Discussion #9: How has the automobile impacted American society?
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davidsonus8_ppt_ch20_edit_1116.htmlChapter 20: The Rise of an Urban Order1870 to 1900
U.S. A NARRATIVE HISTORY, EIGHTH EDITION
DAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN • LYTLE • STOFF
The Rise of an Urban Order1870 to 1900
“By the late nineteenth century, the country was in the midst of an urban explosion. Industrial cities of unparalleled size and diversity were remaking American life. They lured people from all over the globe, created tensions between natives and newcomers, refashioned the social order in a more fluid urban world. A new urban age was dawning.”
What’s to Come
A New Urban Age
Running and Reforming the City
City Life
City Culture
A New Urban Age (1)
The Urban Explosion
- Cities’ relations to regions around them shaped their natural and economic environments
- Surrounding regions saw the ecological impact, as lines of commerce and industry radiated outward
- Push and full factors
- Push: mushrooming populations; machinery cutting the need for farmworkers
- Pull: prospect of factory work, better pay, and fewer hours
- Relatively few Asian immigrants
- Arrival of the “new” immigrants
- From southern and eastern Europe in the 1880s
- Most newcomers were young, spoke little English, followed various religions
- Many planned to return home
- Ringed pattern of settlement with increased urban sprawl, the wealthy in the outskirts
- Electricity rescued city travelers
- Improved mass transit freed the middle class and poor to live miles from work
- Suspension bridges
- Brooklyn Bridge
- Use of steel
- Turned “cloudscrapers” into skyscrapers
- Perils of the slum neighborhood
- Dumbbell tenements spread “like a scab”
- Bosses supplied centralization, authority, and necessary services
- Operated the political machine like a corporation
- Provided basic goods and services
- Any means necessary were used to stay in power
- Boss William Tweed and Tammany Hall
- Roots of the welfare state
- Bosses guided immigrants and helped underprivileged up from poverty
- Toll was often outrageous: inflated taxes, extorted revenue, vice and crime, unsafe and unhealthy conditions
- Social and political activism spurred by urban blight
- Nativism peaked
- Defensive and fearful nationalism
- Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) banned the entry of Chinese laborers
- New “Social Gospel” spread
- Focused on improving the conditions of society
- Social reformers lived and worked among the poor in the settlement house
- Middle-class women and men helped the poor and foreign-born
- Lobbied for social legislation to improve housing, women’s working conditions, public schools
- Ethnic communities developed
- Immigrants married later and had more children than native-born Americans
- Special situation of the Chinese
- Few women; “paper” children
- Immigrants caught between past and present assimilated slowly
- Home as status symbol and haven
- Middle-class homemaker and new consumer products
- Personal conduct: orderly behavior and disciplined moralism
- Temperancemovement to stamp out alcohol sales
- Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
- Comstock Law, 1873, fought pornography
- Growing use of contraceptives; abortion prevalent
- Victoria Woodhull
- Urban homosexual communities
- Physical vigor under assault in the industrial city
- Fitness frenzy spread across the nation
- Educational awakening, 1870 to 1900
- addition to reading, writing, and arithmetic, schools taught conformity and values
- Educational discrimination began to take a toll on black education
- Educational reforms helped schools respond to the needs of urban society
- Normal schools provided professional teacher training
- Number of colleges and universities doubled between 1870 and 1910
- Several black colleges were founded
- Professional schools multiplied
- 1910, 40 percent of college students were women
- Myths of gender prevailed
- “New women” cast off Victorian restrictions
- Clothing, food, and furniture mass-produced
- Department stores
- Chain stores and mail-order houses
- Leisure pursuits reflected differences in class, gender, and ethnicity
- Spectator sports for the urban masses developed
- Baseball took its modern form
- Similarly divided along class lines
- Symphonies, operas, theater
- Saloons, vaudeville, dance halls, amusement parks
- Traveling circuses rode the rail system
- Both subverted and supported social conventions
- Industrial cities grew all over the world
A New Urban Age (2)
The Great Global Migration
IMMIGRATION, 1870 to 1914
Between 1860 and 1920 immigration increased dramatically as the sources of immigrants shifted increasinglyfrom northern Europe toward southeastern Europe.
A New Urban Age (3)
Holding the City Together
Bridges and Skyscrapers
MAP 20.1: GROWTH OF NEW ORLEANS TO 1900
Streetcars helped cities spread beyond business districts while still functioning as organic wholes. By 1900 streetcar lines in New Orleans reached all the way to Audubon Park and Tulane University, bringing these
FLATIRON BUILDING, NEW YORK CITY
Designed by Chicago architect Daniel Burhamand completed in 1902, the Fuller Building quickly became known as the “Flatiron Building” for its uniquely triangular shape. With a steel frame, it soared to a height of 22 stories, making it one of the tallest structures in New York City. Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZ62 to 10184]
A New Urban Age (4)
Slum and Tenement
“Far below the skyscrapers lay the slums and tenements of the inner city. In cramped rooms and sunless hallways, along narrow alleys and in flooded basements, lived the city poor.”
Running and Reforming the City (1)
Eighteenth-century systems of checks and balances paralyzed decentralized city governments
Boss Rule
Running and Reforming the City (2)
Rewards, Accomplishments, and Costs
Running and Reforming the City (3)
Nativism, Revivals, and the Social Gospel
THE GREAT FEAR OF THE PERIOD: THAT UNCLE SAM MAY BE SWALLOWED BY FOREIGNERS
The rapid rise in immigration ignited nativist fears that immigrants were taking over the country. In the 1870s cartoon pictured here, Irish and Chinese immigrants in their native dress literally gobble up Uncle Sam.
Running and Reforming the City (4)
The Social Settlement Movement
City Life (1)
Reflected stratified society
The Immigrant in the City
City Life (2)
Urban Middle-Class Life
Victorianism and the Pursuit of Virtue
City Life (3)
“Middle-class life reflected a rigid social code called Victorianism, named for Britain’s long-reigning Queen Victoria. It emerged in the 1830s and 1840s as part of an effort to tame the turbulent urban-industrial society developing in Europe.”
City Life (4)
Challenges to Convention
The Decline of “Manliness”
City Culture (1)
Public Education in an Urban Industrial World
City Culture (2)
Higher Learning and the Rise of the Professional
Higher Education for Women
City Culture (3)
A Culture of Consumption
Leisure
City Culture (4)
Arts and Entertainment
