties with number sense, number facts, and calculation of academic skills is below age (APA, 2013).

Signs and Symptoms Children with a language disorder like developmental aphasia can present with various comorbidities hindering them in critical developmental areas, putting them at a greater risk for depression and anxiety (Rennecke et al., 2019). Rennecke et al. (2019) explains that a child's reduced self-esteem can lead to an unwillingness to try causing poor academic performance, and they may even experience bullying by peers due to social exclusion due to a lack of self-expression associated with aphasia. Signs and symptoms vary from child to child and include: · Struggles with understanding speech · Producing speech · Difficulty in repeating words · Difficulty starting speech (Eisenson, 1969). · Jumbled speech using non-sense or made-up words · Halt their speech due to difficulty finding words · Persistent pattern of speaking single words (Robertson & Ohi, 2016).				Treatment Children with language difficulties often need additional support and special instruction that includes Speech-language pathologists who evaluate the need for intervention as early as preschool. Parents, healthcare providers, and the school can work together to find the right referrals and treatment(CDC,2020). Types of Interventions or Treatments: · Didactic Behavioral Modification · Cognitive Neuropsychology-focus is on language process and disruption · Pragmatic (Functional) Therapy-focus is on functional communication · Stimulation School (O'Sullivan et al.,2019). New Research Traditional treatment is speech therapy, but new research shows that using a cognitive-enhancing drug such as donepezil causes a decrease in aphasia severity, significant improvements in verbal fluency measures, auditory-verbal comprehension (words and sentences), word and nonword repetition by improving sustained attention and language function in children (Dávila e al., 2020).