Automakers have been experiencing massive data breach annually. Leading automobile manufacturers such as Toyota Motor Company, Tesla, Ford Motor Company and General Motors have been exposed on several occasions and thus their manufacturing details are known by hackers. For instance, most of the documents concerning these corporations have been accessed upon by different researchers in online domain without any protection and thus posing a threat to the company. On the contrary to the companies expectation of keeping their documents with an aim of reaping maximum from their efforts rather than sharing information which may lead to copying of their standards. The information received by the hackers pose a danger to both the manufacturer as well as the buyer in different ways. As a result, it is important to fine methods through which challenges caused by hacking or cybercrime may be dealt with in automobile industry. Therefore, this piece of paper will category focus on workstation domain, telecommunication policies, roles and responsibilities and the summary of data breach in automobile industry.

Workstation domain – Tirumala Ashish Kumar Manne

Data breach in workstation occurs when the hacker successfully accesses sensitive data in automobile company.

Purposes

The massive theft has been experiencing a lot of challenges due to data breach at the workstation. In the workstation, the hackers are interested in taking the physical structure of the company. In such cases, the entire plan is destroyed and thus leading to the shutdown of the work station (Zheng & Ming, 2017). After a successful operation of taking the plan, the thieves are determined to push the malware to the vehicles and thus leading to conflict between the manufacturer and the buyers. As a result, this may lead to tarnishing of the name of the company whose consequences may range from lawful procedures to stripping off of the operating licenses. Moreover, breaching data in automobile industry may be done with an aim gaining or protesting of power especially where the plan is belongs to a political rival.

Background to workstation data breaching

Data breaching has been a continuous process. However, its genesis was realized back in 2005 by General Motors Company group of experts. Prior to its realization, the firm had started missing some important engineering instruments in its workstation which led to slowing down of their work. For instance, in 2005, a group of hackers, hacked general motors and revealed millions of identification numbers of their vehicles. Consequently, the company lost $ 3 million due to the incident.

Standard processes

Cybercrime has caused a lot of losses in the workstation and thus numerous standardized methods should be employed in order to enhance better working environment free from hacking at the industry. Theft or loss breaches of the firm’s computers, laptops, electronic media, portable electronic devices and files are done on a daily basis by the hackers. To effectively safeguard the aforementioned electronics, the company is expected to lock down the workstation and shutdown their electronic devices. Apart from that, it is prudent for the management of the automobile industry to secure the areas in which files and portable equipment are located before leaving them unattended. This will help in ensuring that the only persons concerned on their usage have access. Moreover, the company should ensure that their electronic devises are not left open in the cars since anyone may access some important information concerning the industry. Besides, the firm should shred sensitive records in paper before disposing them. This will help in safeguarding them from landing into the wrong hands.

Nonetheless, the missing patches and updates also pose a threat to the company since the hackers’ view has a weak point the firm. Therefore, the automobile industry should ensure that all systems connected to internet have the necessary operating systems. Apart from that, computers infected with virus should be installed with anti-malware software so as to ensure it is always up to date. The employees or the concerned stakeholders should avoid clicking on unknown links or attachments as well as they should avoid opening files sent through chat (Chapa, 2017). Likewise, improperly configured software may lead to opening of your system to the hackers. Therefore, the automobile industry should avoid installing unknown programs on their computers. Also, the company should not put sensitive information in sites where access permissions are very wide. Application vulnerabilities and mis-configuration has also enabled hackers to access into the company’s information. Therefore, the company should employ professionals to check on the vulnerability of the firms’ process. The controls should be put in place to help in preventing accessibility to the secure database in the firm.

Roles and responsibilities

A company needs to take into account a number of roles and responsibilities in order to curb cybercrimes in the firm. One of the main roles and responsibilities is to avoid underestimating any seemingly small security threat facing the manufacturing firm.it is believed that even a single hacker can lead to massive destruction of the data in the firm. According to the article, the scholars outline that as soon as the hacker gets an access to the information of the company, one learns on the strength of the company’s ability to secure its business. As a result, the attempt enables the firm to realize that their technology is vulnerable and thus there is need to upgrade. Therefore, the firm needs to basically learn on how the hacking begun and thus come up with an ultimate manner to stop another cybercrime attack from occurring (Chang, Liao & Wu, 2017). Moreover, during such time, a group of forensics should be employed by the company to trace on the person who tried to hack into their system and present a law suit. Besides, the company should also be able to check on the ways in which their employees carry their work. According to statistics, it is estimated that 35% of hacking is directly connected to the workers of the company. The firm should thus provide guidelines similarly to the consequences in case one breaches the company’s data. Such may form a basis through which a harmonized way of handling business may be achieved.

Information and assistance

Information is basic in dealing with challenges which pose a threat to the company. According to various articles, automobile industry needs to employ the use of automobile security services from reputable companies such as Capgemini. The company for instance deals with security at the manufacturing level, at the connected vehicles and also the enterprise IT. The firm involves itself with educating the firm concerning secure software which they may decide to use in their vehicles in order to curb on the threats caused by the cybercriminals. At the manufacturing level, it is evident that the manufacturers can either attack the plan, already manufactured cars or the produced parts. Therefore, there is a huge urge to connect the different parts to the enterprise. According to Capgemini Company, the organization level of maturity in the automobile business should be assessed in order to understand the level of hacking (Zheng & Ming, 2017). This will facilitate deeper analysis and creation of critical subsystems for assessment. Consequently, the information obtained maybe used in mitigating on the recommendations on the steps in which will be used in solving cybercrime menace. Apart from that, the enterprise information technology (IT) and the protection of the employee’s identification is also important in automotive industry. The automobile companies should use back-end system. For example, when one requires using the vehicle, one should be automatically directed by the map which is directly connected to the firm to give the information whether the driver is doing anything malicious or not.

Effective date

Data breaching at the workstation normally occurs during the time where the company is at the midpoint of its manufacturing process. At this point, the hackers believe that all the necessary materials are in order and thus it is most likely for them to acquire the information they need.

Approval

The debate concerns the owner of the data which involves automobile has been intense for a period of time. However, at the workstation the data solely belongs to the manufacturer. On the other hand, upon selling the vehicle, the data ought to be owned by the owner of the vehicle. Due to the cybercrime, the data has remained with the manufacturer since they are perceived as being accountable for protection of the data in the public eye. This was approved in1997.

Associated resources

Creation of wireless vehicles connected to internet and Bluetooth has increased the danger of cybercrime in automobile industry. As a result, different companies dealing with the business have formed an association called automobile industry ISAC. The association is projected in sharing information concerning the cyber threats. Additionally, the association hints on the need to hire professionals to deal with internet related challenges.

LAN domain (Local Area Network) – Mallikarjun Reddy Ramasani

Modern cars are referred as computers on the wheels due to the censors in which the manufacturers installed with an aim of measuring the fuel, built in navigation and for braking purposes. However, due to high level of hacking, a number of automobiles have merged to serve from one database in order to reduce security threat resulting from hacking.

Purposes

The digital system installed in the automobiles face the challenge of being hacked and thus there was a need for different companies to try and come up with sub-network which help to ease the problem in which hacking could may subject the industry to face. Compromised vehicles prevent a number of issues. For instance, they put people at very serious risks. It is important to outline that these vehicles hold personal and confidential information. Smart vehicle have the ability to relay information concerning the routes and the driving patterns in which one is taking as well as the geo-location logs and the corporate data of the firm. Since the cars are increasingly becoming autonomous, there reliability on the code and connectivity increases and thus their potentiality to more vulnerability is increased. In response to hacking, the need for automobile companies to merge under one database while sharing same the same local area network (LAN).

Background

Nowadays, many smart cars are manufactured with electronic control units which are connected with wires and sensors. Besides, they are also installed with Bluetooth and wireless systems allowing them to be connected to internet. Smart cars have Lidar (light detection and ranging), GPS, rad sensors, video cameras and ultrasonic sensors. The aforementioned gadgets communicate with its computer. In spite of bringing a cool and serenity in the world of automobile industry, the gadgets pose the greatest danger not only to the user but also to the manufacturer.in other words, one may outline that the cars are currently cyber physical systems thus proving on the increased cases of cybercrime in automobile industry (Chapa, 2017). For instance, in 2016, the hackers used mobile app and a web browser to show how the Nissan Leaf can be hacked anytime and anywhere in the world. Nonetheless, in 2015, two cybercrime researchers verified a remote attack by using Jeep Cherokee. The experiment involved sending the vehicle off road thus making the FBI to issue warning concerning issues dealing with hacking of vehicles.

In spite of the warning shot by the FBI, the hackers were able to exploit the vulnerability of BMW’s connected drive technology. The group demonstrated the manner in which they can open the vehicle. Nonetheless, in 2016, the hackers were able to unlock Volkswagens remotely. As a result of the aforementioned hacking cases, several countries are beginning to embrace upon telecommunication policies which may be used in curbing cybercrime. For example, in 2016, United States of America transportation department introduced cyber security best practices to be used by modern vehicles. They encouraged different companies dealing with automobile industry to follow National institute of standards and technological cyber security framework. This company is mandated to identifying, protecting, detecting, responding, and recovering of the vehicle encountering cybercrime issues. Moreover, United Kingdom as also helped in curbing hacking through promoting of cars at board level. Additionally, it has also provided a framework in which it guides the manufacturers on the need to consider firm ware and the security of car software. Besides, the European Union Agency for Network and Information Security provides a list of methods of evading hacking through the publication; Cyber security and Resilience of Smart Cars.

Standard process

Data protection in automobile industry requires by use of LAN is not that much since it only covers a short distance. Most of industries are located a bit at a range and thus its workload is only converged to a short distance. LAN employs the use of coaxial cable. This cable is shielded twisted pair and applies the use of Cat3 cable which is similar to the one which is used in mobile phones. Cat3 cable is leads to the development of 10Base-T and their successors. LAN application has necessitated safeguarding of the property of both the individual and the firm manufacturing the vehicle. For instance, the parties involve should basically outline on when to power on their systems in order to allow a close monitor from the database. For instance, the network topology provides interconnections which allows data protection situations in which the company or an individual is facing as well as detecting on the threats which main course havoc to the company. A simple LAN is made up of cables which have two or even a single switch thus ensuring that the internet or data in the connected automobile industries is controlled at one given. This helps greatly in ensuring that there are load balancers, firewall and network intrusion detection (Chapa, 2017). This will help in handing down those who try to temper the information of a firm through hacking. For example, one should safeguard the private information of the vehicle in order to avoid hackers from accessing important information contained in the vehicle.

Additionally, LAN applies the use of spanning tree protocol standards in its transmissions. This LAN uses a switch protocol called juniper networks to provide compatibility among the different automobile industries sharing the domain. This protocol is supported bt MX and EX series which are the components of juniper networks.

Roles and responsibilities

LAN network is task with a number of responsibilities. One of the responsibilities is installation of the LAN network components in an organization. Most companies which are located in the same geographical locations prefer the use of LAN and thus in most cases they call upon the expert whom he does the workmanship of installing LAN in their local area. Additionally, LAN does the tracking and renewing of the licenses for the software and the equipment. Due to massive hacking in the world, LAN ensures the security of its components by constantly tracking them. Moreover, LAN network administrator is task with the responsibility of monitoring LAN performance. LAN uses internet and in most cases internet experiences network challenges as a result interfering with the functionalism of LAN. Nonetheless, LAN is mandated to through their administrator to upgrade network hardware. The technology is first evolving and thus there is need for network to align their productivity to the demands in technology. Therefore, the LAN administrator helps in upgrading LAN hardware from time to time. Moreover the LAN administrator also helps in creating network redundancy and backup. Sometimes the network used becomes redundant and thus the administrator is task with backing up the network while dealing with the redundant one at the same time. Apart from that, the administrator ensures that there id continuity in the LAN in case the firm experiences network failure. This will ensure that the data of the firm is safeguarded since poor network leads to vulnerability of data.

Effective date

The LAN technologies were developed in 1970s and its experimental part was done in 1974. The product was developed by Data Point Corporation. The main reason for its creation was to share storage with the printers since the two of them were expensive at that particular time unlike today. Initially, each vendor was given their own cables.

Information and assistance

When smart cars were first developed, people were delighted without prior considerations to the dangers awaiting them caused by hackers. The challenge is already being felt and thus there is need to obtain information and call for instance concerning the help of LAN to aid in curbing hacking. One of the information in which one ought to have is LAN Administrator to give outlines on how to deal with cybercrime in automobile industry. Dealing with cybercrime is a highly fragmented challenge which needs a better understanding by the consumers in order to help the organization deal with the problem. The information will enable them to move forward while trying to understand better on the threat caused by cybercrime. The guidelines on how to apply LAN protection device should stipulate on the customer trust concerns from the cyber breaches. Most consumers are not aware of the backlash in which cybercrime has caused and thus most of them may end up engaging in the act without knowing. Therefore, the rules and regulations should bring about guidelines through which one may learn about the issue of cybercrime and also to get information concerning the policies.

Approval

LAN was approved in the early 1970s after it had undergone through a series of tests concerning how it can help in curbing cybercrime. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) body dealing with cybercrime confirmed that LAN can be effectively utilized to protect data of firms dealing with automobile industry at a close range. The rules and regulations were enforced with an aim of helping the consumers and manufacturers to adhere to the use of LAN so as to reduce cases of theft as a whole.

Associated resources

Automotive and telecom industries mainly in the European region merged together with an aim of improving security of their products in order to obtain customer trust. They established that the data transmission in vehicles as well as data required takes place in a safe way. This has created industry led initiative thus prompting dialogue to speed up the operations.

Remote Access domain – Farhan Syed

Purposes

The purpose of generating remote access domain was to help in connecting users to private networks. It utilizes the use of VPN whose roles and responsibilities were highlighting with the aim of creating of the policies in which the automobile industry has to be subjected to in order for its products to be protected privately in case of an occurrence of cybercrimes involving their vehicles or data of their company or their clients. It basically uses telecommunication or internet in towards the achievement of the goals of the firm whose mandate is to be safeguarded from cybercrime. Additionally, the purpose of RAD was mandated to ensure that the controls are put in place so as to bring about harmonious working environment with and outside the industry. For example, it ensured that the IT auditor puts measures concerning how the automobile industry utilizes the use of computers and laptops of the firm.

Background

Different automobile have been experiencing a major setback due to frequently being exposed to data breach in their companies. In overall, it is estimated that 143 million people in the world are exposed due to automobile data breaches. Once cybercrimes have occurred, the firm uses a lot of money trying to sort out the problem. The background to the development of VPN which is the main organ of remote access domain was in reference to the data breach which was established on private documents of industries as a result of too much occurrence with blame directed to different departments managing various sections in the firm. For instance, different bodies wanted to align security provision of VPN to their private documents so as to ensure maximum security is achieved.

Standard process

Cybercrime is a threat and thus it requires standard process so as to enhance its effectiveness in the organization. One of the processes involves building a healthy security culture in the automobile company. The company ought to invest heavily to the security culture of the firm since it requires a lot of care and feeding. A sustainable security will automatically transform the firm since it is viewed as being deliberate and disruptive in nature. Therefore, it must foster change and disruptive to the company. Secondly, the firm should instill the concept that security belongs to the entire workforce unlike the common notion in different organizations that security should be handled only by the security personnel in the industry. For example, the security should be embraced from the company’s supervisory body to the lobby ambassadors. The entire workforce should have in mind that they security of their company should be a collective effort. Notably, the firm should include security as part of the mission and vision of the firm in order to bring about accountability at large. Thirdly, the firm should focus on the awareness and beyond as far as security of the firm’s data is concerned. The firm should use professionals in security field to impart some knowledge to its employees concerning the importance of collective security role in the corporation. Moreover, one should foster knowledge to the employees on why it is necessary for them to be accountable on the security matters affecting the firm. Fourthly, the firm should reward those who do the right think in securing the firm. This will helping in boosting the morale of the workers and thus many of them will develop the willingness to ensure a secure data and so forth in the corporation. Lastly, the company should build security community in the industry. This will help in bringing the entire workforce in helping solve cybercrime affecting the running of the endeavor.

Roles and responsibilities

The cybercrime industry gives one endless thought especially the top management board in the company. The data breaches are mainly expected to be accounted for by the business managers and CEOs, Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) Data Security Operations Personnel (DSOP). The business managers and CEOs are the leading organ in the firm. This body is expected to approve the budget which can be used in providing IT security policies in the company and big data encryption which is expected to help in safeguarding the business. According to the research, it is estimate that 29% of IT officials believe that CEOs decisions account for the breach of the data of a firm. For instance, the ICT specialist argues that CEOs should have an idea concerning the policies which involves data breaches in the company. For instance, it is evident that a number of CEOs were forced to resign as a result of occurrence of cybercrimes in their companies (Chang, Liao & Wu, 2017). Nonetheless, Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) are also accountable in case of breach in company’s data. According to survey, 21% of IT personnel hold that CISO should be held liable when the company experiences hacking in their systems. This is because they are expected to ensure that the security is competent enough in order to give information which might be necessary to give clue to the security state of the company. In addition, the CISO should at all times ensure that the maintenance and monitoring of the systems is done on a regular basis so as to create room to scrutinize if there is a challenge and thus bring about an immediate solution before the threat goes out of hand. Apart from CEOs and CISOs, data breach of the company lies squarely on the responsibility of Data Security Operations Personnel (DSOP). This body manages IT department and thus their daily operations in the sector may lead to breach in data of the firm. According to scholars, data breaches are mainly human errors. Therefore, DSOP should always be very careful when dealing with the IT of the company.

Effective date

Cybercrime occurs anytime and thus roles and responsibilities intended to curtail its actions should be all the time. That is, the security of data of the company should be safeguarded 24 hours irrespective of the person taking the responsibility as long as one has the mandate of working in the firm. This is because people who are engaging in the exercise are prone to act at any given opportunity.

Information and assistance

For an organization to effectively deal with cybercrime, the flow of the information in various departments notably dealing directly with the security of the firm must be well channeled. Nevertheless, in the process, those who understand the security issues better in the company should share the information with the rest of the workers in an overt manner. For instance, The Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT), the legal experts and the public relations or communication experts should help in conveying information concerning the data breaching to the stakeholders of the company (Thandeeswaran, Pawar, & Rai, 2017). The CSIRT unit comprises of technical experts of Incident Response Plan (IRP) in the corporation. They help in detecting, containing and eradicating of cyber incidents. Moreover, they help in restoring of the affected IT systems. On the other hand, the legal experts play the role of endorsing critical roles in the course of IRP especially in drafting policies, plans and the procedures concerning security issues of the company. On the other hand, the public relation or communication experts are mandated to handle the media part of the company. For example, in the case of occurrence of an incident, this group will be task with the responsibility of updating the press concerning the hacking which took place.

Approval

The company’s board of directors is mandated to approve the roles and responsibilities in which different organs in an organization should account in cybercrime curbing activities. For example, they approve IT strategic plan on information security program. The domain was approved in 2001.

Associated resources

Despite that different organizations are critically trying to solve problems by working on maintaining roles and responsibilities in which they are entitled, the forensic accountants are typically leading to more harm in cybercrime. Most of them are decrypting information concerning different companies with an aim of reestablishing trends in cybercrime.

WAN domain – Praveen Polati

Firms should come up with the most effective method of handling cybercrime and implement it so as to act as a direction through which different organizations will dwell upon as a solution to hacking.

Purpose

The purpose of developing WAN domain was to help in protecting data of companies over a wider area on issues associated with Information Technology infrastructure. These will be facilitating on application of the best practices which can be used in creating and maintain Information technology in different companies. Moreover, one may obtain and present information concerning different element of security infrastructure and propose on the best which the company can apply in order to curb cybercrimes.

Background

It was built in early 1970s by using of technology called x.25. Initially, it was created to support on the services of teller machines. However, the rising concerns on the data privacy and security in the public domain caused by hacking led to the diversification of its roles. Unfortunately, the laws which had been passed to govern the needs of the consumers are not effective at all. According to experts, the laws made take long time to be implemented and upon its implementation, they become quite confusing to the users (Wedeniwski & Perun, 2017). However, in spite of the challenges portrayed by the law, different companies notably automobile are doing whatever they can with the sole aim of protecting their data from theft in the hands of the hackers. Therefore, the companies have to struggle in order to ensure that their clients as well as their own companies are protected from data leakage, misuse of information and breaches. In order to achieve the aforesaid, the company needs to understand the differences between data security and data privacy in the automobile industry. Data privacy involves the proper use of data by the different parties involved. On the other hand, data security expresses the confidentiality integrity and availability of data in the industry.

Standard process

WAN was developed through the frame relay technology protocol. It is less expensive while covering a wide range has it offers security foundation through which successful cyber security program can safeguard one information. A well outlined Quality of Service (QoS) infrastructure defines principles and provides guidelines to those who are concerned with security of documents of a firm. For instance, WAN has baselines; standards and procedures that play an important role in ensuring in the implementation of the most significant infrastructure used in safeguarding of the interests of the firm. For instance, the standards serve as the specifications through which the implementation of the policies and the mandatory requirements is achieved (Muthusamy, 2018). It states the users should have distinct ID and passwords conforming to company’s standard password. Therefore, it is instructed that the users should not share the given password and if the password is suspected as being tempered, one should report the incident immediately. The baselines are aggregate such as platforms for example windows OS. Primarily, a baseline is used for uniformity purposes in the firm. For example, an automobile company such as General Motors uses similar windows to enforce security requirements technically. On the other hand, Guidelines are used as the teaching tool in the company. It helps the employees to conform to the standards expected of them by the company. The procedures stimulate the procedures in which the employees and other direct stakeholders of the company should adhere. The procedures should be simple steps, hieratical, graphic and they should flow.

Roles and responsibilities

Different parties involved with the protection of data of a company should develop a security policy which will enhance the security of the data of the company. For instance, a security policy should ensure the accountability of data security in the firm. The stakeholders in an organization should be aware of what they are expected of them as far as matters to do with data protection is concerned. It is important to outline that the different types of data should be put separately in order to ensure that the employees and other interested partners within the irm understands and differentiate them accordingly. The data infrastructure should be constructed based on confidential data, general data, data meant to be distributed internally and data meant to be sent elsewhere away from the firm. Additionally, policies which govern network services should also be put into consideration. According to this area, the policy should outline on the manner in which the firm should undertake issues such has remote access and the configurations in their systems (Ni & Huang, 2018). The security of the routers and the switches should also be observed. In this part, the company should be sensitive since one may detect network intrusion and thus form the basing through which such took place. Apart from that, scanning of the vulnerabilities should also be scrutinized. It is necessary for the firm to establish vulnerable IT infrastructure before the hackers could get access to it and thus avoiding loss of company’s data. Hackers are characterized of having a routine of scan exposures when they are discovered and thus there is need for the firm to have a regular check on their own networks. Nevertheless, managing patches should also help in implementing a code which can be used in eliminating weaknesses posed by the company and thus help in protecting the data of the firm from threats. Security policy should outline on the manner and time through which they will implement patches in the firm. Besides, the firm should account monitoring and control of its systems. This will help in ascertain of those who are accessing the important components of the security policy.

Effective date

Implementations of WAN for use in combating cybercrime were in 2000. During this year, the challenges experienced due to rising in hacking was massive and thus people wanted a technological gadget in which they can use in safeguarding their data no matter where they might be located in the world. As a result, it led to the reborn of WAN. Nevertheless, LAN had a disadvantage of covering only a short range and thus there was need for a better and more sophisticated cybercrime gadget.

Information and assistance

Information protocol (IP) outlines on the execution of both the internal and external IP of the company. It helps in addressing issues such as blocks, assigning of the VLANs and also in managing subnets. On the other hand, Domain Name Services (DNS) involves the infrastructure and the administration of the domain entries for example the alia, MX and the PTR records. This part as well outlines on the delegation of the DNS administrations which facilitates development of infrastructure of information technology n the company. IP helps in protection of data which is part of the most sensitive information of the company. The firm should ensure there is authority and access control policy in the industry (Fremeth, Holburn & Richter, 2016). This will help in ensuring that the junior staff does not share the information at their disposal unless they are authorized as prescribed by WAN administrator. As a result, the firm might be able to achieve its mandate of ensuring its data is safe guarded. The policy should reaffirm on the consequences in which one is bound to face in case one shares the information with the authority by the company. The data should be classified in such a way that high risk data is separated from confidential as well as the class public data. This will help in reducing the risk in the event the system is hacked.

Approval

WAN was introduced in early 1990s; however, many people were not that interest since hacking at that time had not started. However, in the early 2000, there was rise in group of people tampering information concerning the private data of the firm. As a need arises for the safeguarding of the company’s data, WAN was approved to serve as a method through which firms can monitor their data wherever they are in the world.

Associated resources

In spite of coming up with the most desired WAN as part of IT infrastructure for usage in companies for security purpose, the firm needs to keep on researching and using other IT infrastructure offered by various firms dealing with cybercrime challenges. For example, the company may utilize the use of company such as Capgemini which has been offering protection from hacking to several companies over a period of time. Such companies are owned by experts in IT and thus their services are ranked among the most desirable one in information technology.

Conclusion

Cybercrime is a growing challenge all over the world. Therefore, it is crucial for firms to carry out an extensive research through which a series of experts may be involved to help in coming up with the most effective mechanism of dealing with hacking.

Reference list

Chapa, L. (January 01, 2017). Driving a security transition: Jaguar Land Rover North America's security approach had lost its way, requiring a physical security upgrade and a cultural shift to steer the company in the right direction. Security Management (arlington, Va.).

Thandeeswaran, R., Pawar, R., & Rai, M. (January 01, 2017). Security Threats in Autonomous Vehicles.

Wedeniwski, S., & Perun, S. (January 01, 2017). Challenges Ahead in ‘My Cognitive autoMOBILE Life’.

Chang, W.-J., Liao, S.-H., & Wu, T.-T. (August 01, 2017). Relationships among organizational culture, knowledge sharing, and innovation capability: a case of the automobile industry in Taiwan. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 15, 3, 471-490.

Zheng, M., & Ming, X. (October 05, 2017). Construction of cyber-physical system–integrated smart manufacturing workshops: A case study in automobile industry. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 9, 10.)

Muthusamy, S. (January 01, 2018). Application of Big Data Technologies for Quantifying the Key Factors Impacting Passenger Journey in a Multi-Modal Transportation Environment.

Ni, J., & Huang, X. (April 01, 2018). Discovery-to-Recall in the Automotive Industry: A Problem-Solving Perspective on Investigation of Quality Failures. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 54, 2, 71-95.

Fremeth, A. R., Holburn, G. L. F., & Richter, B. K. (April 01, 2016). Bridging Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Organizational Research: Applications of Synthetic Control Methodology in the U.S. Automobile Industry. Organizatio