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DR AF

D A M M A M C P I P R O F I L E 2016

C O N T E N T S

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CONTENTS 02

LIST OF TABLES 03

LIST OF FIGURES 03

ABBREVIATIONS 03

INTRODUCTION 04

OVERVIEW OF THE CITY 05

Historical Background 05

Geography and Location 05

Demographic Background 05

Socio-Economic Background 06

Trend of Urban Growth and Existing Spatial Plans 06

The Overall City Prosperity Index for Dammam 08

THE CITY PROSPERITY INDEX (CPI) ASSESSMENT 08

Analysis of the Productivity Index (PI) 09

Analysis of the Infrastructure Development Index (IDI) 10

Analysis of the Quality of Life Index (QoLI) 12

Analysis of Equity and Social Inclusion Index (ESII) 13

Analysis of the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) 14

Analysis of Governance and Legislation Index (GLI) 15

SWOT Analysis based on City Prosperity Index 16

LOCAL URBAN OBSERVATORIES 17

About Urban Observatories 17

Local Urban Observatory 17

Performance of Dammam Local Urban Observatory 17

REFERENCES 18

D A M M A M C P I P R O F I L E 2016

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ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

KSA Kingdom of Saudi Arabia CPI City Prosperity Index LUO Local Urban Observatories SWOT Analysis Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Analysis UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme MOMRA Ministry of Municipality and Rural Affairs FSCP Future Saudi Cities Programme GIS Geographic Information System GUO Global Urban Observatory NUO National Urban Observatory MDGs Millennium Development Goals PI Productivity Index IDI Infrastructure Development Index QoLI Quality of Life Index ESII Equity and Social Inclusion Index ESI Environmental Sustainability Index GLI Governance and Legislation Index

Table 1: Scale of Urban Prosperity 09 Table 2: Productivity Index (60.2%) 12 Table 3: Infrastructure Development Index (64.4%) 14 Table 4: Quality of Life Index (68.7%) 15 Table 5: Equity and Social Inclusion Index (84.9%) 16 Table 6: Environmental Sustainability Index (32.0%) 17 Table 7: CPI based SWOT Analysis 19

Figure 1: Population Pyramid for Riyadh 08 Figure 2: Land use and Urban Growth Limit 09 Figure 2: Scale of Urban Prosperity 11 Figure 3: Productivity Indicators 13 Figure 4: Infrastructure Development Indicators 14 Figure 5: Quality of Life Indicators 16 Figure 6: Equity and Social Inclusion Indicators 17 Figure 7: Environmental Sustainability Indicators 18 Figure 8: Organization Chart of the Local Urban Observatory 22

L I S T S

D A M M A M C P I P R O F I L E 2016

INTRODUCTION

The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-

HABITAT) and Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs in the

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (MOMRA) jointly launched UN-

HABITAT Saudi Arabia Programme titled “ Future Saudi

Cities Programme (FSCP)”. The UN-HABITAT Office provides

technical support to the MOMRA and targets 17 key cities

in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The cities include Riyadh,

Makkah, Jeddah, Taif, Medina, Tabouk, Dammam, Qatif, Ihsa,

Abha, Najran, Jazan, Hail, Araar, AlBaha, Buraydah, and Sakaka,

to respond to national and local urban challenges.

UN- Habitat provides a new approach for measuring urban

prosperity: which is holistic, integrated and essential for the

promotion and monitoring of socio-economic development,

inclusion and progressive realization of the urban-related

human rights for all. This new approach redirects cities to

function towards a path of an urban future that is economically,

politically, socially and environmentally prosperous. The new

approach or monitoring framework, The Cities Prosperity

Index (CPI), is a multidimensional framework that integrates

six carefully selected dimensions and several indicators

that relate to factors and conditions necessary for a city to

thrive and prosper. The six dimensions include productivity,

infrastructure development, equity and social inclusion,

environmental sustainability, and urban governance. The

CPI uses the concept of The Wheel of Urban Prosperity and

the Scale of Urban Prosperity to enable stakeholders to assess

achievements in cities. The City Prosperity Index (CPI) not only

provide indices and measurements relevant to cities, but it is

also an assessment tool that enables city authorities as well

as local and national stakeholders, to identify opportunities

and potential areas of intervention for their cities to become

more prosperous.

Under the umbrella of FSCP, The UN-HABITAT and MOMRA

in cooperation with the city administration and the Local

Urban Observatory, have been working on developing urban

statistics and spatial information (Geographic Information

System) to provide relevant urban information that strongly

support decision-making process on urban development and

urban planning in the city.

This CPI Profile Report applies the CPI framework and provide

a summary of the basic information and urban statistics about

the City and gives an overview of the city’s achievements,

opportunities and potential areas that contribute to

its prosperity in areas such productivity, infrastructure

development, equity and social inclusion, environmental

sustainability and urban governance and legislation.

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Source: General Commission for Tourism & Antiquities

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Dammam area was the site of several hamlets that depended on

fishing and pearls for their survival. Over a span of a little more

than half a century, the area has developed into a thriving hub of

industries, commerce and science, and home to more 1.7 million

people. A complete transformation of Dammam occurred after

the discovery of oil in commercial quantity in 1938, it was in

Dammam that ARAMCO dug the famous Dammam No. 7 well

that proved beyond doubt that the Kingdom possessed a large

quantity of hydrocarbons.

The discovery of new oil fields to the south, west and north of

Dammam in the 1940s and 1950s, combined accounted for

a quarter of the world’s proven oil reserves, this triggered a

building and construction boom in the city. Within just few

decades, the little fishing settlement grew to become the

capital of the Eastern Province and worldwide oil shipping hub.

G E O G R A P H Y A N D L O C AT I O N .

The city is located in the eastern Saudi Arabia on the Arabian

Gulf just 32ft (10m) above sea level. It is about 400 km east of

the capital city Riyadh and about 1230Km east of Jeddah. It

has a hot and dry desert climate, with average low temperature

of about 20 0C and average high of around 34 0C. Rainfall

in Dammam is generally sparse, and usually occurs in small

amounts especially between December and April, the annual

average rainfall is about 86mm. The city has a geographical area

of about 800km2, the boundaries of Dammam metropolitan

area extend and covers two other cities Dhahran and Khobar.

D E M O G R A P H I C B A C K G R O U N D .

Dammam city is the fifth largest city in the Kingdom of Saudi

Arabia, the city population was 903,313 in 2010 and now

it’s estimated to approximately 1.7 million inhabitants. The

geographical land area of the city is about 562 km2 with a

population density of about 2000 inhabitants per square

kilometer.

The population of Dammam city alone is about 46% of the

population in the eastern region. The average house hold size

is 6.2 persons per household, same as the regional average but

higher than the national average which stands at 5.6 persons

per household. The chart below shows the trend of population

and the number of households in the city from 2010 to the

year 2025.

ା Figure 1: Trend of Population and Number of Households (estimates)

D A M M A M C P I P R O F I L E 2016

S O C I O - E C O N O M I C B A C K G R O U N D .

Dammam city, is the capital or the seat of administration

of Ash Sharqiyah Province, located to the far eastern side

of the Kingdom on the Arabian Gulf. The Eastern Province

of KSA is the heart of Saudi oil production and processing

industry. The Saudi ARAMCO runs the oil and gas sector as

a whole, from prospecting, exploring and extracting as well

as collecting, processing, refining, and finally distributing,

shipping and exporting . Consequently, the economy and

physical development of the city is mainly dependent on the

petroleum industry. A large proportion of population in the

entire metropolitan area works at Saudi Aramco and other

petroleum-related business activities. The average household

income in the city is very high estimated at about USD 4000

per month. The city also has a thriving manufacturing industry,

by the end of 2013 the eastern region has 1,492 productive

factories representing about 23.4% of the total number in the

Kingdom amounting to 6,364. The number of factory workers

in the Eastern Region is about 214,000 workers representing

around 25.8% of the total industrial manpower in the Kingdom.

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In the early 1980s Dammam was a separate city but so close to Al Khobar and Dhahran, after years of rapid urban expansions witnessed in all parts of the Kingdom, the three towns inevitably merged into one, creating a single municipality known as Dammam Metropolitan Area. Dammam city is part of Dammam Metropolitan Area (DMA) which is the largest urban agglomeration in Easter province and one of the largest in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Urban growth in DMA has been rapid, the population has increased from 0.365 million inhabitants in 1974 and today the city is home to about 1.7 million people and is expected to reach 3.62 million people by 2040 .

The rapid growth has led to the formation of an agglomerated

urban mass in DMA, most of this growth was unplanned and

happened beyond urban limits set by Dammam Urban Planning

Department. Due to limited alternative options for investment

by the ordinary citizens, investing in housing has become the

preferred option for many of them. Private sector companies

have followed the same trend and is investing heavily into the

housing sector. Urban sprawl is a major problem associated

with the rapid development of DMA. The contiguous spatial

expansion of DMA has been extensive, outpacing the growth

of population, resulting in sprawling, low density development.

In 2003, only 8,900 out of 25,618 ha of land within the urban

boundary accounting for 35% were developed, leaving 16,700

ha of vacant land. The three main factors that are promoting

this growth can be identified as: the rapid expansion of the

economy; the speculative real-estate market and the limited

capacity of Dammam Urban Planning Department (DUPD) in

devising and imposing urban regulations (Abou-Korin, 2011).

Source: General Commission for Tourism & Antiquities

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D A M M A M C P I P R O F I L E 2016

Prosperity is about successfully meeting today’s needs without

compromising tomorrow and working together for a smart,

competitive economy, in a socially inclusive society and a

healthy, vibrant environment for individuals, families, and

communities.

In order to measure the current and future progress of cities

on the road to prosperity, UN-Habitat introduced a monitoring

framework: The Cities Prosperity Index. This index, along

with a conceptual matrix, The Wheel of Urban Prosperity,

are intended to help decision-makers and partners to use

existing evidence and formulate clear policy interventions

for their cities.

The UN-Habitat’s Cities Prosperity Index (CPI) allows

authorities and local groups to identify opportunities and

potential areas for action or adjustments in order to make

their cities more prosperous.

The City Prosperity Index (CPI) is a multidimensional

measurement framework that integrates several

dimensions and indicators that are not only related but

have a direct and indirect influence on each other on the

path to prosperity. These components are embodied in

the following six dimensions: Productivity, Infrastructure

Development, Quality of life, Equity and social inclusion,

Environmental sustainability, and Governance and legislation.

Since the indicators of prosperity are measured in different

units, the CPI computation starts with the standardization/

normalization of the indicators into values ranging between

0 and 1 ; the standardized values are aggregated stepwise to

create the single value called the City Prosperity Index.

The chart shows the six-point scale of urban prosperity. This

section applies the CPI framework, the concept of the Wheel

of Urban Prosperity and the Scale of Urban Prosperity to

conduct an assessment of the level of prosperity in the city.

The assessment provides an indication of the strengths or

weaknesses in the factors of prosperity (using the scale of

urban prosperity); it also provides an indication of the level

of achievement towards the set prosperity goals called

benchmarks (through the CPI scores); and highlights whether

there are disparities between and within the six dimensions

of prosperity (Wheel of Urban Prosperity-stressing balance).

An in-depth analysis of the findings will help to identify which

particular indicators and sub-dimensions contribute to high

or low values in each of the dimensions and the CPI scores.

T H E O V E R A L L C I T Y P R O S P E R I T Y I N D E X F O R D A M M A M

The city of Dammam has an overall prosperity index score of

53.5%, according to the above global scale of urban prosperity

the city is rated as having moderately weak prosperity.

Prosperity of cities require a good balance of all the indicators

of prosperity, it discourages a combination of indicators where

some are too low and others very high. This low rating of the

city is an indication that in as much as Dammam may be known

to have strong economic foundation, the city has more weak

dimensions that strong one.

This can be seen in the chart below where only two dimension

(equity and social inclusion as well as quality of life) can be

T H E C I T Y P R O S P E R I T Y I N D E X ( C P I ) A S S E S S M E N T

ା Figure 3: Scale of Urban Prosperity

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rated as moderately strong. However, the city seems to be

closer to achieving some balance than many other cities in

the kingdom; the advantage of having a balanced city is that,

despite low level of prosperity the citizens do not surfer

extreme deprivations. This is why it is advisable that in the

attempt to increase prosperity, strong factors can be held

constant while improving extremely low factors to acceptable

levels. Analysis in the next sections will dissect all the six

dimensions of prosperity and identify areas of strengths and

weaknesses for appropriate interventions.

Sub-Dimension Indicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Economic Growth (90.5%)

City Product per Capita 25,969.07 USD (PPP)/

Inhab 71.5% Strong

Mean Household Income 49,168.00 USD(PPP) 100.0% V. Strong

Old Age Dependency Ratio 2.88 % 100.0% V. Strong

Employment (72.2%)

Employment to Population Ratio

54.91 % 54.9% M. Weak

Informal Employment 1.46 % 100.0% V. Strong

Unemployment Rate 5.01 % 61.8% M. Strong

Economic Agglomeration

(9.4%) Economic Density 80,232,270

USD (PPP)/ km2

9.4% V. Weak

ା Table 1: Productivity Index (57.4%)

A N A LY S I S O F T H E P R O D U C T I V I T Y I N D E X ( P I )

The productivity dimension measures how cities contribute

to economic growth and development, generate income,

employment and equal opportunities and how it provides

adequate living standards for its entire population. The city

has an overall productivity index of 57.4%, this means the

city is moderately weak in the prosperity scale. It also mean

that despite having very strong economic and employment

indicators, it has some weak areas which needs to be addressed

to make its productivity structure balanced.

Some of it very strong areas include economic growth

indicators (90.5%) and employment indicators with 72.2%.

The main source of weakness is its spatial distribution of

productivity which is extremely low below 10%. The low

spatial distribution of productivity can be associated with

the widespread urban sprawl in the city, urban sprawl has the

effect of draining the economy of a city. More specifically, the

good economic fundamentals in the city can be associated

with high city GDP, high mean household income and low old

age dependency ratio.

The employment situation in the city is as well generally good

but employment to population ratio is low or moderately

weak with 54.9%.

ା Figure 4: The City Prosperity Index Dimensions

D A M M A M C P I P R O F I L E 2016

The chart below clearly shows the disparities among the

indicators of productivity. It clearly indicates that to bring

balance in the productivity of the city, the focus should be on

increasing the population to employment ration and economic

density.

A N A LY S I S O F T H E I N F R A S T R U C T U R E D E V E L O P M E N T I N D E X ( I D I )

The infrastructure dimension measures how cities uses

available resources to deploy a functional and efficient

infrastructure. Physical assets and services such as piped clean

water, sanitation, electricity, road network, ICT are essential

in supporting the city population, economy, and ensure better

quality of life. The city has infrastructure development index

of 59.3%, therefore according to the global prosperity scale

it is rated as moderately weak.

Notwithstanding the general weakness, the city’s IDI has higher

number of strong sub dimensions than weak ones; the strong

sub dimensions include the housing infrastructure (86%), ICT

infrastructure (73%) and street connectivity infrastructures

(73%).

All the indicators under housing infrastructure are very strong

except low population density which may also be associated

with urban sprawl in the city. Social infrastructure indicators

are also very weak; the city has negligible number of public

libraries compared to its large population. The city has good ICT

infrastructure including very high access to the internet (98%)

and ownership of home computers (93%), however, internet

ା Figure 5: Productivity Indicators

speeds are still very low making internet usage costly to the

public. The main problem the city is facing regarding urban

mobility is lack of mass public transport system and low usage

of the available public transport system. Street connectivity in

the city is good but land allocated to streets is still low.

Source: General Commission for Tourism & Antiquities

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Sub-Dimension Indicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Housing Infrastructure (85.5%)

Access to Electricity 99.05 % 99.0% V. Strong

Access to Improved Sanitation 97.75 % 97.4% V. Strong

Access to Improved Water 98.00 % 96.0% V. Strong

Access to Improved Shelter 99.20 % 100.0% V. Strong

Population Density 3,089.53 Inhab/Km2 20.6% V. Weak

Sufficient Living Area 86.00 % 100.0% V. Strong

Social Infrastructure (22.1%)

Number of Public Libraries 0.06 #/100,000 inhab. 0.0% V. Weak

Physician Density 1.65 #/1,000 inhab. 44.2% Weak

ICT (73.2%)

Average Broadband Speed 4.00 Mbps 28.9% V. Weak

Home Computer Access 92.50 % 92.5% V. Strong

Internet Access 98.10 % 98.1% V. Strong

Urban Mobility (42.4%)

Average Daily Travel Time 22.15 minutes 100.0% V. Strong

Affordability of Transport %

Length of Mass Transport Network 0.00 Km/1M Inhab. 0.0% V. Weak

Road Safety (traffic fatalities) 10.19 #/100,000 inhab. 69.4% M. Strong

Use of Public Transport 6.10 % 0.3% V. Weak

Street Connectivity (73.4%)

Intersection Density 93.44 #/km2 93.4% V. Strong

Land Allocated to Streets 23.97 % 59.9% M. Weak

Street Density 13.38 Km/KM2 66.9% M. Strong

ା Table 2: Infrastructure Development Index (59.3%)

The bar chart below shows the level of disparity between the

indicators of the infrastructure development. It displays the

weak indicators which need to be improved while holding the

strong factors constant, to enable the city to attain higher levels

of prosperity. Some of the indicators which need urgent attention

include the following indicators, population densities, the number

of public libraries, physician density in the health sector, internet

speed, mass transport system, affordability of public transport,

use of public transport and land allocated to streets.

ା Figure 6: Infrastructure Development Indicators

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A N A LY S I S O F T H E Q U A L I T Y O F L I F E I N D E X ( Q O L I )

The quality of life dimension measures the cities achievements in the provision of important amenities such as social services, education, health, recreation, safety and security required for high standard of living and enabling the citizens to maximize their individual potential and to lead long fulfilling lives. In general the quality of life in Dammam is rated as moderately high with cpi score of 62.3%; the high quality of life in the city can be attributed to the good healthcare system with 79.4% and very good safety and security with 92.7%. The city is doing well in the health care provision and this has led to high life

expectancy, reduced under five mortality rates as well as very high vaccination coverage. Safety and security in the city is exceptionally good and this is attributed to the efforts made to keep homicide at negligible level and very low number of theft cases in the city.

The city however, has weak areas such education provision (53.8%) and provision of public spaces in the city (23.2%). The weaknesses observed in the provision of education services are attributed to poor enrolment in early childhood education and low net enrolment in higher education; the other area that is reducing the quality of life in the city is lack of public spaces, public spaces are both scarce and inaccessible by the public.

Sub-Dimension Indicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Health (79.4%)

Life Expectancy at Birth 73.80 years 71.9% Strong

Eradicate Maternal Mortality - #/100,000 live births

- -

Eradicate Under-5 Mortality 9.40 #/1000 live births 67.1% M. Strong

Vaccination Coverage 99.18 % 99.2% V. Strong

Education (53.8%)

Early Childhood Education 10.97 % 11.0% V. Weak

Net Enrolment in Higher Education

58.95 % 59.0% Weak

Literacy Rate 92.70 % 91.5% V. Strong

Mean Years of Schooling - % - -

Safety and Security (92.7%)

Homicide Rate 0.29 #/100,000 inhab. 100.0% V. Strong

Theft Rate 105.51 #/100,000 inhab. 85.4% V. Strong

Public Space (23.2%) Green Area per Capita 5.00 m2 / inhabitant 33.3% V. Weak

Accessibility to Open Public Space 12.98 % 13.0% V. Weak

ା Table 3: Quality of Life Index (62.3%)

ା Figure 7: Quality of Life Indicators.

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The level of imbalance in development can be seen from the

heights of the bars in the chart above it is clear that there

are disparities between the indicators of quality of life. The

city has both weak and strong indicators in equal number, to

improve the quality of life the city, a decrease in the level of

disparities is require.

This will mean addressing the issue of under 5 mortality

rate, early childhood education, increase net enrolment in

higher education, increase green area per capita and ensure

accessibility to the public spaces.

A N A LY S I S O F E Q U I T Y A N D S O C I A L I N C L U S I O N I N D E X ( E S I I )

Cities which are socially inclusive and economically equitable

are more likely to be more productive and have higher living

standard and quality of life. The equity and social inclusion

dimension measure how a city distributes the benefits of

prosperity among its inhabitants.

No matter how high the productivity or average income

or good infrastructure a city has, no city can claim to be

prosperous when a segments of its inhabitants live in poverty

and deprivation.

The city of Dammam is fairly an inclusive city with ESII score

of 62.6%, therefore it has moderately strong rating meaning

fairly equitable and inclusive.The main sources of strength are

Sub-Dimension Indicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Economic Inclusion (55.8%)

Poverty Rate 5.61 % 55.76 M. Weak

Social Inclusion (62.3%)

Slum Households 0.00 % 100.00 V. Strong

Youth Unemployment 35.60 % 24.50 V. Weak

Gender Inclusion (69.7%)

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment 0.95 0 - ∞ 94.72 V. Strong

Women in local government 44.03 % 88.06 V. Strong

Women in the workforce 13.11 % 26.22 V. Weak

ା Table 4: Equity and Social Inclusion Index (62.6%)

in gender inclusion and social inclusion with 69.7% and 62.3%.

Since the city has very high youth unemployment rate and

moderately high poverty rate, its economic inclusion rating

is weak. Unemployment rate among the youth and bringing

more women into the workforce are the biggest inclusion

challenges the city is facing.

Source: General Commission for Tourism & Antiquities

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The chart below shows some disparities within the sub

dimension under the equity and social inclusion dimension,

to achieve higher prosperity and improve the balance among

the indicators then poverty rate in the city should be reduced

further, youth unemployment rate should be reduced and

increase the number of women in the workforce.

ା Figure 8: Equity and Social Inclusion Indicators.

A N A LY S I S O F T H E E N V I R O N M E N TA L S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y I N D E X ( E S I )

Prosperous cities ensure that as they grow and develop

economically and economically the city’s environment is not

destroyed or degraded but remains healthy and liveable; the

city’s natural assets and resources are preserved for posterity

for the sake of sustainable urbanization. The findings in the

table below shows that the city generally performs poorly in

ensuring a balanced and sustainable environment; the city

has an ESI score of 45% which gives it a weak rating. Like all

other cities in Saudi, Dammam do not have renewable sources

of energy. The other challenge the city is facing is recycling of

solid waste, although waste collection is very well managed,

waste recycling need to be established and well managed to

avoid ending up with unsustainable environment.

Sub-Dimension Indicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Water and Energy (0.0%)

Share of renewable energy consumption

0.00 ug/ m3

0.0% V. Weak

Waste Management

(90.1%)

Solid Waste Collection 98.41 % 98.4% V. Strong

Solid waste recycling share %

Waste water treatment 81.70 % 81.7% M. Strong

ା Table 5: Environmental Sustainability Index (45.0%)

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ା Figure 9: Environmental Sustainability Indicators.

A N A LY S I S O F G O V E R N A N C E A N D L E G I S L AT I O N I N D E X ( G L I )

Prosperous cities are best able to combine sustainability and

shared prosperity through effective urban governance and

transformational leadership. They deploy appropriate and

effective policies, laws and regulations, and create adequate

institutional frameworks with strong local institutions and

sound institutional arrangements. Governance and legislation

in the city is still very weak, going by the findings shown in the

table below, with a GLI score of 21.0%, the city of Dammam

can be said to have very poor governance and legislation

arrangements. Although it has good municipal finance

management system especially in terms of few number of days

(7days) require to register and start a business (73%), however

the setting still do not allow proper public participation and

accountability (5.6%). Other areas which may need to be looked

into under the city’s financial management include efficiency

in own revenue collection and efficiency in local expenditure.

ା From the figure above its shown that share of renewable energy and waste recycling need to be addressed to ensure more sustainable environment.

Sub-Dimension Indicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Participation and Accountability

(5.6%) Voter turnout 5.60 % 5.6% V. Weak

Municipal Finance (36.5%)

Own revenue collection 17.00 % 0.0% V. Weak

Days to start business 7.00 Days 73.0% Strong

Local expenditure efficiency %

ା Table 6: Legislation and Governance Index (21.0%)

Good governance and legislation is vital for the success of

any city. Increasing space for more citizen participation in

electoral processes, access to information and strengthening

public institutions to have proper accountability, checks, and

balances can go a long way in making a city more and more

prosperous. All processes of governance and legislation need

financing, therefore, the city needs to put measures in place

to improve the management of municipal finance, especially

by increasing the level of own revenue collection and ensuring

higher expenditure efficiency and financial accountability.

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STRENGTH WEAKNESSES

1. Good economic growth fundamentals such as high economic productivity, high household income, low old age dependency ratio.

2. High literacy rate: the youth and women have untapped potential to contribute allot to economic growth. There is allot of unutilised skilled manpower (human capital) especially among women.

3. There is good safety and security and political stability which provide a conducive environment for growth and development.

4. There is good healthcare provision in the city: a healthy population is productive, happy and peaceful.

1. Low economic density- possibly due to urban sprawl leading to tracks of empty land: re-examine and establish need for increased densification of economic or commercial activities within the commercial, industrial and even residential areas in the city.

2. Use of public transport is very low and there is over dependence on private cars for transport even for short distances, not good for the environment and lack of physical activity is not good for health.

3. Low average bandwidth speed where there is high internet access and ownership of home computers results in discouraging internet usage.

4. Generally, housing infrastructure is good but there is a problem with access to sanitation facilities such as access to the sewerage system.

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

1. High green area per capita and low accessibility means there are allot of green area that can be made accessible to the public.

2. This is the time to begin implementing programmes to promote the use of public transport system before the completion of Metro Train System.

3. High street intersection density and street density which should encourage alternative means of transport such as walking and cycling especially early morning and evening.

4. High internet access and ownership of home computers is a good opportunity to increase bandwidth and encourage more usage.

5. High productivity, good economic fundamentals, good safety & security and political stability in the city provide conducive environment for attracting foreign investments.

1. High investment is required to meet the needs of rapidly growing population.

2. There are other factors affecting the already low usage of public transport such as cultural and extreme temperature, unless they are appropriately addressed they may affect the usage of the Metro Train system as a public transport system when it is completed.

ା Table 7: CPI Based SWOT Analysis

S W O T A N A LY S I S B A S E D O N C I T Y P R O S P E R I T Y I N D E X

This section attempts to further analyse and breakdown the findings of the CPI and use it to identify areas of Strength, Weaknesses

or challenges, Opportunities for growth and possible Threats that the city may have so that appropriate recommendations

and actions can be designed.

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ା Figure 10: Governance and Legislation Indicators.

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A B O U T U R B A N O B S E R VAT O R I E S

Urban Observatories is a global network with the following tiers: Global Urban Observatory (GUO) –Regional Urban Observatories (RUO) National Urban Observatories (NUO) Local Urban Observatories (LUO) (city level). NUOs are national platforms for policy information the country level, coordinated by GUO. LUOs are local platforms for policy information at city level, coordinated by National Urban Observatories.

The following are the main roles of Local Urban Observatories: Develop tools, collect and analyze their own urban indicators to monitor a range of local priority issues – e.g. social development, economic performance, service delivery; Establish permanent mechanisms for monitoring MDGs and Urban Development Indicators; Promote the use of urban data in planning and policy- making at local and national level and participate in addressing urban challenges resulting from urban development and population growth.; Disseminate information to strengthen transparency; Create a network of data management and flow from the sources and to the consumers; Help create or catalyse new partnerships between (National Statistical Office and local authority, Different municipal departments, Citizens and local authority); Establish strong links with local policy making processes.

According to a rapid survey conducted by UN-Habitat-KSA in June 2015 targeting 17 LUO/cities, it was found that only 15 LUOs exist. The findings showed that 88% of Local Urban Observatories are under Municipal Departments while 12% are under Authority Development. It also revealed that 71% of the Local Urban Observatories are Active while the operations of 23% are suspended due to staff/contractual arrangements. In terms of connections with the GIS departments, 59% of the LUOs have connections with the GIS department while 18% do not. The findings showed that 71% of the LUOs have GIS data while 6% do not have.

L O C A L U R B A N O B S E R VAT O R Y.

The Local Urban Observatory of Dammam was established in 2013 (2 years) as a department located within the municipality to be responsible for developing tools, collecting and analysing urban indicators at city level.

Dammam LUO has a total of 11 employees, of which 9 are Non-Saudi Consultants provided by a private consulting firm contracted to do technical management of the LUO, one is a Saudi consultant and the other is a government staff. The contract with the consulting firm has lasted 24 months now.

P E R F O R M A N C E O F D A M M A M L O C A L U R B A N O B S E R VAT O R Y

Dammam LUO has produced two rounds of indicators and now working on the third round of urban indicators, so far they have produced a total of 134 urban indicators. This puts Dammam LUO as the 5th best performing LUO after Makkah with 300 urban indicators, the other are Taif (221), Abha (140), and Skaka (137).

In addition to producing urban indicators, LUOs are also required to assist in the collection and production of CPI indicators, according to a rapid survey conducted by UN- Habitat-KSA in June 2015, Dammam had produced a total of 44 CPI indicators, by June 2016 it had produce 54 indicators out of possible 72 including demographic, this placed it at number 5 out of 17 cities with Abha leading with 60 indicators.

One survey has been conducted for producing the spatial indicators of the city of Mammam.

D A M M A M C P I P R O F I L E 2016

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