detailed paper outline on " Climate change coral reefs algae"
Cheekyched
Detailedoutlineexample3.pdf
Joseph Martinez
10/16/2020
Topic in Ecology
Title: Review of The Impact of Climate Change an Wildfires and It’s Ecological Ramifications
I. Introduction: This section will focus on introducing and providing background for wildfires
(and its significance ecologically). The introduction will also introduce the concept of
climate changes as an amplifying force for intense wildfires in order to set up the
structure for the rest of the review paper.
A. Wildfires are naturally occurring phenomena that may temporarily change an
ecosystem’s composition, however most modern wildfires have had devastating
effects on ecosystems (Akaike et al., 1974).
B. Anthropogenic climate change makes intense wildfire more common (Abatzoglou
& Williams, 2016).
C. The main contributing factors are high temperatures, more severe droughts,
stronger winds, and more frequent lighting strikes- all side effects of climate
change.
II. Main Body: This section seeks to explore how wildfires naturally start and what makes
an intense wildfire, using evidence from the American West as well as the Australian
outback for a more global perspective. The main body will also break down how each
factor that contributes to intense wildfires is being amplified by climate change.
A. The Conditions Necessary for an “Intense” Wildfire- The main point of this section
is that wildfires needs certain conditions to thrive:
1. Wildfires need hot weather in order to take hold (Nature, 2019).
2. Wildfires need dry vegetation for “fuel” (Nature, 2019).
3. Wildfires need strong winds for oxygenation and to spread over long
distances (Nature, 2019).
4. Wildfires need a “spark” (lightning, campfire, arson, cigarette) in order to
ignite the initial flame (Nature, 2019).
B. How Climate Change is Amplifying these Conditions- As a follow up the the
previous section, it will be explained here how each of these conditions have
been amplified due to climate change:
1. Climate change contributes to ever hotter air and surface temperatures,
leading to “hot weather” (Hansen et al., 2006).
2. Climate change contributes to prolonged and intense droughts leading to
vast quantities of dry vegetation (Littell, Peterson, Riley, Liu, & Luce,
2016).
3. Climate change has been linked to contributing to stronger and faster
winds, which are an essential source of oxygenation and spreading
mechanisms for wildfires (Zeng et al., 2019).
4. Climate change has been linked to an increase in lightning frequency, one
of the most common “sparks” that ignite wildfires (Romps, Seeley,
Vollaro, & Molinari, 2014).
C. The Ecological Impacts Of Intense Wildfires Globally- In this section, the
ecological effects of wildfires will be explored in order to understand how
damaging more frequent wildfires will be in the future as climate change
progresses.
1. Wildfires release large amounts of previously trapped carbon into the
atmosphere, creating a feedback loop where wildfire emissions worsen
climate change which make wildfires more common and devastating
which leads to more emissions (van der Werf et al., 2017).
2. Wildfires produce a hydrophobic soil after its been charred and cleared of
vegetation, leading to more pronounced runoffs after rain. The result is a
large amount of contaminated water flowing into nearby bodies of water
dramatically changing their concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus
and introducing heavy metals (Hallema et al., 2018).
3. Intense wildfires can change and reduce the regional biodiversity through
making certain areas unsuitable for some plants and animals after the
dramatic change to the environment (Stevens-Rumann et al., 2017).
III. Conclusion: In this section, the paper will attempt to tie in all the evidence and reiterate
its results in a concise way. In addition to that, it will point out the relevance of the paper
holds given current events. This section will also explain the significance and importance
of intense wildfires being caused by climate change and what we can expect in the
future as climate change progresses and wildfires become more frequent and
devastating.
IV. Citations
A. Williams, A., Abatzoglou, J., Gershunov, A., Guzman-Morales, J., Bishop, D.,
Balch, J., & Lettenmaier, D. (2019, August 04). Observed Impacts of
Anthropogenic Climate Change on Wildfire in California. Retrieved October 15,
2020, from
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019EF001210
B. Abatzoglou, J., & Williams, A. (2016, October 18). Impact of anthropogenic
climate change on wildfire across western US forests. Retrieved October 15,
2020, from https://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770
C. LeRoy, W., Anthony LeRoy Westerling Anthony LeRoy Westerling
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4573-0595\, Westerling, A., Anthony LeRoy Westerling
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4573-0595 Google Scholar Find this author on
PubMed Search for more papers by this author, One contribution of 24 to a
discussion meeting issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’., & Al., E.
(2016, June 05). Increasing western US forest wildfire activity: Sensitivity to
changes in the timing of spring. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2015.0178
D. Romps, D., Seeley, J., Vollaro, D., & Molinari, J. (2014, November 14).
Projected increase in lightning strikes in the United States due to global warming.
Retrieved October 15, 2020, from
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/346/6211/851.abstract
E. Liu, Y., Stanturf, J., & Goodrick, S. (2009, October 03). Trends in global
wildfire potential in a changing climate. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112709006148
F. Stevens-Rumann, C., Kemp, K., Higuera, P., Harvey, B., Rother, M., Donato, D.,
Veblen, T. (2017, December 12). Evidence for declining forest resilience to
wildfires under climate change. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ele.12889
G. Higuera, P., Abatzoglou, J., Littell, J., & Morgan, P. (n.d.). The Changing
Strength and Nature of Fire-Climate Relationships in the Northern Rocky
Mountains, U.S.A., 1902-2008. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0127563
H. Running, S. (2006, August 18). Is Global Warming Causing More, Larger
Wildfires? Retrieved October 15, 2020, from
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/313/5789/927
I. Westerling, A., Hidalgo, H., Cayan, D., & Swetnam, T. (2006, August 18).
Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity.
Retrieved October 15, 2020, from
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/313/5789/940
J. Dennison, P., Brewer, S., Arnold, J., & Moritz, M. (2014, April 25). Large
wildfire trends in the western United States, 1984–2011. Retrieved October 15,
2020, from https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014GL059576
K. Littell, J., McKenzie, D., Peterson, D., & Westerling, A. (2009, June 01).
Climate and wildfire area burned in western U.S. ecoprovinces, 1916–2003.
Retrieved October 15, 2020, from
https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/07-1183.1
L. Littell, J., Peterson, D., Riley, K., Liu, Y., & Luce, C. (2016, April 19). A review of
the relationships between drought and forest fire in the United States. Retrieved
October 15, 2020, from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.13275
M. Harvey, B. (2016, October 15). Human-caused climate change is now a key
driver of forest fire activity in the western United States. Retrieved October 15,
2020, from https://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11649
N. Akaike, H., CD. Allen, D., BJ. Bentz, J., C. Boisvenue, S., Breiman, L., DD.
Breshears, N., RH. Waring, S. (1974, January 01). Forest ecosystems,
disturbance, and climatic change in Washington State, USA. Retrieved October
15, 2020, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-010-9858-x
O. Zeng, Z., Ziegler, A., Searchinger, T., Yang, L., Chen, A., Ju, K., . . . Wood, E.
(2019, November 18). A reversal in global terrestrial stilling and its implications
for wind energy production. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0622-6
P. Hallema, D., Sun, G., Caldwell, P., Norman, S., Cohen, E., Liu, Y., . . . McNulty,
S. (2018, April 10). Burned forests impact water supplies. Retrieved October 15,
2020, from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03735-6
Q. Van der Werf, G., Randerson, J., Giglio, L., Van Leeuwen, T., Chen, Y., Rogers,
B., . . . Kasibhatla, P. (2017, September 12). Global fire emissions estimates
during 1997–2016. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from
https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/9/697/2017/
R. Hansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Lo, K., Lea, D., & Medina-Elizade, M.
(2006, September 26). Global temperature change. Retrieved October 15, 2020,
from https://www.pnas.org/content/103/39/14288
S. The complexities of wildfires. (2019, January 30). Retrieved October 15, 2020,
from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0311-0
