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Chapter 18: The New South and the Trans- Mississippi West 1870 to 1890

U.S. A NARRATIVE HISTORY, EIGHTH EDITION

DAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN • LYTLE • STOFF

“By the end of the nineteenth century both the South and the West had assumed their place as suppliers of raw materials, providers of foodstuffs, and consumers of finished goods. A nation of ‘regional nations’ hardly equal in stature was thus drawn together in the last third of the nineteenth century, despite the growing frustrations of inhabitants old and new.”

The New South and the Trans- Mississippi West 1870 to 1890

What’s to Come

The Southern Burden Life in the New South Western Frontiers The War for the West Boom and Bust in the West The Final Frontier

The Southern Burden (1)

The “New South” campaign • Envisioned an economy based more on industry

The postwar South remained agricultural

• Tied to cash crops • Large families, more farmhands

The Southern Burden (2)

Tenancy and Sharecropping • Best lands remained with the plantation owners

• Sharecropping • Crop-lien system • Debt peonage

• Debt peonage in India, Egypt, and Brazil • Slide into debt peonage happened elsewhere as farmers

gave up subsistence farming to raise cash crops

MAP 18.1: TENANT FARMERS, 1900 Tenant farming dominated southern agriculture after the Civil War. But note that by 1900 it also accounted for much of the farm labor in the trans-Mississippi West, where low crop prices, high costs, and severe environmental conditions forced independent farmers into tenancy.

The Southern Burden (3)

Southern Industry • Industrial production grew, aided by the growth

in railroad building • Boom in textiles • Tobacco and cigarettes

• With demand from towns and cities, lumber and turpentine became the chief industries • High environmental costs

• Iron and steel industry proved disappointing

The Southern Burden (4) The booming timber industry often left the South poorer due to the harsh methods of extracting lumber. Here logs that have been floated down Lost Creek, Tennessee, are loaded onto a train. Getting the logs out was a messy affair: skidding them down rude paths to a creek and leaving behind open fields piled with rotting branches and leaves or needles, where once a forest stood. Rains eroded the newly bare hillsides, polluting streams. Downriver, tanneries, pulp mills, and sawmills emptied waste and sewage into the water, making many streams into little more than open sewers. ©Corbis/Getty Images

The Southern Burden (5)

The Sources of Southern Poverty • Late start in industrializing • Undereducated labor • Isolated labor market

“Under the campaign for a New South, all industries grew dramatically in employment and value, but not enough to end poverty. The South remained largely rural, agricultural, and poor.”

MAP 18.2: SPENDING ON EDUCATION IN THE SOUTH BEFORE AND AFTER DISENFRANCHISEME NT

With disenfranchisement and segregation, education was separate, but hardly equal, for blacks and whites. In these states, after blacks were disenfranchised, spending on white students rose while spending on black students decreased. Source: Robert A. Margo, Disenfranchisement, School Finance, and the Economics of Segregated Schools in the U.S. South, 1890 to 1910. New York, NY: Garland Press, 1985, table I-1

Life in the New South (1) Rural Life • Hunting a welcome relief from heavy farm work • Cockfighting drew many • Farm entertainments included work-sharing

festivals celebrating the harvest • Trips to town provided rural folk a chance to

mingle

Life in the New South (2)

The Church • Segregated by race and gender • Place to socialize as well as worship

Segregation

• Redeemer governments moved to formalize a system of segregation, or racial separation • Jim Crow laws • Plessy v. Ferguson: separate but equal

• Race trumped all other issues

Western Frontiers (1)

Not one frontier but many

Indian Peoples and the Western Environment

• Variety of Indian cultures, most in kinship groups • Shared a reverence for nature

Western Landscapes

• Dry territory west of the 98th meridian • “Great American Desert” • Complex web of cultures and environments

Western Frontiers (2) Whites and the Western Environment: Competing Visions • William Gilpin, a western booster

• What was most needed was cheap land and a railroad • John Wesley Powell warned Congress that the

West needed scientific planning • Became director of the U.S. Geological Survey • Water as a key resource

Western Frontiers (3) John Wesley Powell's second expedition into the Grand Canyon launching on the Green River in 1871. Despite near drownings as well as the loss of boats and supplies, Powell successfully explored the wild Colorado River at a time when Indian legends suggested the river might disappear underground in some spots. Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZC4 to 8292]|

MAP 18.3: NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE WEST With the exception of the Pacific Northwest few areas west of the 20-inch rainfall line receive enough annual precipitation to support agriculture without irrigation. Consequently, water has been the key to development west of the 98th meridian, an area that encompasses more than half the country.

The War for the West (1)

Cycle of broken promises • Policy of concentration and the “Long Walk”

Contact and Conflict

• White encroachment led to war, war to Indian defeat • First Sioux War • Buffalo soldiers

• Tribal cultures undermined by liquor, disease, and the railroad

The War for the West (2)

Custer’s Last Stand—and the Indians’ • Indian reservations established with the Treaty of

Fort Laramie did not stop white encroachment • Battle of Little Big Horn marked the beginning of

the end of Indian military successes • Chief Joseph’s attempt to lead the Nez Perce to Canada

Killing with Kindness • Dawes Severalty Act (1887) undermined the communal structure of tribal

culture • Wounded Knee: final act of violence against independent Indian way of life

The War for the West (3)

Borderlands • In the Southwest, Indians faced Anglos and

Hispanos • Hispanos also had to embrace or resist Anglos

• Juan José Herrera and the White Caps • Mexican immigrants provided labor for expansion

• Worked mostly as contract and seasonal laborers • Lived in segregated barrios

• Regional communities of village and migrant workers provided a base of operations and a haven

MAP 18.4: THE INDIAN FRONTIER

As conflict erupted between Indian and white cultures in the West, the government sought increasingly to concentrate tribes on reservations. Resistance to the reservation concept helped unite the Sioux and the Cheyenne, traditionally enemies, in the Dakotas during the 1870s. Along the Little Big Horn River the impetuous Custer underestimated the strength of his Indian opponents and attacked before the supporting troops of Reno and Benteen were in a position to aid him.

The War for the West (4)

Ethno-Racial Identity in the New West • Epitomized by Texas • New racial triad of white, African American,

and Latino • In California, also Asian Americans; and elsewhere,

American Indians

“Thus racial identity in the New West would be more complicated and, for Mexicans and Mexican Americans, more fluid”

The War for the West (5) Western cities attracted ethnically diverse populations. This market in San Antonio, Texas, known as Military Plaza, served the city’s large Latino population in 1887. Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZ62 to 247720]

Boom and Bust in the West (1)

Mining Sets a Pattern • Gold and silver strikes followed by other booms

• Environmental disaster • In corporate mining operations, paid laborers

replaced independent prospectors • Unions and strikes

The Transcontinental Railroad

• Made possible by railroad land grants • By threatening to bypass a town, railroad companies could extract

concessions

Boom and Bust in the West (2)

Cattle Kingdom • Herds roamed the “open” range

• Early ranches were primitive • “Long drives” moved cattle north to railheads • Boom began in 1866

• Huge profits; but brought about inevitable bust • By the 1890s, the open range and long drives had

largely vanished • Large cattle corporations dominated

MAP 18.5: THE MINING AND CATTLE FRONTIERS In the vast spaces of the West, railroads, cattle trails, and gold mining usually preceded the arrival of enough settlers to establish towns and cities. The railroads forged a crucial link between the region’s natural resources and urban markets in the East and in Europe, but by transecting the plains they also disrupted the migratory patterns of the buffalo herds, undermining Plains Indian cultures while opening the land to cattle grazing and farming.

The Final Frontier (1)

Farming on the Plains • Homestead Act: government land at $1.25 an acre

if the homesteader worked it for five years • Best parcels owned by railroads or speculators • Success, especially in dry farming, required expensive

machinery • In the West, “bonanza farms” of more than 1,000

acres were common in the northern plains • Small-scale farmers struggled to compete

The Final Frontier (2) Even out on the plains in sod huts, farmers cherished the culture they could bring from distant places. This Nebraska family proudly displays the pump organ they imported from the East. ©Nebraska State Historical Society

The Final Frontier (3)

A Plains Existence • Heaviest burdens fell to women • Nature imposed hardships • Many found comfort in religion

The Urban Frontier

• Old Spanish towns grew into cities; and cities on commercial routes blossomed • Typical example: Denver

The Final Frontier (4) The West and the World Economy • Westerners were becoming part of a vast network of

production and trade that spanned the globe Packaging and Exporting the “Wild West”

• Buffalo Bill Cody’s “Wild West, Rocky Mountain, and Prairie Exhibition” • Sense of regional identity gained great importance • Entire Western world was being reshaped by a vast new industrial order

Chapter 18: �The New South and �the Trans-Mississippi West 1870 to 1890
The New South and the Trans-Mississippi West 1870 to 1890
What’s to Come
The Southern Burden (1)
The Southern Burden (2)
MAP 18.1: TENANT FARMERS, 1900
The Southern Burden (3)
The Southern Burden (4)
The Southern Burden (5)
MAP 18.2: SPENDING ON EDUCATION IN THE SOUTH BEFORE AND AFTER DISENFRANCHISEMENT
Life in the New South (1)
Life in the New South (2)
Western Frontiers (1)
Western Frontiers (2)
Western Frontiers (3)
MAP 18.3: NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE WEST
The War for the West (1)
The War for the West (2)
The War for the West (3)
MAP 18.4: THE INDIAN FRONTIER
The War for the West (4)
The War for the West (5)
Boom and Bust in the West (1)
Boom and Bust in the West (2)
MAP 18.5: THE MINING AND CATTLE FRONTIERS
The Final Frontier (1)
The Final Frontier (2)
The Final Frontier (3)
The Final Frontier (4)