(1) The Chapter provides a general overview of cryptography. What is Cryptography? Why Cryptography? Also, discuss applications of Cryptography and what the goals of Cryptography algorithms is.

Cryptography is a way of masking information and data. It is a combination of two words crypt which means hidden and graph which means writing so cryptography can be defined as hiding written scripts. It is done by using codes and is used with the purpose of hiding important information and data. Furthermore, these codes make the information hidden making it hard for a third person to read and write it. It is one of the best ways to hide information in the digital world. The examples of cryptography are passwords, card details, ATM card. The terms like encryption and decryption also fall under cryptography where encryption means making the words harder to understand and decryption means enabling the encryption. For the application of cryptography, ciphers like Caesar cipher and Atbash ciphers are used for encrypting information and data where they replace the actual alphabets by different alphabets. The replacements of alphabets depend on the methods or ciphers used in it.  

The goal of the cryptography algorithm is to encrypt the info and data using a key and make it available to only those are using or holding the same key. It also provides benefits like data confidentiality, data integrity, data authenticity in the digital world.