Topic: Written Report ( Model Development )

Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology

Swinburne University of Technology

CVE20002 – Multi-story Office Building Design –

Project Report

Computer Aided Engineering

Group 1 – Thursday (11.30am)

Ashain Perera (100039677)

Radeeka Perera (100034847)

Thilan Rathnayake (100037574)

Jamie Weerapah (100036704)

Member 1

Member 2

Member 3

Member 4

List of contents

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………...... 5

Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………………....... 5

List of figures………………………………………………………………………………..... 5

Chapter 1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………... 6

1.1 Aims and objectives of research……………………………………………………..... 6

1.2 Contributions of the research by each group member……………………………… 6-7

1.3 Chapter organisation……………………………………………….............................. 8

1.4 Summary……………………………………………………………………………… 8

Chapter 2 Literature review…………………………………………………………........ 9

2.1 Introduction………………………………………………........................................... 9

2.2 Urban Office building design……………………………………………………… 9-10

2.3 Literature review- building design techniques, building structures,

materials, BIM and Autodesk Revit applications in the industry ……………………….. 10 -16

2.4 Summary and key findings…………………………………………........................... 16

Chapter 3 Design and development…………………………………………………….. 17

3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………. 17

3.2 Design analysis & research arguments…………………………………………… 17-19

3.3 Concept evaluation………………………………………………….......................... 19

3.4 Final design……………………………………………………………………… 19-20

3.5 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………. 20

Chapter 4 Sustainability & Building Information analysis…………………………….. 21

4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………......................... 21

4.2 BIM concept and the utilization of Revit to acquire building

information………………………………………………………………………………. 21-22

4.3 Plinth (foundation) design and selection…………………………………………. 22-25

4.4 Costing and material selection…………………………………………………… 26-28

4.5 Energy analysis, key elements identification, improvements to save

energy and comparison reports. ………………………………………………………… 28-30

4.6 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………. 30

Chapter 5 Proof of Concept- Virtual and 3D prototyping………………………………. 31

5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………. 31

5.2 Virtual prototyping……………………………………………………………..... 31-32

5.3 3D prototyping…………………………………………………………………… 31-32

5.4 Conclusions……………………………………………………………..................... 32

Chapter 6 Summary…………………………………………………………………….. 33

5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………. 33

5.2 Discussions of results and Future scope of project………………………………...… 33

Reference list……………………………………………………………………………. 34- 37

Appendices

Appendix 1: Fully dimensioned drawings

Appendix 2: Rendered photo gallery

Appendix 3: Project costing documentation

Appendix 4: Energy analysis reports a. initial report

b. comparison report

Appendix 5: Foundation structure design

Appendix 6: a. Minutes of meeting

b. Preliminary concept ideas/sketches

Appendix 7: VR rendered models and 3D print

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Abstract

This report describes the design of a multi-level office building using Autodesk Revit which

incorporates the concept of Building information modelling (BIM). The report includes

important documentation such as costing schedules and energy analysis reports. It also includes

a rendered image gallery from the model, VR rendered models and a 3D print. A final design

which suited the relevant building codes client requirements in terms of dimensions, cost and

sustainability was chosen from a few preliminary ideas. Necessary calculations and

computation including load calculations for foundation design were done to achieve the most

suitable quality and quantity of materials. The necessary information for the analysis of the

final design was obtained by the concept of BIM. The final outcome of the project was the

creation of completed model which underwent various changes throughout the project in order

to maximize productivity and efficiency gains.

Acknowledgement

We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to Mr. Nalin Randeniya for helping and

supporting us through the project. Being completely new to Autodesk Revit, the guidance

provided to us by the tutor was indispensable. We would also like to thank ‘Swinburne

University of technology’ for giving us this valuable opportunity to work as a team and compile

this design project. This assignment wouldn’t have been possible without the effort and

contributions from Ashain Perera, Thilan Ratnayake, Jamie Weerappah and Radeeka Perera.

Last but not least, we would like to extend our gratitude to everyone else that helped us directly

or indirectly to complete this project.

List of figures

Figure 2.1. Key features of Business information modelling

Figure 2.2. Comparison of contractors in different countries who used BIM in 2013 and 2015

Figure 2.3. Example of an Autodesk Revit office model

Figure 4.1. Identifying types of ‘dark grey sand over clay’

Figure 4.2. Change in vertical stress in a soil with depth.

Figure 4.3. Australian standard sieve sizes.

Member 1 , member 2, Member 3, and Member4

Member 3

Member 4

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Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Aims and objectives of research

The main objective of this project is to prepare and present a detailed study on the construction

of an office building. The best alternative will be selected on the basis of efficiency,

sustainability, aesthetics, overall functionality and most importantly the achievement of client

needs and specifications. The design of the 3-story office complex will be done using

“Autodesk Revit” along with its rendered images. Important reports such as cost estimation

and energy analysis reports will also be done using Revit, which is advanced building

information modelling (BIM) software. After the completion of the project, fully dimensioned

engineering drawings including all the views and elevations will be prepared along with

rendered images, VR model, and a 3D printed building model.

The building will be designed according to the available land size specified by the client which

is a rectangular space of 18m x 37m with a height no more than 30m.

The research was done according to the all the requirements of the client. First and foremost,

there was an idea sprint within the group in search of innovative ideas that contributed to the

design of the building. Initially, the research was divided into 4 amongst all the members.

Finding the suitable materials according to the budget was one area of research. This was linked

with the second area of research, which was sustainability and energy analysis. Building design

structure and design was the most important area of research. Lastly, foundation design to bear

the entire building weight and its components was also an integral part of our initial research.

1.2 Contributions for the research by each group member

1. Ashain Perera– 100039677

 Report writing for chapter 1: ‘Introduction’

 Report writing for chapter 2: ‘Literature review’ excluding few minor parts which were

done collectively as a group.

 Contributed for the design of the Revit Model: Initial design and Furniture.

 Appendix 6a- Meeting minutes for all 4 main meetings held during the project.

 Report writing for chapter 4.2: BIM

 Report writing for abstract, acknowledgement and other minor sections.

 Final editing and proofreading of the report.

2. Thilan Rathnayake-100037574

 Spearheaded the design and construction of the final Autodesk Revit Model-Major

components and final editing.

 Report writing for chapter 4.3: Plinth(foundation) design.

 Lead the Generation of information for Appendices 1-4.

 Report writing for ‘Building structures’ under chapter 2

Member 1

Member 2

Member 3

Member 4

Member 2

Member 3

Member 4

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3. Jamie Weerappah-100036704

 Report writing for chapter 4.1, 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5: Sustainability and building

information analysis.

 Report writing for ‘materials’ under chapter 2.3.

 Contributed to the design of the Revit model: Costing and material selection

 Assisted in final proof reading and editing of the report.

4. Radeeka Perera-100034847

 Report writing for chapter 3: Design and development

 Report writing for chapter 5: ‘Proof of Concept: Virtual and 3D prototyping’.

 Report writing for ‘Building design techniques’ under chapter 2.3.

 Contributed for the design of the Revit model: Foundation design and editing

 Appendix 6b: Preliminary concept ideas/sketches.

The relevant documentation for appendix 7 and appendices 1-4, which includes fully

dimensioned drawings of all the floor plans and side elevations, rendered image gallery, initial

and comparison energy analysis reports, and the project costing documentation was obtained

collectively by all the members in the group.

It should be noted that initial design of the Revit model was done collectively by the whole

group where each member contributed in a specific area. All the tasks of the entire project were

split between members and all members of the group contributed equally in terms of ideas and

work completed.

In terms of communication, the group conducted 4 main meetings in total to discuss the

progress of the project and distribute upcoming tasks. Apart from the planned meetings, we

also took the 3-hour lab sessions allocated for this subject as an opportunity to stay back and

resolve minor issues. The details of all these meeting are included in appendix 6a under

‘minutes of meeting’. Apart from the regular meetings, the group communicated through a

group thread on Facebook which facilitated the exchange of ideas and files within group

members’ in-between meetings. Group conference calls were also an effective mode of

communication between all members towards the latter part of the project.

One of the difficulties of communication was sharing large files through the common thread

on Facebook. This problem was swiftly rectified by the creation of a Google Drive account,

where any file could be conveniently uploaded. This enabled the group leader to edit the

relevant parts and sort out the chapters in the correct order. This file sharing method played an

integral role in the completion of the project before the given deadline.

Member 3

Member 3

Member 4

Member 4

Member 3

Member 4

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1.3 Chapter organization

The following report will contain all relevant information of the building design step by step

starting from its planning process until its eventual completion.

Chapter 1 highlights the aims and objectives of research, which laid the groundwork to

complete the project. It also shows the individual contributions of each and also the sections

that required collective input from each group member.

Chapter 2 contains the section of ‘literature review’ which contains the introduction and

detailed explanations to key topics that reappear throughout the report in various sections.

Chapter 3 presents the comparisons of the initial designs along with the conceptual sketches

and ideas. Design analysis and research arguments will provide a detailed outline on how

research will take place and how the relevant information will be collected. The factors that

contributed for the selection of the final design over all other preliminary design ideas are also

discussed in this section.

Chapter 4 will educate the reader on the use of Autodesk Revit in obtaining building

information such as costing schedules and energy analysis reports. The key properties and

advantages of materials used in the building are also listed, which proves their selection in the

design. The load calculations necessary to obtain the suitable foundation designs are also

explained in this section. The steps that should be taken to improve energy analysis with

references to the analysis reports are also included in this section.

Chapter 5 will introduce the reader to ‘Virtual and 3D prototyping’, which is revolutionizing

the way buildings are designed and constructed. The rendered images of the office building

will be explained in this section.

Chapter 6 will include the overall summary of the entire project, which involves the discussion

of the final outcomes of the project. The future scope of the office building that may arise from

technological advancements and other client requirements is also discussed in this final section.

1.4 Summary

This section essentially provides a meaningful insight to the reader on what areas of research

and analysis to expect and understand from the following report. The chapter organization will

provide a quick guide to instantly access any specific areas of the report. Finally, this section

guides the reader to the next section, ‘Literature review’ which will explain some of the key

components in the report.

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Chapter 2: Literature review

2.1 Introduction

Many ideas were proposed as seen in Appendix 6b under ‘Preliminary concept ideas/sketches’ in

order to make the building to suit the client requirements. Although this report covers a wide area of

research, this literature review will be mainly focused on 5 major topics that occur repeatedly and are

of significant importance. Firstly, this review will cover the ‘building design techniques’ which further

elaborate on key aspects of design such as accessibility, cost effectiveness, aesthetics, productivity,

sustainability, security and safety. ‘Building structures’ is featured next in the review which informs

the reader about the OH&S aspect of the building structure and the systematic process of creating such

a structure.

Under the subsection, ‘materials’, the reader will be enlightened on the relevant physical properties of

materials and the techniques used in order to prepare for effective use. ‘BIM’ is the 4th topic under this

review which introduces the reader into the dimensions and the features of building information

modelling (BIM) which is the key concept behind obtaining most of the information in this project.

Lastly, Autodesk Revit is introduced along with its key features and its many uses in the building

industry which is backed up by the verdicts from industry professionals.

2.2 Urban office building design

An urban office building is a structure that is mainly built as a place of work or research.

Regularized and repetitive floor plate, open and flexible floor plan, segmented and systematic

exterior wall and a core containing elevators, mechanical systems and other common elements

are some of the characteristics of an urban office building (Planning and urban design standards,

2006).The planned 4 story building will be a mid-rise office building which is the most common

office building type seen in both urban and suburban areas in the city of Melbourne. The office

will accommodate a reception, private and public offices, conference rooms, dining areas,

kitchens, storage rooms, printing rooms and toilets as seen in a typical urban office. With the

design of such an office complex, considerable significance should be given to the surrounding

neighbourhoods in terms of noise, parking, trespassing and pollution. Careful consideration

will be taken in order to minimize and mitigate problems arising from such factors. Ensuring

that the employees feel comfortable and safe about the neighbourhood and the location will

contribute towards the long term success of the new building and its subsequent organization.

The general planning and design process for an urban office building is as follows;

a) Code description: research and documentation of relevant codes and their effect on the

building site, dimensions, environment and the required open space.

b) Programming: Analysis of required square footage of project, physical components and

its functional objectives.

c) Opportunities and constraints: Identifying physical opportunities and constraints

present on the site.

d) Site plan testing: Description of all program elements along with code and site

constraints.

Plan development: Creation of site and building plans that solve issues from code and

program issues which can be presented for review by municipal officials.

(Planning and urban design standards, 2006).

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Technology is an essential component in a modern office building. The design of this building

will facilitate all forms of technological connectivity and accessibility to all the employees and

customers.

Due to increase in awareness in recent times, one of the most important considerations when

constructing an office is its long term sustainability. Statistics show that sustainable building

designs enable the work force to be more productive which ensures the success of an

organization. The reputation of an organization is also increased if a building is constructed in

a sustainable manner. Codes by the governments with regard to environment get strict very

often which forces building designs to be at a certain degree of sustainability.

Some of the sustainable features that include in modern urban office buildings are as follows;

 Lightning control using natural light and motion detectors/efficient lighting systems

 Rainwater tanks to optimize rainwater utilization

 Taking steps to minimize Stormwater runoff.

 Highly efficient heating and cooling systems.

 Using innovative materials to minimize future environment impacts.

 Rooftop gardens and solar panels.

 Improvement of insulation within the building.

(Zafar, 2015)

2.3.1 Building design techniques

The main aim behind constructing is building is to create a high performance successful

building by applying an incorporated outline and group way to deal with the undertaking amid

the arranging and programming stages. There are design objectives that should be taken into

account and these will be listed below. Every outline objective portrayed in this is essentially

imperative, yet it is only one part of what it takes to accomplish an effective undertaking. A

truly successful project is one where venture objectives are recognized early and where

independencies of all building frameworks are facilitated simultaneously from the arranging

and programming stage. Objective that should be considered are;

Accessibility: Relates to building components, statures and clearances executed to address the

particular needs of impaired individuals.

Aesthetics: Relates to physical appearance, the picture of building components and spaces and

also the coordinated outline process.

Cost effectiveness: Relates to building components on the premise of life cycle costs and in

addition essential cost assessing and spending plan control.

Productivity: Relates to tenants’ physical and mental solace including building components

such as air dissemination, lighting, workspaces, frameworks and innovation.

Security and safety: Relates to the physical assurance of tenants and resources from man- made

and characteristic perils.

Sustainability: Relates to ecological execution of building components and techniques.

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It is meant to build up a benchmark in light of “configuration methodology” by the uprightness

of its detached strategies and technologies encouraging designers to be more ecologically

mindful in the way they plan.

The building should be a design that matches the climates to guarantee that the tenants remain

thermally alright with negligible helper warming or cooling in the atmosphere where they are

fabricated. Roughly 40% of energy is utilized for warming and cooling to accomplish warm

solace. This rate could be sliced to right around zero in new designs through sound atmosphere

responsive outline and, to be sure, ought to be our optimistic objective.

All buildings should be sealable if external air temperatures are beyond human thermal comfort

levels for more than few hours. National Building Regulations (Building code of Australia)

have commanded least warm solace levels subsequent to 2003 and have by and large prompted

change in the level of fixing in new buildings. Numerous air spillage sources are evident yet

you should distinguish the subtler crevices to appropriately seal the building.

The other components in a building are seal holes between the window and door jambs and the

auxiliary building outline before fitting architraves. Choose well-made windows and doors

with tight air seals. Enhance the execution of existing windows and entryways by utilizing

restrictive draft sealing strips. Duct exhaust fans to outside and install non- return baffles.

Debilitate fans and range hoods ordinarily open into the rooftop space, permitting uncontrolled

development of air. Refrain from using permanently ventilated skylights.

Protect sewer vents or rooftop space access hatches with unbending protection altered to the

portal.

Fixing of good ventilation systems is also essential to supply sufficient fresh air to maintain

indoor air quality. Positive air replacement systems are highly desirable in more extreme

climates for heating and cooling.

2.3.2 Building structures

Building structure must be a safe design which avoids health and safety hazards and

unnecessary risk involved with the building structure. Code of practise is a general guidance to

address an issue associated managing a risk; it gives a way of solving a problem under

legalisation framework. This code of practise is being controlled by commission of

Occupational Health and Safety. A sub part of this OHS is the Building codes; it has

information about technical details and provisions in design building and other structures.

Definition of building or a structure- “includes any erection, edifice, wall, chimney, fence,

bridge, dam, reservoir, wharf, jetty or ship or other floating structure, and includes any part of

any of those things” (Austlii.edu.au, 2016)

Under these codes building a structure must be done as a systematic process, the process of

creating a structure or building as follows;

 Break Ground

 Excavation

 Foundation

 Utilities

 Framing

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 Roofing

 Weather Resistant Barrier

 Rough Plumbing

 Mechanical Systems

 Lighting and Electrical

 Air Sealing

 Insulation

 Drywall

 Siding

 Flooring

 Tiling

 Painting

 Cabinets, Shelving

 Finish Plumbing

 Finish Electrical and Lighting

 Certificate of Occupancy

 Modifications

Building life cycle

Building has a total life cycle which starts with the idea and planning and ends with demolition.

However, the main part of the building life cycle is the operation stage. If the building is not been

operated as it has been planned it is a fail design. Current trend of building are moving towards

green building which has all its stages functioning environmental friendly than the general codes

of buildings

2.3.3 Materials

Most buildings today are created from a multitude of various materials, and each of them with its

own very specific functional requirement. As an example, the typical exterior wall assembly for a

building would preferably contain of materials that can provide thermal insulation, weather

resistance (rain, wind, etc.), sufficient capacity to structurally support the building, and the ability

to deliver the desired interior and exterior finishes. The importance of the material selection process

also extends to the addition of vital apertures such as windows, doors, ventilation, and so on

(Phoebe Crisman 2010).

Physical Properties

Strength: The strength of a material is usually associated with its ability to resist significant

amounts of tension, compression and other types of loading on a given material.

Mass and Thickness: Once a material has been chosen, the dimensional thickness of each material

must be based on requirements for strength, durability and aesthetic quality.

Physical and Visual Density: A Particular tactile density is desired or requested when building.

This is the physical appearance of the degree of opacity (e.g. solid wall), translucency (e.g. frosted

or tinted glass) or transparency (e.g. clear glass windows or panels).

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Texture: A variety of materials will have different finishes to them, ranging from smooth to rough,

soft to hard, and a range of surface finishes such as ‘matte’, ‘satin’, ‘polished’, etc., all depending

on the desired aesthetics of the building.

Color: When selecting the color palette of a building, the surroundings in which its situated in must

be considered, inclusive of its exterior and interior light qualities under which the selected color

will be viewed.

Temperature: In consideration for the comfort of the future occupants of the building, material

thermal conductivity is very important. Different materials will offer different attributes towards

thermal conductivity, for example, metal surfaces will quickly register temperature change, while

stone will more slowly absorb ambient temperatures and then retain those changes in temperature

for a longer period of time.

Pattern: The design of material patterning is divided into two scales. There are the individual

elements themselves being used (e.g. bricks, glass panes, stone marbling, wood grain), and then

the composition of these elements into larger assemblies, such as incorporating these materials

into building facades.

(Phoebe Crisman, 2010)

Techniques

Fabrication: Fabrication refers to how a material was created, processed, and assembled. The

techniques will range from handcrafted, mass produced and prefabricated.

Detail: Detailing within construction determines how individual material elements or systems are

joined. The methods commonly used include welding, adhering, mechanical fastening (nails, bolts,

and rivets), etc.

Craft: This discusses the quality of design and construction workmanship, and its importance to

the success and longevity of a project. Employment of properly trained and well experienced

workers is the best way to assure a high level of building craft.

Weathering: As time will pass, weather will have a significant impact on the aesthetics of a building

and the life span of its materials. Hence, this future weathering must be considered during the

selection of materials, building design and even construction (Phoebe Crisman, 2010).

2.3.4 BIM (Building information modelling)

As engineering practices head towards an increase in building costs, wastage, pollution and an

decrease in sustainability and efficiency, BIM can be recognized as the ideal software platform

that could make long lasting positive changes in the industry. In more simple terms, BIM can be

considered as the bridge between the virtual model and the vital information with the use of heavy

technology (Virtualbuildingstudios.com, 2016). With the use of BIM, not only do we move on

from our conventional 2D and 3D models, we can also integrate few more dimensions to enhance

the efficiency and productivity of the final project.

 2D- Traditional drawings used as a basis for further expansion

 3D- Mathematical representation of the project and its environment by using computer graphics.

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 4D- Integrates 3D modelling with time which enables scheduling, time management, and ultimately, faster delivery

 5D- Combines 4D with costs, quantities, and sizes of materials to enable real-time cost estimation and value engineering.

 6D- Includes facilities management, which contains all of the model specification including operation and maintenance (O&M). It also enables means of energy analysis which can be

used to reduce long term costs and improve efficiency (Bimtalk.co.uk, 2016).

Examples of BIM software include Autodesk Revit, ArchiCad, VectorWorks and SketchUP

(Bimtalk.co.uk, 2016)

Figure 2.1 Key features of Business information modelling. (Messe Frankfurt, 2016)

Utilizing a BIM software allows the user to visualize the completed model before the projects

commences, which leads to better planning and design, enabling the user to make more safe,

economical, and efficient practices. This will also let the user identify and fix any potential

problems before the project commences which will reduce risks and areas of conflict whilst

improving the product quality (Mineer, 2015). Energy analysis with the use of BIM software

will help the user to determine the most efficient building methods and strategies in order to

make the final building as sustainable as possible especially due to the rising levels of pollution

and global warming. The key feature that enables all components of the building to be linked

with other is called ‘parametric modelling’ (Calvert, 2013)

However, employee wages, training costs, and software costs will increase with the use of BIM

which will increase production costs especially in the short-run. Since most components of the

project are integrated with the BIM software, all parties relevant to the project must have access

to BIM, which could create potential conflicts. BIM also orders collaboration and effective

communication between all the parties that are responsible for project completion.

As BIM is still a fairly new concept that is emerging in the engineering world, it’s functions

would most certainly improve and expand in the future making it a concept with a vast scope.

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Figure 2.2 Comparison of contractors in different countries who used BIM in 2013 and 2015.

(Spacesaver.com, 2014)

2.3.5 Autodesk Revit applications in the industry

Autodesk Revit is single software that supports building integrated modelling (BIM) from the

initial design to the final completion of a building. It enables the use of its various functions

and dimensions to ensure optimum performance and efficiency (Autodesk.com.au, 2016).

Besides Parametric modelling, ‘Work sharing’ is another key feature embedded in Autodesk

Revit which enables teams to interact between each other and work on the same model

simultaneously which would then be updated immediately(Autodesk.com.au, 2016).

Revit incorporates key architectural tools such as doors, windows, stairs, columns, ceilings,

roofs and walls. To accompany its architectural elements, Revit consists structural components

such as braces, trusses, rebar, beams and slabs. Revit also contains components for MEP

engineering which includes mechanical, electrical and plumbing aspects of a building.

Electrical tools such as wires, cables and lighting fixtures as well as plumbing tools such as

pipes and sprinklers could be accessed with Autodesk Revit/ (Knowledge.autodesk.com,

2016).

Figure 2.3 Example of an Autodesk Revit office model. (Q-Cad, 2016)

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A real world example of the use of Autodesk Revit in the Building and construction industry

is the construction of the 121 story Shanghai tower which is one of the tallest and greenest

buildings in the planet. Revit was used to design and model the tower and was later shared with

the respective mechanical, electrical and structural contractors (Rising to new heights with

BIM, 2014). It should be noted that using Revit in this project reduced building materials by

32% while enhancing coordination, life cycle management and energy conservation (Rising to

new heights with BIM, 2014).

According to Jun Xia, Principal and Regional Design Director of Gensler “Autodesk Revit

provided a common platform for their design partners, giving the team a more accurate

representation and deeper understanding of the project.” (Rising to new heights with BIM,

2014).

The Bronx-Lebanon is another noteworthy project which utilized Revit in its design,

documentation and coordination. The benefits of BIM software such as Revit proved to be

significant as project costs and energy consumption were minimized by nearly 40 %.(6- case

study)

The Senior Managing Partner of ‘WASA/Studio’ mentioned that “The collaborative

capabilities of Revit software integrate all the disciplines and enables the design team, the

contractor, and the client to exchange diverse ideas and approaches, which helps to simplify

the way buildings are built.” (Integrated excellence, 2013).

2.4 Summary and key findings

The main objective of this section in the report was to give the reader a clear and a concise

understanding about the common topics within this report. The main factors that should be

taken when planning an urban office building design and the systematic procedure of such a

plan along with its key elements were clearly outlined in the above section. The literature

review essentially prepares the reader for the rest of the report. Provision of a foundation in

implementing suitable and sustainable building techniques with the use of suitable materials

was achieved through this section. The preliminary research done in terms of materials, design,

structures and techniques provided the necessary information to carry out the next segment of

the report which is ‘Design and development’.

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Chapter 3: Design and Development

3.1 Introduction

In this chapter, the design analysis and the research arguments of the models are discussed

below. Design analysis is about whether the specific key features of the building has been

covered in overall. As the goal is to design an architectural plan and structural system that is

cost effective, safe and accommodating to the proposed use. This is done after several

researches on several concepts. Research base adds to the improvement of the major qualifying

final project. The underneath segments exhibit the data gathered with respect to the different

components of the building and the basic configuration and investigation procedures of those

components. As the team members are supposed to design a general commercial building. This

area is discussed under the concept evaluation along with sample sketches included. They are

compared and analysed resulting in one final, cost-effective structure. Likewise, a few basic

systems and materials are also compared to survey their suggestions on the financial matters,

execution and constructability of the structure. After all the diverse auxiliary outlines and

formats were finished the team members made proposals as to which outline would be the best

for the building reason. The bunch contended that the outline that is the most financially savvy

however is still able to do obliging its capacity is most reasonable for the building. This is the

final design and the final concept.

3.2 Design Analysis and Research arguments

Design Analysis

Strengthened solid structures comprise of floor slabs, beams, braces and sections persistently

set to form an inflexible solid framework. Such a consistent framework prompts greater

redundancy, decreased minutes and appropriates the load all the more uniformly. The floor

piece may lay on a system of interconnected pillars. A building edge is a three-dimensional

structure or a space structure. (Eplans.com,2016). It is romanticized as an arrangement of

interconnected two-dimensional vertical edges along the two commonly opposite level

tomahawks for investigation. These edges are dissected autonomously of each other. In casings

where the segments are masterminded on a rectangular lattice, stacking designs giving bi

pivotal twisting need not be considered aside from corner sections.

A building is subjected to different loads, for example: - dead load, live load, sidelong load,

wind load, or earthquake load. Dividers give backing to all gravity loads also as resistance to

parallel loads (there are no columns). The dividers and segment divider supply in-plane lateral

stiffness and solidness to oppose end and earthquake loading. This framework needs in giving

repetition to the vertical and sidelong load bolsters, that is, if the walls fail, the vertical burdens

and also horizontal loads carrying limit is killed to flimsiness. In the event that comprising of

firmly dispersed outside segments tied at every floor level with generally profound spandrel

beams. Thus, it makes the impact of empty cement tube perforated by opening for the

windows(Academia.edu, 2016).

Once a preparatory configuration of a structure is altered, the structure then must be

investigated to ensure that it has its required quality and inflexibility. To analyse a structure a

structure effectively, certain admirations are to be made as to how the individuals are bolstered

and associated together. The powers in the individuals and the removals of the joints are

18

utilizing the hypothesis of auxiliary investigation. The entire basic framework and its stacking

conditions may be of complex nature so to make the investigation less complex, we utilize

certain simplifying assumptions identified with the nature of material, part geometry, nature of

connected burdens, their conveyance, the kind of associations at the joints and the support

conditions. This might help making the procedure of auxiliary analysis simpler to a significant

degree.

Once the heaps are acquired, the segment takes the heap first that is the slabs can be outlined.

Outlining of pieces relies on whether it is a restricted or a two-way section, the end conditions

and the stacking. From the pieces, the loads are exchanged to the bar. The heaps originating

from the sections onto the beam may be trapezoidal or triangular. Contingent upon this, the bar

may be designed. From that point, the heaps (for the most part shear) from the shafts are taken

by the sections. For planning sections, it is important to know the moments they are subjected

to. For this reason, outline investigation is finished by Moment Distribution Method. After this,

the planning of segments is taken up depending on end conditions, minutes, whimsy and in the

event that it is a short or slender segment. The greater parts of the sections composed in this

smaller than normal task were considered to be pivotally stacked with uniaxial twisting. At last,

the footings are designed taking into account the stacking from the section furthermore the dirt

bearing capacity esteem for that specific range. In particular, the areas must be checked for all

the four segments with respect to quality and serviceability

Purchase low-upkeep building materials — vinyl siding and metal material, for instance.

Regardless of the fact that they are fairly costlier at establishment, they will pay for themselves

over the long haul as you won't need to repair, supplant, or repaint.

Safety

The owner or occupier must ensure that no thing impedes or obstructs travel on the evacuation

route (evacuation route starts in common areas such as a passageway, stairway, corridor or

mall). Exit doors are doors that are in the evacuation route or are the doors at the final exit of

the building; they must be opened by a single handed downward. Lever type handles or panic

bars are the only acceptable door hardware for exit doors. The fire/smoke doors are not

obstructed nor damaged. Fire or smoke doors are not to be chocked or held open. Fire doors

must automatically close and fully latch after each opening. The occupier of the building must

ensure that the number of persons in the building at any one time does not exceed the maximum

number that maybe accommodated under the Building Code of Australia. Globes for exit signs

and emergency lighting must also be in place and undamaged. Prescribed fire extinguishers

and fire hose reels are those required to be installed in the building. No devices or zones should

be isolated or showing a fault unless work is being carried out in those areas and a plan to

reinstate the device or zone is in place (Wbdg.org, 2016).

The Sprinkler booster installation should be undamaged. The occupier must ensure the cabinet

and internal components are undamaged and hand wheels are fitted to inlets outlets. The

Hydrant/Sprinkler pump sets should be correctly maintained. They should be maintained by an

appropriately qualified person. Stairwell pressurisation, records for smoke and heat ventilation

systems should be recorded in a log book to record six monthly inspections. Records for

standby power should be produced where installed; maintenance must be carried out in

accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations. Emergency lifts apply to buildings above

25m in effective height. Every building must have a written fire and evacuation plan in place,

19

this maybe in hard copy or in electronic format. If persons with special needs are in the building

the occupier is responsible for ensuring there is a procedure in place to evacuate them safely.

In addition to keeping the records, a copy pf all records must be kept in another place. These

copies may be electronic.

3.3 Concept Evaluation

This section will convey the information collected regarding the various elements of the

building. When constructing a building, there can be millions of ways that one can come up

with. Different concepts have different attributes. Such as some concepts with low spacious

area while some are built to be highly spacious inside. Also the concepts vary along with the

materials used as well. The materials that the team selects for specific place can also give you

options as to where it should be used so that the efficiency of it would be at its maximum. Also

the building must be resistant to any type of shock especially to be earthquake proof. Structures

with viewpoint proportions of roughly 1 to 1 are ideal, which implies the building is about the

length of it is wide.

A building that is long in one measurement and short in the other. (Fig 1. Concept 1- Appendix

6b) The issue with the long thin shape is that is in one bearing is exceptionally protected in

light of the fact that there is significant length to place propping or shear dividers, however in

the short heading, this must be entirely consolidated, prompting a not as much as perfect game

plan.so the more rectangular the building is the better it is.

The Figure 2 in Concept 2(Appendix 6b), building has a serious design flaw that was later

carefully engineered and corrected, but this is just used as an example to illustrate point about

redundancy. Keep away from store rooms, grain store houses, rural structures. These structures

are substantial, in any case they are intended for not very many tenants, accordingly they are

permitted to be intended to a somewhat bring down standard.

So this kind of structure may not be the best spot to be amidst a huge quake or wind-storm

(Evolutionary Home Builders.com, 2016)

More up to date structures are worked to higher code prerequisites with more up to date

methods so they will probably withstand a tremor. Taller structures are liable to bigger powers

than shorter ones. Structures with symmetrical or standard shapes are more averse to have

inward burdens than those that are tall and meagre in one section and short and wide in the

other part. Structures made of stone work are more unsafe than those made of steel, cement or

wood. Stone work is resolute and does not avoid pressure well. Structures with extensive fields

of glass can be risky as the glass may pad and fall furthermore on the grounds that those dividers

don't avoid parallel powers well.

3.4 Final Design

As stated above in the introduction, this is a normal commercial building built for an office

with the availability provided by them. The design plan includes the ground floor and another

four floors with an open area in the rooftop. As you can see in the figures provided in the

appendix there is an open lobby as you enter the building from the main entrance which is very

spacious for the reception which serves space for the people who enter the building. The ground

floor also has one conference room and three office spaces for the employees. Other spaces

included are the kitchen and the bathrooms along with a fire exit door at the side of the building.

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The team members have considered various floor plans as input to the overall layout and

exterior dimensions of the proposed building.

The first floor also has a similar workspace as the ground floor. Where the first two floors are

mainly spot on for the meeting rooms as well as for the workspace of the upper level employees.

Then the third floor and the fourth floor also has the same design. This differs from the first

two floors. As the number of workspaces have been increased providing more area for the

employees as there are no conference rooms included in the last two floors. The last two floors

consist of six divided workspaces along with another quite larger room when compared to the

other workspaces. All four floors have a full opening will glass walls at one complete side in

the building. Glass shade dividers are greatly helpful because of their capacity to make

utilization of characteristic light and to give straightforwardness (Aprbuildingservices.com.au

,2016). The team members have gone through a particular method for departure criteria for

stair and foyer situation and sizes because of crisis exits and additionally for deadlock

passageway lengths. Also this glass curtain wall is fitted in a way that the air ventilation is

controlled and protected from the outside environment.

The kitchens and the bathrooms remain in the same place for the entire four floors since

bathrooms arranged in line for all the four floors will make plumbing easier. The dimensions

of all the workspaces, bathrooms, conference rooms and the kitchens will be shown in the

figures provided in the appendix. Followed by four floors the final level is the rooftop which

is the fifth floor which has an open area with an open staircase. There is a staircase as well as

starting from the ground floor for the employees also there is an elevator for any person with a

disability to reach the fourth floor. The open area will be renewed to a garden with the

installation of solar panels on the rooftop.as for now the main focus is on designing a

sustainable building design therefore more innovations will be followed up in the future.

As already examined, the gathering gave cost examinations to every part of the building. At

the point when making the last suggestions the gathering initially utilized every person taken a

toll examination to decide the best appropriate choice for that specific component. The chose

singular components were then incorporated to make the last proposal and expense

investigation of the proposed assembling.

3.5 Conclusion

To finish up with all, through these section different parts of plans and structures were

discussed. It is likewise clear that the team members have experienced an exhaustive

examination about different ideas before finalising on the last idea and in addition the

components that makes the building fill the need to its most extreme is also discussed.

Wellbeing considers that a building ought to have is likewise talked about in this section.

Generally speaking, the fundamental thought of getting a finished configuration into

development is appeared as to its cost, maintainability, wellbeing and style.

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Chapter 4: Sustainability and Building Information Analysis

4.1 Introduction

This section will discuss the concept of BIM and its utilization through Revit to acquire the

essential building information of this project. The foundation (plinth) design is also considered,

along with the necessary calculations of the loading parameters that will be present during and

after construction. Discussion of the material selection and final costing of the project will also

be evaluated. Finally, the energy analysis conducted will include the comparison of different

reports to show successful energy saving, as well as the possible improvements to save energy.

4.2 BIM concept and the utilization of Revit to acquire building information

As explained in the literature review section, BIM is not just a mere application or software,

but it is an overall process of creating a three-dimensional database based on a model. It is

important to understand the difference between BIM and Autodesk Revit. Autodesk Revit is a

software that embodies the concept of BIM which is used to extend the analysis of 3D models

to up to 6 dimensions. As BIM was introduced previously under literature review, this section

will elaborate further from there and discuss its importance with the use of Revit.

Quantity-take-offs, labour costs, productivity rates and location based quantities are just a few

examples of 4D BIM (Vicosoftware.com, 2016).4D BIM will help all the parties involved in

the project to visualize the various stages of the construction from its inception till its end which

enables the management of the building life cycle.

4D BIM, which includes time and 5D BIM which includes cost combine to present schedule

contain important information that will be useful for planning and information analysis. The

whole material cost of the building can be estimated using the ‘material take-off’ opting in

Revit. Costing can be done for individual elements such as doors, windows, and walls as well.

With the help of these various schedules, labour cost can also be estimated. All these costing

schedules will aid in budgeting of the project. The client can test various materials for each

component in Revit and use the most cost effective option while maintaining quality and

purpose. On Revit, any changes done in the material type, material area or material placement

will force consequent adjustments to values in the information shown in costing schedules.

This 5th dimension in Revit allows the cost managers to divert their time into other areas of

costing rather than calculating the costs of each component manually, thus making the

workforce productive in the process. The project costing analysis using Autodesk Revit can be

seen in Appendix 3 under ‘Project costing documentation including a door schedule’.

As explained in the literature review, 6D BIM is the linking of the model with facilities

management and energy analysis. Important data on maintenance, lifespans and energy

consumption can be provided by this dimension (Theb1m.com, 2016).A few examples of

energy analysis reports acquired through Autodesk Revit are as follows:

 Monthly fuel/energy consumption

 Annual fuel/energy consumption

 Monthly heating/cooling load

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 Life cycle energy use and cost

 Renewable energy potential

 Building performance factors

All the above mentioned reports can be seen in Appendix 6 under ‘Energy analysis reports’.

After acquiring all the above information, a few changes were done to the initial model to

improve efficiency and improve overall performance. Revit model information is automatically

updated throughout the entire model immediately when a change is made in the model with the

use of ‘Bidirectional associativity’ (Autodesk.com, 2016).

With the possibility of such comparisons, better and sustainable decisions could be made by

the management which will ensure the long term success of the building.

Taking a step further, Autodesk Revit was used to compare the energy analysis reports of the

modified Revit model with the current location with the same model in another location. This

helps the client to understand the energy cost and consumption in a more meaningful way.

It is also noteworthy that Autodesk Revit was used to place the model accordingly by taking

the sun path and shadows into consideration. This feature will enable the building to be oriented

in the most optimum way in order to facilitate more natural sunlight and hence increased

productivity levels and energy savings.

4.3 Elaborate the plinth (foundation) design/ selection with necessary load

calculations

The plinth design structure design presents the systems and procedures utilized as a part of

deciding the size and sort of building establishment, considering the building focused data, for

example, number of levels, rough stacking conditions. The building consists of 5 levels and the

foundation of the building should be able to withstand the load of all the five levels without

fail.

In order to design the foundation of the building, the main focus should be on the area in which

the building is being constructed. The team members have supposed that the building to be

made in Glen Waverly, Melbourne, Victoria. There has to be some calculations that should be

done in order to do the relevant other processes. Before calculating the foundation we have to

take in to account several factors that associate with foundation depth and size Such as;

 The soil type in that area

 The ground type and bearing weight

 Water depth below ground

 Void ratio

 Degree of saturation

 Soil category

The soil type that is usually found in this area is dark grey sand over clay. This dirt is situated

in the delicately undulating to level area amongst Kew and Glen Waverley, and in a vast

triangular region limited by Toorak, Cheltenham and Dandenong. The topsoil is a dark to dim

sand with a great deal of natural matter, reviewing into light dim sand. It overlies a cocoa, red

and dim mottled earth. This dirt is poor in plant supplements and requires the expansion of

23

natural matter and composts or excrements when creating crops. Lime might be important to

check acidity. Other highlights include:

 Earth subsoil can obstruct waste

 Suited to a huge scope of plants

 Topsoil effortlessly worked whether dry, clammy or wet

 Non-sticky

 In winter a roosted water table may happen over the earth, influencing waste.

Figure 4.1. Identifying types of ‘dark grey sand over clay’

Soil report should be assessed before selecting the establishment size of the building. Soil

examination report gives the bearing limit of the dirt in various levels and diverse layers. At

the point when there is no dirt examination report establishment building must be complete

with taking the variables that the dirt won't impact on contracting. At the point when the report

is not precent Rankie's recipe can be utilized to figure the base profundity of establishment.

0 - 30cm Black to dark grey sand; grading into

30 - 50 cm Light grey sand, with slight yellow-brown mottling and a concentration of

'buckshot' (small iron stones) at depth; abruptly overlying

50 - 150+ cm Brown, red and grey, mottled compact clay; strongly weathered.

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Creating a foundation

Factors that should consider creating a foundation:

1. Change in vertical stress in a soil with depth

The way of vertical stress distribution in a soil is important in calculating footing type.

Figure 4.2. Change in vertical stress in a soil with depth. (geotechnics 2015)

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2. Soil type

Main way of determining the soil type is the particle distribution according to

Australian standards is sieve analysis. Standers test type for this is AS 1289.3.6.9-1995.

Before starting calculations for foundation it is important to identify the soil type in

area. The diagram on the following page shows the Australian standard sieve sizes.

Figure 4.3. Australian standard sieve sizes (Geotechnics 2015)

3. Type of footing

When placing the footing next factor may consider is the type of footing it may be either

rigid footing or flexible footing. If the soil type identified is more likely to be clay it is

best to place a flexible footing to avoid the alignment in the walls in later years due to

water squeezing out of bellow the building. But it is more likely to be gravel and since

it does not have consolidation, gravel only have immediate settlement. When placing

the building with a rigid footing it will shrink approximately equally.

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4.4 Discussing Costs and Material Selection

Foundation

The structural foundation of the building will consist of standard retaining wall footing. The

‘Gravity wall’ category type of retaining wall will be used in this case as this is the oldest and

most commonly used retaining wall. The materials often used in this type are ‘stone’ or other

heavy materials that can stabilize on the weight of their own mass to resist pressures from the

retained material. Gravity walls made today can now include concrete crib walls, boulders,

precast concrete blocks, and gabions (type of soil strengthening that is used to reduce internal

movement and erosive forces). These walls generally have a minimum thickness from about

50 to 60% of the height of the wall (Concrib 2013).

Costs: “Concrete Crib” (Gravity walls) will last 30 years+ and cost roughly from $350 - $550

per square meter (Australian retaining walls 2016).

Walls

The materials selected for the external walls of the office building are ‘reinforcing bars used

with concrete and masonry’ which is subject to the Australian Standards requirements AS3600-

2009 (Concrete Structures) and AS/NZS4671-2001 (Steel Reinforcing for Concrete)

(Australian Standards 2011). The steel bars being used will be the Australian standard ‘D –

deformed bar – Grade 500’, which has a yield strength of 500 MPa and a Nominal diameter of

40 mm. This is being utilized for the structure of the walls of the building simply because

concrete is still one of the strongest materials in compression, but quite significantly weak in

tension. This is why it is reinforced with steel bars, or ‘rebar’, as incorporating these into the

design will handle the tensile properties working against the concrete. Concrete without rebar

isn’t beneficial in the long-term for structural stability, since the elements that it is exposed to

will cause it to quickly erode and wither over a 5 to 10-year time period (Sprayroq 2013). As

for the internal walls, the material used will be ‘bricks’. Bricks are proven to be a durable finish,

and are strong and very good insulators. They also have a greater thermal mass, which means

that the indoor temperatures stay better regulated. Bricks are also known to be an

environmentally friendly option for construction due to their long life span after manufacturing,

and as a result do not require regular maintenance (Build 2016).

Costs: (External walls) $100 - $200 per square meter.

(Internal walls) $0.90 - $1.10 per brick (Home improvement pages 2016 “Bricks”).

Flooring

The materials used for the flooring are natural stone, in this case ‘granite tiling’ (Australian

Standards 2011). Granite tiling is one of the hardest types of natural floor tiling, and as a result,

it is one of the most durable and less prone to damages, making it long lasting.

Given office spaces will be classified as high-traffic spaces, this type of durability is suffice to

resist signs of damage. Granite tiles are also a relatively low-maintenance flooring option, as it

resists any possible stains and very durable. Granite is also extremely resistant to water and

moisture, which can damage flooring.

27

From an aesthetic stand point, granite tiling has rich colors and patterns, and can be customized

by mixing tiles of different colors and styles that will give the floor a more distinctive look

(Houzz 2016).

Costs: $75 - $100 per square meter (Home improvement pages 2016 “Paving”).

Ceiling

As for the ceiling, there will be ceiling tiles made of ‘vinyl-coated gypsum’. There are many

advantages of using Gypsum ceiling tiles. Firstly, they are easy to install because assembly of

these tiles require only a few tools for their construction and are easy to handle due to their

lightweight characteristic. Gypsum is fire resistant as it effectively retards the transfer of heat

and spread of fire due to its noncombustible core that contains nearly 21% chemically

combined water, which under high heat, is slowly released as steam. This type of tiling is also

optimal for sound isolation and noise reduction of unwanted sound to adjoining areas of the

building. In terms of Gypsums ‘durability’, it is used to construct strong, high quality ceilings

that offer excellent dimensional stability and durability. Using this type of ceiling is also highly

economical as it is an inexpensive wall surfacing material that provides a fire resistant interior

finish and these systems can be installed at significantly lower labor costs than most alternate

systems (Gypsum 2016).

Costs: Approximately $0.80-$1.00 per square meter.

Roof

‘Asphalt roll roofing’, which is like a type of asphalt shingling, will be used on the roof of the

building. Asphalt roll roofing is a material that comes in large rolls and is simply made by

taking a layer of felt and covering it with asphalt. Benefits of using this are its low cost, and

faster and easier process of installation. This type of roofing is also ideal for the flat structure

of the roof of the building (Do it yourself 2016).

Costs: $55 per square meter (Refresh renovations 2016).

Doors

The door framing will be made of Vinyl, and as for the material of the door it will be ‘traditional

wood’. The most commonly used material for framing is ‘Vinyl’ due to its good thermal

performance and its low maintenance requirement.

Most vinyl products incorporate rigid vinyl with multi-chamber profiles for strength and

insulation. As for the actual door itself, traditional wood will be used. These doors will feature

the “stile-and-rail” construction, where vertical stiles and horizontal rails are joined together

with solid wood panels to create a single door panel (Window and door 2016).

Costs: $150 - $250 per door made of wood (2040 x 820 x 40mm).

28

Windows

The window framing will be made of Vinyl, and ‘double glazed’ glass. As mentioned before,

the benefits of using Vinyl consist of its ability to offer good thermal performance and also less

maintenance is required. The windows aesthetic features can also be provided in a variety of

interior finishes, including wood grains and colors (Window and door 2016). As for both the

standard windows and the glass wall system on the north-side building elevation for all four

floors, double glazed units of glass that will be used. These are made by providing an air gap

between two glass panes in order to reduce heat loss and gain. Normal glass can cause immense

amounts of heat gain and up to 30% loss in energy from air conditioning. Utilization of this

green, energy efficient glass can reduce this impact. Considering the north face of the building

will practically be covered by approximately 85-90% double glazed glass, this not only serves

as a very pleasing aesthetic quality to the overall view of the building, but also acts as a means

of reducing energy consumption used for lighting purposes and heating, as the transparency of

the glass allows natural sunlight into the building during the day, decreasing the need for any

artificial lighting and air conditioning that consumes energy (Understand construction 2016).

Costs: $200 per square meter for doubled-glazed glass (Home improvement pages 2016

“Glass”).

Note: The costs researched for the above mentioned materials were used only as references and

are slightly different to the ones estimated and used in the total material costs calculated for the

building design (For total project costing, refer to Appendix 3 Project costing documentation).

4.5 Energy Analysis

The energy analysis that was conducted for this building design contains comprehensive

comparison reports between the final location that was decided and its alternative location,

clearly showing all of the different types of energy consumption this design will undertake in

both locations in the possible future.

The primary location of the building that was decided was to be in Glen Waverly, Australia.

As for the secondary location, the building was to be in Colombo, Sri Lanka. The following

topics will discuss why Glen Waverly was the clear and final choice for the ideal location of

the building, compared to Colombo.

Energy Use Intensity (EUI)

Energy Use Intensity (EUI) is simply a way of comparing the energy use of different buildings.

The total EUI, inclusive of both electricity and fuel, for Glen Waverly amounted to 456 MJ/sm

per year. As for the total EUI for Colombo, the annual value came to 534 MJ/sm. Hence, Glen

Waverly was a better option.

Life Cycle Energy Use/Cost

Life cycle energy use/cost evaluates the total usage of energy through electricity and fuel, and

how much it costs. The Colombo location life cycle energy cost came to $324,171, while

compared to the Glen Waverly location producing a life cycle energy cost of $153,061 which

is almost half the cost of building in Colombo.

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Renewable Energy Potential

Renewable energy potential discusses the potential capacity of renewable energy that can be

harnessed from the natural surroundings of the location the building is in. Energy output

simulations were run involving a roof mounted PV system (Photovoltaic) on the building

designs in both locations to see how much renewable energy could be made through solar

power. The highest efficiency of the PV system in Glen Waverly was 93,078 kWh per year. As

for Colombo, the highest efficiency came to 128,527 kWh per year. This level of renewable

energy potential was no surprise, given the geographical location of Colombo and its annual

weather.

Annual Carbon Emissions

Annual carbon emissions are just the total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly

and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of CO2 (Time for

change 2016). The net total of carbon emissions for both locations was similar, this taking into

consideration the electricity and fuel consumption, as well as the renewable energy potential.

Glen Waverly produced 38 metric tons of CO2 per year, and Colombo produced 32 metric tons

per year.

Annual Energy Use/Cost

Annual energy use/cost is simply just the annual use of energy in a household or building and

how much it costs, which may vary throughout the year depending on the traffic of people and

even different possible appliances. Glen Waverly’s annual energy consumption will be 72%

electricity and 28% fuel, costing $11,238. Colombo’s annual consumption consists mostly of

electricity at 98% and fuel at only 2%.

Energy Use: Fuel

In terms of fuel consumption alone, inclusive for heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC)

and domestic hot water, Colombo was by far the cheapest option costing only $125, compared

to Glen Waverly’s fuel consumption costing $1,661. This is mostly due to heating during

winter.

Energy Use: Electricity

Electricity costs were calculated covering HVAC, necessary lighting and any miscellaneous

equipment. Having the building design in Glen Waverly will cost only $9,303 in electrical

utilities, compared to $23,256 in Colombo. This is mostly due to air conditioning throughout

the year because of the more common hot weather.

(All of the above information and statistics has been referenced from Appendix 4 Energy

analysis reports).

Solutions to Reduce Energy Consumption

A solution that was evaluated that had significant reduction in energy consumption was a major

structural modification to the building. It was decided that the heavy traffic areas of the building

that required a standard amount of lighting, will also have glass openings to the outside,

allowing sunlight in during the day, conserving energy from electrical lighting. As a result, the

north face of the building now consists of approximately 85 – 90% double glazed glass, placed

30

as a window system. This modification using double glazed units will significantly reduce loss

and gain in heat energy due to its double glass pane structure, compared to normal glass which

can cause immense amounts of heat gain and up to 30% loss in energy from HVAC. Having

this modification also proves to have an additional pleasing aesthetic quality to the building.

Some more subtle solutions were used even during the material selection for the building. For

example, the internal walls will be built with bricks which are very good insulators due to their

great thermal mass, which means that any indoor temperatures will stay better regulated, and

as a result reduce energy lost through air conditioning. Another example is the material ‘Vinyl’

that is used for the framing of the doors and windows. Vinyl is a material commonly used for

framing due to its good thermal performance, which will in turn further reduce the energy

consumption of the building due to temperature regulation through the HVAC.

One of the more substantial modifications to consider is the addition of the solar panel system

to the roofing of the building (refer Appendix 4 Energy analysis reports). The type of system

being utilized is the ‘Stand Alone’ solar power system, which is where the system charges a

battery bank, which in turn is used to power the building (Solar choice 2016). A standard 3kW

panel system can displace about 25-40% of the buildings total utilities costs (Pfinance 2013).

Another structural modification to reduce energy consumption is the roof type which was

switched from the ‘cold’ type category to the ‘warm’ roof type (refer Appendix 4 Energy

analysis reports). These roof types are simply defined, and differ, by the use of different

insulation systems. The ‘cold’ roof type requires a sufficient ventilated air space above the

layer of insulation installed, where the air can constantly move around being replenished by

fresh air from the outside (Building design expert 2016). The ‘hot’ roof type is the opposite;

the insulation system is closed and unventilated, insulating and retaining any heat already

inside the building, reducing any energy consumption used for thermal regulation or heating

through gas or electricity.

4.6 Conclusion

The sections discussed in this chapter are fundamental to the design and will decide the

outcome of the project. To start with, the discussion of BIM and the utilization of Revit,

revealed its key role and importance in the actual core designing of the building structure.

Elaboration of the plinth (foundation) design, along with the necessary calculations for its

loading parameters, proved to be vital to the building designs structural integrity, including the

crucial material selection process which had to carefully be done according to the

predetermined design and requirements. Finally, through the discussion of the energy analysis

of the building, the results obtained from the heavily detailed reports were evaluated, and

solutions were found to further improve the sustainability of the building. To conclude, the

extensive research and analysis performed for the building design proved to be satisfactory and

very useful towards finalizing and refining the overall result of the project.

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Chapter 5: Proof of Concept- Virtual and 3D prototyping

5.1 Introduction

This section is for the most part about all the virtual reality and 3d imaging of the building. The

outline attracted Revit is brought into a 3d rendition, where the client will feel the practical

thought of how the building will look like once it is assembled. This is by and large

exceptionally supportive, since the colleagues have the possibility of changing any idea on the

off chance that it is felt that it doesn't look great when it is brought into the genuine imaging.

5.2 & 5.3 Virtual Prototyping & 3D prototyping

Virtual prototyping, frequently known as VP, is a product based building discipline which

includes demonstrating a framework, mimicking and picturing its conduct under true working

conditions, and refining its outline through an iterative procedure. (Twi-global.com, 2016) The

full-movement conduct of complex mechanical frameworks can be investigated before

building a genuine equipment model. Clients can rapidly investigate numerous outline

varieties, testing and refining until framework execution is enhanced. This can decrease the

time and cost of new item advancement, whilst altogether enhancing the nature of general

framework outlines. VP innovation works towards the CAE (PC helped building) objectives of

minimizing time and cost, and boosting quality and productivity.

Attached in the Appendix are the Rendered images on the building. Images shows the view of

the staircase in a proper 3D view, then the view from the top of the building, a corner view of

the building, the front view of the building with the logo, the spacious area inside the building,

a full furnished work space and a washroom as shown in Appendix 2.

Some advantages of using Virtual prototyping are discussed below (Architectural 3D

Rendering, 2016);

 The 3D images and the rendered images makes it easier for the team members to get an idea about how the sunlight falls onto the building, so that the materials can be allocated

to the proper areas of the building depending on the side of the sunrise.

 Successful correspondence to customer: It is critical for a designer to convey to their customers precisely what they wish for from their building. Frequently a crevice is seen

between the customer's needs and an engineer’s comprehension of it which prompts the

proposition being in some routes unique in relation to what the customer was really

searching for. This is wiped out when 3D rendering devices are embraced. At the point

when a 3D inside or 3D outside perspective is introduced to the customer, he shows

signs of improvement comprehension of the materials and engineering highlights

utilized as a part of the building and can judge the general impact they have on the feel

of configuration. In case of any disparities with his necessities, changes can be

effortlessly made at that stage instead of after it has been developed

32

 Enhances marketability of the configuration: 3D inside and 3D outside perspectives are doubly favourable with regards to the attractiveness viewpoint. For one it helps the

designer to have the capacity to persuade the customer of his capacities in conveying

great work to him. Then again land engineers rely on upon them to secure the

enthusiasm of forthcoming partners and inspire them to put resources into the

undertaking.

5.4 Conclusion

Taking everything into account, it is not simply previews of the building or insides that can be

created through rendering, yet to improve comprehension of the last item a radical new idea is

in vogue these days that of walk throughs. A stroll through is a kind of film produced using a

progression of rendered pictures that permits one to travel through a building and study it as

though he was really present inside it. This innovation has pretty much altered the business

since nothing with the exception of encountering the working in all actuality could give one a

superior feeling of the scale and feel of a configuration than a walk through.

With so much points of interest as these one can see how 3D rendering has turned into a basic

instrument for planners all over the place and as compositional configuration turns out to be

increasingly subject to PCs with each passing day, it is likely that the future will see it turning

out to be considerably all the more so.

33

Chapter 6: Summary

6.1 Summary

The necessary results obtained for this project have proved to be more than comprehensive

enough to ensure confidence in the possible construction and full completion of this building

design within the client’s predetermined requirements and requests. The amount of extensive

research done for this building design project is evident throughout the report. This can be seen

from the in-depth content on the vital aspects of an Urban Office building design, to the

importance of utilizing the revolutionary BIM software technology to design and visualise

these projects before they’re even created, and having the facility to virtually prototype the

design through realistically rendered images. In conclusion, the report contains all the

necessary information regarding the multi-story office building that could be used in the

decision making and the management process of the project.

6.2 Future scope of the building

One of the main plans for the building in the future is the conversion of the existing rooftop

into a green rooftop. As this is a relatively new concept, extensive research on how a green

roof would be suitable for this building will be carried out in the future. Location of the

building, total cost, efficiency gains and climatic conditions are some of the factors that needs

consideration with the idea of a green roof. A green roof would essentially contain vegetation

including grass, small plants and flowers on the rooftop instead of the current roofing material.

This promotes efficient storm water management with low maintenance and cost. Green roofs

also provide an area for the employees to relax to free themselves from stress. The overall

energy consumption will reduce greatly due to the improvement in insulation provided by the

green roofs. Finally, green roofs improve the aesthetics of the building and its future market

value.

There are plans to install rainwater tanks to provide water for the sanitary use within the

building. Innovative materials which reduces energy consumption could be used in the future.

The future scope of this project will hope to include further structural improvements, further

variations and even modifications to help the overall sustainability of the building design.

34

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