2 discussions and 1 case study and weekly Summary
Shrikaa
cyberwarfare_ppt08_l02.pdf
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Cyberwarfare: Information
Operations in a Connected World
Lesson 2
Cyberwarfare, Law, Ethics, and
Intelligence Operations
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Learning Objective(s)
▪ Explain the role of law and ethics in
cyberwarfare.
▪ Describe intelligence operations in
cyberwarfare.
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Key Concepts
▪ Kinetic warfare
▪ Laws and ethics in cyberwarfare
▪ Intelligence gathering processes, disciplines, and
techniques
▪ The types of support intelligence can provide to
offensive and defensive cyberwarfare
▪ How countries have gathered intelligence in a
connected world
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DISCOVER: CONCEPTS
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Kinetic and Nonkinetic Warfare
• Traditional type of military conflict
Kinetic warfare
• High-technology cyberwarfare
Nonkinetic warfare
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International Law and Kinetic
Warfare
▪ Categories of the laws of warfare
• Jus ad bellum, Latin for “the right to war”
• Jus in bello, Latin for “the law of war”
▪ Legal review and legality of actions
• Legal authority to determine what is/is not legal
according to international law resides with
international courts like International Court of
Justice (ICJ)
- Primary judicial branch of the United Nations
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Civilian, Military, and Shared Use
of Infrastructure
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Cyberwarfare Law
▪ Cyberwarfare in a kinetic warfare context
• Example: Stuxnet aimed at Iran’s uranium
enrichment facilities
▪ Kinetic warfare law in a cyber context
• Kinetic warfare crosses over into cyberwar when
combatants respond to or preempt cyberattacks
using traditional means of warfare
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Ethics and Cyberwarfare
▪ Ethical standards in existing international law
• Self-defense
• Proportionality
• Limitations on targets
▪ Common concepts in codes of ethics
• Appropriate use of skills and capabilities
• Professionalism
• Adherence to existing laws and standards
• Respect for privacy and confidentiality
• Integrity in actions and access to systems and
data
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DISCOVER: OBJECTIVES
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The Tallinn Manual
▪ An in-depth review and analysis that provides
nonbinding advice based on existing
international body of law around armed conflict
and related topics
▪ Is a response to:
• Focus on cyberattacks by nation-states and
nonstate actors
• The challenges those attacks provide when
nation-states attempt to determine if their
activities or those of their attackers are covered
by international law
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Tallinn Manual
Sovereignty, jurisdiction, and control
Responsibility
The use of force
Self-defense
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Identification of Mercenary Actors in
Warfare
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Determination of Use of Force By Nation-
State
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Tallinn Manual
Civilians and infrastructure
Espionage, treachery, and ruses
Neutrality
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Shared Use of Infrastructure in
the Cyberworld
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DISCOVER: CONTEXT
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Overview of Intelligence
Operations
▪ Intelligence: The collection, analysis, and
dissemination of information about the
capabilities, plans, intentions, and operations of
an adversary
▪ May take place at behest of nations or nonstate
actors seeking to gain an advantage over a
military, political, criminal, or business
adversary
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Overview of Intelligence
Operations (Cont.)
▪ Using repeatable, organized approach to
intelligence collection and analysis ensures that
nations can:
• Prioritize use of intelligence resources
• Gather information needed by decision makers
at policymaking, strategic, and tactical levels
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Intelligence Operations: Intelligence
Cycle
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Data Processing During Intelligence
Cycle
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DISCOVER: TECHNOLOGY
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Intelligence Disciplines
▪ Human intelligence (HUMINT)
▪ Signals intelligence (SIGINT)
▪ Open source intelligence (OSINT)
▪ Geospatial intelligence (GEOINT)
▪ Measurement and signature intelligence
(MASINT)
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Prioritization Chart for Ranking Potential
HUMINT Sources
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RC-135 Rivet Joint Aircraft Used for
SIGINT Collection Missions C
o u rte
s y o
f th e U
. S . A
ir F o rc
e
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U-2 Dragon Lady Aircraft Used for IMINT
Collection Missions C
o u rte
s y o
f th e A
irm a n 1
s t C
la s s B
o b b y C
u m
m in
g s /U
. S . A
ir F o rc
e
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Slide from Colin Powell’s Presentation to
United Nations Security Council C
o u rte
s y o
f th e W
h ite
H o u s e A
rc h iv
e s
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DISCOVER: UNDERSTANDING
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Supporting Offensive
Cyberwarfare
▪ Providing information about potential targets
▪ Collecting information about cyberwar
capabilities of third parties and using
information to “frame” a third party as the
source of an attack
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Supporting Defensive
Cyberwarfare
▪ Gathering information about adversaries
through intelligence
▪ May leverage HUMINT, SIGINT, and other
traditional methods
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Supporting Defensive
Cyberwarfare (Cont.)
▪ Intelligence operations attempt to answer:
• Who are potential adversaries?
• What are adversaries’ technical capabilities?
• What are cyberwarfare opponents’ plans and
intentions?
• What signs warn of impending attack?
• How will adversary make decisions about using
cyberwarfare techniques?
• How will adversary communicate orders to engage
in cyberwarfare?
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Case Studies: Media Reporting
on Intelligence Activities
▪ Echelon
▪ Telephone metadata
▪ Muscular
▪ Follow the Money
▪ Quantum
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Summary
▪ Kinetic warfare
▪ Laws and ethics in cyberwarfare
▪ Intelligence gathering processes, disciplines, and
techniques
▪ The types of support intelligence can provide to
offensive and defensive cyberwarfare
▪ How countries have gathered intelligence in a
connected world
