Discussion #8: The decision to drop the atomic bomb. READ LINKS & Uploaded FILE
pjmarichal
davidsonus8_ppt_ch26.htmlChapter 26: America’s Rise to Globalism 1927 to 1945
U.S. A NARRATIVE HISTORY, EIGHTH EDITION
DAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN • LYTLE • STOFF
America’s Rise to Globalism 1927 to 1945
“World War II deepened the global interdependence of nations and left the United States as the greatest economic and military power in the world.”
What’s to Come
The United States in a Troubled World
A Global War
War Production
A Question of Rights
Winning the War and the Peace
The United States in a Troubled World (1)
Pacific Interests
- assuming colonial control over the Philippines, Americans acquired an interest in the western Pacific
- Stimson Doctrine
- Policy of “nonrecognition”
- Good Neighbor policy
- Pan-Americanism; U.S. found a new willingness among Latin American nations to cooperate in matters of common defense
- Rise of fascism
- Nye committee
- Internationalists versus isolationists
- Neutrality legislation
- Debate over the Neutrality Act of 1935
- Spanish Civil War
- Cash-and-carry
- Belligerents could buy supplies other than munitions
- Aggression in China
- Quarantine speech
- Appeasement
- Became synonymous with betrayal, weakness, and surrender
- Germany begins World War II
- Invasion of Poland in 1939
- Blitzkrieg: “lightning war”
- Battle of Britain
- Lend-Lease Act
- United States as “the great arsenal of democracy”
- Atlantic Charter
- Japanese expansion
- Entered Tripartite Pact
- Pearl Harbor
- December 7, 1941
- Defeat Germany first
- Outraged by the Pearl Harbor attack, many thought Japan should be the primary target
- Roosevelt and Churchill decided to fight the war in the Pacific as a holding action and defeat Germany first
- boat war
- Fall of the Philippines
- The Big Three
- Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt
- Stalin’s call for a second front
- Operation Torch: the invasion of North Africa
- Battle of Coral Sea; first combat success
- Midway; broke Japanese naval supremacy
- Guadalcanal; the bloody road to Japan
- Success in North Africa
- Russian stand at Stalingrad
- Millions of Russians died, successfully defending the city
- Stalin goes on the offensive
- Army acted as a cultural melting pot
- Educational opportunities and new job skills
- Infantry suffered 90 percent of battlefield casualties
- Soldiers’ biggest enemy: disease
- Army was strictly segregated, yet offered otherwise unavailable opportunities to minorities
- African Americans: From cooks to combat pilots
- Mexican Americans had a high enlistment rate
- Chinese Americans served at the highest rate of all
- Filipinos jumped at the chance to serve
- Choices for homosexuals
- WACs and WAVEs
- Office of War Mobilization (OWM)
- Auto factories retooled
- Civilian volunteers
- Civil defense; hospitals; scrap drives
- Children: “Uncle Sam’s Scrappers” and “Tin-Can Colonels”
- Science and technology changed how war was fought
- Manhattan Project
- PVC; antibiotics; DDT
- Prosperity revived
- Hoboes of America; disabled workers
- Tax Reform
- Revenue Act of 1942
- War Labor Board
- Coal strike led by Lewis
- Despite incidents, workers remained dedicated to the war effort
- Womanpower fills the labor shortage
- With as many as 12 million men in uniform, women became the largest untapped source of labor
- War inspired a change in economic roles for women without a revolution in attitudes about gender
- Birth rate began to rise with the return of prosperity
- Migration of workers to war industry locations
- “Aliens of enemy nationality”
- Restrictions on non-citizen Italians, Germans, and Japanese
- Restrictions lifted on Italian aliens on Columbus Day 1942
- such tolerance for Japanese
- Isseiand Nisei
- Executive Order 9066
- Entire Japanese community shipped to “assembly centers”
- Philip Randolph
- Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)
- Established to enforce Executive Order 8802 barring discrimination in government and defense industry hiring
- Detroit race riot
- Zoot suit riots
- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
- Smith v. Allwright(1944)
- Roosevelt wins a fourth term
- Win-the-War”
- Anti–New Deal coalition
- North Africa and Italy, 1943
- Operation Overlord: D-Day, June 6, 1944
- Battle of the Bulge, December 1944
- MacArthur’s plan: advance along the northern coast of New Guinea toward the Philippines and Tokyo
- Nimitz’s plan: Advance along the island chains of the central Pacific, bypassing the Philippines
- MacArthur’s plan won out
- Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union
- “Friendly” neighbors: regimes dependent on Moscow
- “Four Policemen”
- Soviet Union, Great Britain, United States, and China to guarantee peace through military cooperation
- Teheran Conference
- Yalta Conference
- Concessions to get Stalin to declare war on Japan
- Dispute over the future of postwar Germany
- Cerebral hemorrhage killed FDR: April 12, 1945
- Truman became president
- Anti-Semitism
- Few countries would accept Jewish refugees
- Hitler had authorized the systematic extermination of all European Jews as well as Gypsies, homosexuals, and others considered deviant
- Zionists
- Dumbarton Oaks and the UNO
- Potsdam Summit
- Two issues: Germany’s political fate, and how much Germany would pay in reparations
- Should the bomb be dropped?
- Bomb as a threat to the Soviets
- Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Becoming a Good Neighbor
The United States in a Troubled World (2)
The Quest for Neutrality
The United States in a Troubled World (3)
A company of Nazi youths' parades past the Führer, Adolf Hitler (in the balcony doorway). Hitler’s shrewd use of patriotic symbols, mass rallies, and marches exploited the new possibilities of mass politics. © Alan Band/Keystone/Getty Images
The United States in a Troubled World (4)
Inching toward War
Hitler’s Invasion
The United States in a Troubled World (5)
Retreat from Isolationism
Disaster in the Pacific
A Global War (1)
Strategies for War
Gloomy Prospects
MAP 26.1: THE U-BOAT WAR
In the world’s first truly global war, the need to transport troops and supplies became paramount. But as German U-boats took a heavy toll on Allied shipping, it became difficult to deliver American supplies to Europe. Avoiding the North Atlantic route forced an arduous 12,000-mile journey around Africa through Suez and to the Persian Gulf and then across Iran by land. The elimination of German submarines greatly eased the shipping problem and, as much as any single battle, ensured victory.
A Global War (2)
A Grand Alliance
The Naval War in the Pacific
A Global War (3)
The violence of amphibious warfare, landing troops from ships to shores, was evident on the beaches of Tarawa in 1943. Source: National Archives and Records Administration (NWDNS-80-G-57405)
A Global War (4)
Turning Points in Europe
Those Who Fought
MAP 26.2: WORLD WAR II IN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA
Until 1944 Soviet forces carried the brunt of the war in Europe, engaging the Axis armies across a huge front. After winning North Africa the Allies turned north to knock Italy out of the war. The final key to defeating Germany was the Anglo-American invasion of western Europe (D-Day) at Normandy.
A Global War (5)
Minorities at War
Women at War
A Global War (6)
African Americans enlisted in huge numbers during World War II. This WAC was among the first to arrive in Europe. Source: National Archives and Records Administration (531333)
War Production (1)
Mobilizing for War
Science Goes to War
War Production (2)
War Work and Prosperity
Organized Labor
Impact of WorldWar II On Government Spending
As the chart shows, the war spurred government spending more than the New Deal, even on nonmilitary sectors. Note that after both world wars, nonmilitary spending was higher than in the prewar years. (background photo) ©Comstock Images/Alamy RF
War Production (3)
Women Workers
Mobility
War Production (4)
Propaganda poster promoting wartime employment as the way to speed a husband’s return from the war. Source: National Archives and Records Administration (513840)
A Question of Rights (1)
Italians and Asian Americans
Concentration Camps
A Question of Rights (2)
Minorities and War Work
Urban Unrest
A Question of Rights (3)
The New Deal in Retreat
“The growing anti–New Deal coalition of Republicans and rural Democrats saw in the war an opportunity to attack programs they had long resented.”
Winning the War and the Peace (1)
The Fall of the Third Reich
Two Roads to Tokyo
MAP 26.3: D-DAY, 1944
The final key to defeating the Nazis was the invasion of western Europe at Normandy. D-Day for the invasion was June 6, 1944, and the massive undertaking would not have been possible had the Allies been unable to use England as a base to gather their forces. Stalin supported D-Day with a spring offensive in eastern Europe.
MAP 26.4: WORLD WAR II IN THE PACIFIC AND ASIA
Extraordinary distances complicated the war in the Pacific. As the map shows, American forces moved on two fronts: the naval war in the Central Pacific and General MacArthur’s campaign in the Southwest Pacific.
Winning the War and the Peace (2)
Big Three Diplomacy
The Road to Yalta
Winning the War and the Peace (3)
The Fallen Leader
The Holocaust
Winning the War and the Peace (4)
In April 1945, at the concentration camp in Buchenwald, Germany, Senator Alben Barkley of Kentucky views a grisly example of the horrors of the Nazis’ “final solution.” As vice president under Harry Truman, Barkley urged the administration to support an independent homeland in Israel for Jews. Source: National Archives and Records Administration (292594)
Winning the War and the Peace (5)
A Lasting Peace
Atom Diplomacy
Winning the War and the Peace (6)
At 0815 hours on August 6, 1945, the bomber Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, as recorded by this photograph taken by an observation plane. Approximately 100,000 people died from the initial bomb blast, with thousands more dying from radiation poisoning. (wristwatch): ©Brian Brake/Science Source; (atomic blast): Source: National Archives and Records Administration (208-N-43440)
