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Chapter 17: Reconstructing the Union 1865 to 1877 U.S. A NARRATIVE HISTORY, EIGHTH EDITION

DAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN • LYTLE • STOFF

“The North, with its industrial might, would be the driving force in the nation’s economy and retain the dominant political voice. But would African Americans receive effective power? How would North and South readjust their economic and political relations? These questions lay at the heart of the problem of Reconstruction.”

Reconstructing the Union 1865 to 1877

What’s to Come (1) Presidential Reconstruction

Congressional Reconstruction

Reconstruction in the South

Black Aspirations

The Abandonment of Reconstruction

What’s to Come (2) Artist Alfred Waud sketched these African American soldiers greeting loved ones after being mustered out of the army in Arkansas. The war’s end brought both joy and uncertainty about what was to come. Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZC4-13286]

Presidential Reconstruction (1)

Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan • Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction,

1863, allowed states to organize a state government when 10 percent of qualified voters took the a loyalty oath

• Radical Republicans found the approach too lenient

• Stricter plan formulated by Congress: the Wade-Davis bill • President and Congress were working out a compromise

when the president was assassinated

Presidential Reconstruction (2) The mood of white southerners at the end of the war was mixed. Many, like the veteran caricatured here by northern cartoonist Thomas Nast, remained hostile. Others, like Texas captain Samuel Foster, came to believe that the institution of slavery “had been abused, and perhaps for that abuse this terrible war…was brought upon us as a punishment.” Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZ62-131562]

Presidential Reconstruction (3)

Reconstruction under Andrew Johnson • To prevent new resistance, white southerners would

need unmistakable terms • With Lincoln’s death, the task fell to Andrew

Johnson • Native southerner who deeply disliked the planter class • No concern for the welfare of African Americans • Strongly supported states’ rights

• Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction was similar but more lenient still than Lincoln’s • Stipulations made only informally

Presidential Reconstruction (4)

The Failure of Johnson’s Program • Southerners refused to follow many of Johnson’s

recommendations • New governments passed black codes often modeled

on their old slave codes • Primarily intended to keep African Americans propertyless

agricultural laborers • Southern elections returned many prominent

Confederate leaders to power • Johnson’s resolve began to buckle

Presidential Reconstruction (5)

Johnson’s Break with Congress • Issue of black rights drove a wedge between the

president and Congress • Southern representatives excluded from Congress

• Johnson’s vetoes aggravated tensions • Extension of Freedmen’s Bureau • Civil rights bill to overturn provisions of black codes

Presidential Reconstruction (6)

The Fourteenth Amendment • Passed in both houses of Congress, June 1866 • Provisions broadened citizenship to include

African Americans • Ratified despite Johnson’s and most southern states’

opposition

The Election of 1866 • Antiblack riots throughout the South • Radicals used the tactic of “waving the bloody shirt” • Johnson repudiated by voters

Presidential Reconstruction (7)

In 1866 white mobs in Memphis and New Orleans attacked African Americans in two major riots. Here rioters set fire to a schoolhouse used by freedpeople. Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZ62- 111152]

Congressional Reconstruction (1) New program put states under military commanders • Southern whites resisted in part by refusing to vote • States slowly readmitted

Post-Emancipation Societies in the Americas • U.S. and Haiti (1804) were the only countries in the Americas where slavery

was ended through violence • U.S. was unique in that suffrage was granted almost immediately • Power and vision of the Radical Republicans was key

Congressional Reconstruction (2)

The Land Issue • Proposals to give land to former slaves ultimately

rejected • American belief in self-reliance and in property rights

Impeachment • Tenure of Office Act forbade Johnson to remove cabinet members without

Senate approval • Violation used by Republicans to impeach the president

• Johnson acquitted in May 1868 • Only one vote short of conviction

MAP 17.1: THE SOUTHERN STATES DURING RECONSTRUCTION

Reconstruction in the South (1)

Black and White Republicans • Black men constituted 80 percent of Republican

voters in the South • Never held office in proportion to their voting strength • Most of those who did hold office were literate and came

from the top levels of black society • Because black voters were a majority in only

three southern states, Republicans needed white votes • Yeoman farmers from the upland districts (scalawags)

and northern transplants (carpetbaggers) • Maintaining unity was difficult

Reconstruction in the South (2)

Reforms under the New State Governments • New state constitutions included many political and

social reforms • All granted political equality, but social equality was

generally ignored

Economic Issues and Corruption

• Southern economy was in ruins • Corruption rampant and state debt skyrocketed

• Corruption became a national problem

Black Aspirations (1) Experiencing Freedom • Changing jobs was one concrete way African

Americans expressed their freedom • Names also gained importance

• Taking last names was a symbolic transition from slavery to freedom

“Emancipation came to slaves in different ways and at different times…. Whatever the timing, freedom meant a host of precious blessings to people who had been in bondage all their lives.”

Black Aspirations (2) The Black Family • African Americans sought to strengthen the family

• Marriages • Husbands as head of the family

The Schoolhouse and the Church • Black education became a high priority

• Teachers in black schools were typically middle-class northern women • Independent black churches were established

Black Aspirations (3) New Working Conditions • Blacks asserted control over their work by

refusing the work conditions of slaves • Sharecropping became the typical arrangement

• Often highly exploitative • Affected by varied racial attitudes among agents,

the Freedmen’s Bureau had a mixed record • Freedmen’s Courts created in 1866 • Bureau disbanded in 1872, signaling northern retreat

from Reconstruction

Black Aspirations (4) Planters and a New Way of Life • Old paternalistic ideal gave way to an emphasis on

economic relationships • Segregation embraced

“Slavery had been a complex institution that welded black and white southerners together in intimate relationships.”

MAP 17.2: GEORGIA PLANTATION AFTER THE WAR After emancipation, sharecropping became the dominant form of agricultural labor in the South. Black families no longer lived in the old slave quarters but dispersed to separate plots of land that they farmed themselves. At the end of the year, each sharecropper turned over part of the crop to the white landowner.

The Abandonment of Reconstruction (1)

The Grant Administration • General Grant elected in 1868 • Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870,

granted suffrage to blacks • Loopholes eventually allowed southern states to

disenfranchise African Americans • Women’s suffrage rejected • Series of scandals wracked the

administration • “Grantism” became code for corruption • Reformers became more interested in cleaning up

government than in protecting black rights

The Abandonment of Reconstruction (2) The Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870, secured the right of African American males to vote as free citizens. In New York, black citizens paraded in support of Ulysses S. Grant for president (center). But citizenship was only one component of what African Americans insisted were central aspects of their freedom. What other features of a free life does the poster champion? Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [LC-DIG-ppmsca-34808]

The Abandonment of Reconstruction (3)

Growing Northern Disillusionment • Civil Rights Act of 1875 was the last major piece of

Reconstruction legislation • Prohibited racial discrimination in public accommodations,

transportation, places of amusement, and juries • Not enforced

• Panic of 1873 precipitated a four-year depression • In 1874, the Republicans lost 77 seats in Congress

The Abandonment of Reconstruction (4)

The Triumph of White Supremacy • Democrats in the South used varied techniques to

undermine Republican power • Appeal to racial solidarity • Publishing names of black residents who cast Republican

ballots • Paramilitary organizations such as the Ku Klux

Klan used terror and violence • With the Mississippi Plan, in 1875, Democrats

promoted the use of violence to carry the state election

The Abandonment of Reconstruction (5)

The Disputed Election of 1876 • Election outcome between Hayes and Tilden in

doubt • Electoral commission awarded the disputed electoral votes

and the presidency to Hayes • Democrats threatened a filibuster • In the Compromise of 1877, Republicans agreed to

withdraw federal troops from the South; Democrats dropped their opposition

• Last Republican southern governments collapsed • By 1877 the entire South was in the hands of the so-called

Redeemers

MAP 17.3: ELECTION OF 1876

The Abandonment of Reconstruction (6)

Racism and the Failure of Reconstruction • Although Reconstruction had failed for many

reasons, racism was chief among them • Even under Redeemer governments, however, African

Americans were no longer slaves

“[T]he guarantees of ‘equal protection’ and ‘due process of law’ had been written into the Constitution and would be available for later generations to use in championing once again the Radicals’ goal of racial equality.”

Chapter 17: Reconstructing the Union 1865 to 1877
Reconstructing the Union �1865 to 1877
What’s to Come (1)
What’s to Come (2)
Presidential Reconstruction (1)
Presidential Reconstruction (2)
Presidential Reconstruction (3)
Presidential Reconstruction (4)
Presidential Reconstruction (5)
Presidential Reconstruction (6)
Presidential Reconstruction (7)
Congressional Reconstruction (1)
Congressional Reconstruction (2)
MAP 17.1: THE SOUTHERN STATES DURING RECONSTRUCTION
Reconstruction in the South (1)
Reconstruction in the South (2)
Black Aspirations (1)
Black Aspirations (2)
Black Aspirations (3)
Black Aspirations (4)
MAP 17.2: GEORGIA PLANTATION AFTER THE WAR
The Abandonment of Reconstruction (1)
The Abandonment of Reconstruction (2)
The Abandonment of Reconstruction (3)
The Abandonment of Reconstruction (4)
The Abandonment of Reconstruction (5)
MAP 17.3: ELECTION OF 1876
The Abandonment of Reconstruction (6)