one page to two page

DAY 22

Privacy & Disclosure

Agenda

Review Self-Disclosure CPM DD-MM Activity Homework

any information you reveal about yourself that others are unlikely to discover about you from other sources

Guidelines Make sure that disclosures are appropriate to the topic at hand and fit the flow of conversation Begin with safe, nonrisky disclosures Small doses Match the level and amount of the other’s disclosure Style of disclosure is as important as substance Reserve your most important disclosures for significant, ongoing relationships.

i.

ii. iii. iv. v. vi.

What is self-disclosure?

Source: (Trenholm & Jensen, 2013)

any information you reveal about yourself that others are unlikely to discover about you from other sources

Guidelines Make sure that disclosures are appropriate to the topic at hand and fit the flow of conversation Begin with safe, nonrisky disclosures Small doses Match the level and amount of the other’s disclosure Style of disclosure is as important as substance

encourage or discourage Nonverbal most focus on the style of disclosure over the content

Reserve your most important disclosures for significant, ongoing relationships.

i.

ii. iii. iv. v.

1. 2. 3.

vi.

What is self-disclosure?

Source: (Trenholm & Jensen, 2013, pp. 192-194)

Self-Disclosure of Highly Sensitive Information Steps in Disclosing to Others:

Choose the manner of disclosure More important = FTF

Choose a time and place for the disclosure I’m telling you b/c I care about you

Anticipate Negative Reactions give them time to accept the news expect people to be shocked into silence offer the recipient an opportunity to say what’s on their mind or ask questions expect the recipient to argue or talk you out of your situation your anger and sarcasm must be avoided, even if tempted it’s important to leave the door open for further dialogue so you must not yell, etc it’s easier to disclose to friends than parents when disclosing to parents, consider the worst-case scenario including alternative plans for housing and support make sure the disclosure is based on caring and respect instead of anger and as a weapon expect parents/friends to fluctuate with acceptance and grief and anticipate questions and have well- thought-out answers

Source: (Trenholm & Jensen, 2013, pp. 195-197)

Responding to Self-Disclosure

Guidelines for accepting self-disclosure of others: thank your friend for trusting you with this information reassure your friend that the relationship will not change if you feel uncomfortable, say so directly and ask for adjustment time, using that time to become more informed take responsibility for your feelings and acknowledge that you have a problem (if you do)

a. b. c.

d.

Source: (Trenholm & Jensen, 2013, p. 197)

CPM

Petronio (2002)

Communication Boundary Management, 1991

About the balance of privacy and disclosure and managing the relationship between concealing and revealing private information

CPM

Assumptions of CPM

About human nature: 1. humans are choice makers 2. humans are rule followers and rule- makers 3. humans’ choices & rules are based on a consideration of others as well as the self

About dialectics: 4. relational life is characterized by change 5. contradiction is the fundamental fact of relational life

PETRONIO (2002); VENETIS

5 Tenets of CPM

1. disclosure process is inherently dialectical 2. CPM includes the disclosure of private information 3. individuals assume ownership over information 4. the process of disclosure is rule-based 5. boundaries exist around both relationships and particular pieces of information

PETRONIO (2002); VENETIS

dialectical tension of privacy and openness necessary and risky

potential consequences of shame, rejection, embarrassment, exclusion further revealing mindful when disclosing private information to manage need to share with risks disclosers take precautions to attempt to safeguard the information and themselves

Dialectical Tensions

PETRONIO (2002, 2010) VENETIS

private information is a continuum polar ends include open-access information (information that anyone can know) and secret information (information that is actively concealed from others) CPM is about private and secret, open-access disclosing individuals regard their private information differently than their general and non-sensitive information, and disclosers take steps to protect the private information when sharing it with others

Private Information

PETRONIO (2002, 2010) VENETIS

individuals claim ownership of their personal information how the information will be managed, regulating when, with whom, and to what degree the information can be shared with third parties.

the recipient is a co-owner of the information, and after the disclosure episode, the discloser expects that the recipient will observe the negotiated (or stated) privacy boundaries. Disclosers use privacy rules to create boundaries around the information and express how the information should be managed.

Ownership of Information

PETRONIO (2002, 2010) VENETIS

Privacy rules have three purposes to establish that the recipient is a co-owner in the information and is linked into the privacy boundary of the information indicate parameters of the co-ownership determine if or what information can be further disclosed

a.

b. c.

Rule-Based

PETRONIO (2002, 2010) VENETIS

rules can be either implicit or explicit Implicit rules: ambiguous and are not clearly articulated at the time of the disclosure.

Ex. hints at privacy during the disclosure episode, preexisting rules that are applied without an explicit prompt, or rules that are negotiated as individuals form new relationships.

Explicit rules: direct statements that generally accompany the disclosure and specifically address the question of boundaries or further disclosure.

Ex. “don’t tell anybody, but…”

Rules CONT.

PETRONIO (2002, 2010) VENETIS

can differ based on the individual who the other person is to the individual, the content of the information, and the motivation to disclose

Culture—differ in what is okay to share ex. Medical info

Personality—very disclosive vs. very private Relational—best friend vs. colleague vs. doctor Gender—rules for sharing may differ, content differs Motivations to share—catharsis, bonding

Boundaries

PETRONIO (2002, 2010) VENETIS

around the relationships (i.e., best friends vs. colleagues) or around a particular piece of information (i.e., an abortion). Boundary linkage: boundary alliances around people

Ex. Doc/patient confidentiality or best friends varying degrees of permeability (next slide)

Boundaries CONT.

PETRONIO (2002, 2010) VENETIS

the greater the value in protecting and regulating the information, the lower the permeability, and the less likely the prospective discloser is to disclose the information sanctions exist when the recipient is found to have disclosed the information to a third or multiple parties. the lower the permeability of the boundaries, the greater the repercussions and sanctions, and the greater the permeability, the weaker the repercussions or sanctions.

Permeability

PETRONIO (2002, 2010) VENETIS

intentional or accidental violation of privacy boundaries, resulting in boundary turbulence turbulence is a consequence of the recipient’s sharing the disclosed information in a fashion other than that intended by the original discloser (accidental or on purpose)

Turbulence

PETRONIO (2002, 2010) VENETIS

1. intentional rule violations such as betrayal 2. boundary rule mistakes such as accidentally revealing information or revealing at the wrong time 3. fuzzy boundaries such as one person viewing the information as personal while the other feels they have rights to that information or gossip in which one reveals other’s information with the false pretense that they have the right to reveal that information

Factors of Turbulence

PETRONIO (2002, 2010) VENETIS

4. dissimilar boundary orientations such as one individual assuming particular information is private and the other assuming that all information can be shared with an extended family 5. boundary definition predicaments such as discussing private matters in a public space 6. privacy dilemmas concerning the information such as ethical predicaments in keeping the information concealed or the recipient’s desire to seek help for the discloser

Factors of Turbulence

PETRONIO (2002); VENETIS

Verbal assertion Directly communicating with the violator

Passive aggression and retaliation Ex. Make the person feel guilty or violate their privacy

Tempered tolerance Outwardly accepting privacy violation by “grinning and bearing it” or act like it didn’t happen

Boundary restructuration Adjust boundaries to prevent future violations

Reactions to Privacy Violations

PETRONIO (2002); VENETIS

Disclosure Decision-Making Model

Kathryn Greene (2009) The DD-MM recognizes the challenges in determining if one should share or reveal personal, non-visible health information with a specific other.

BRIEF REVIEW: DD-MM: INFORMATION ASSESSMENT

(GREENE, 2009)

DD-MM: Assessing the Receiver

(GREENE, 2009)

DD-MM: Disclosure Efficacy

(GREENE, 2009)

DD-MM: Applications

HIV Disclosure (Greene & Faulkner, 2002) Eating Disorder Disclosure (Shields, 2017) Cancer Disclosure (Venetis et al., 2015) Sexual Orientation Disclosure to Health Care Providers (Venetis et al., 2017)

Fullhouse

ACTIVITY

Friends & Mean Girls

FRIDAY

Kuang & Wilson (2017) RA 13 Due by 11:59 pm TONIGHT RA 14 Due by 11:59 pm Friday