Topic: Written Report ( Model Development )

Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences

Swinburne University of Technology

CVE 20002 – Computer Aided Engineering (Civil)

Revit Project

Michael Daly 100608161

Isaac Smith

100377995

Liam Watson

100378639

Mitchell Hancock

100582252

Arian Menxhiqi

9596453

Member 1

Member 2

Member 3

Member 4

Member 5

KEY WORDS

3D Prototype: Creating 3 dimensional object replicating a small version of finished product.

Building information modeling (BIM): A process involving computer software programs

linked to one another that allows the complete design of a building.

Design: A produced plan/concept of a project prior to construction.

Materials: Physical object used to build or construct a design.

Pile: A column secured into the ground to provide stability and strength to a building.

Plinth: A Structural base supporting a large load.

Project: A group or set of tasks and concepts compiled to reach a common goal as laid out in

its requirements.

Rendering: Using a computer software to produce realistic views of surfaces in a design.

Team: A group working cohesively to achieve goals.

Virtual Reality: Using computer software to create 3 dimensional space replicating real life

objects and environments where a user can be immersed in this space and interact with the

environment similar to a real life situation.

ABSTRACT

Using Revit software, the requirements of the project were to research, design and render a

multi storey office building. The building had specific dimension restraints, being confined

within a 37 metre length, 18 metre width and a 30 metre height. Whilst adhering to these

conditions, the building design must also consider the aesthetics, functionality and

constructability of the project.

Researching the history and progression of the Urban Office building design was a fundamental

step towards designing a modern design whilst still maintaining the functionality of a

commercial building. From there, five concept designs were produced and compared. A stand

out concept was selected by the team as it was considered to best fit the criteria. As a result, a

sleek rectangular design with a curved glass panel face was chosen from multiple other designs.

This concept design was a proven fit for the project as it balanced between utilising an efficient

amount of space whilst still being aesthetically pleasing and unique which were both important

criteria’s for the design. In the design, thick concrete walls were used on the sides and back of

the building for the exterior walls to provide strength whilst glass panels were used on the

curved front face of the building and partly on the back and sides to allow natural light and to

fit in with a 21st century design.

Once the initial design was finalised, a sustainability analysis was required to minimise the

environmental footprint and save money on energy costs. Other powerful functions of the

program Revit, include energy analysis and material calculations and costing. These tools were

used to estimate construction and running costs of the building as well as its energy usage

throughout its lifecycle. From the first energy analysis, simple changes to the building such as

adding more concrete walls and decreasing the amount of glass was implemented which

resulted in an improved energy efficiency and carbon footprint. This resulted in the building is

much more cost effective to operate. Finally, the last change was the geographic location of

the design from Hawthorn, Victoria to Manly, New South Wales. The changes in weather

conditions between the two Suburbs highlighted how the change in geographical locations can

greatly affect energy ratings. The required material costing sheets have been calculated from

the Revit software and has been included to give an accurate estimation of the costing of the

required materials that are used in the office plan. The overall materials of the building were

used to estimate the weight of the building and therefore the necessary size of the plinth and

the number of piles and pile caps required to carry this load.

Finally, virtual reality and 3D prototyping files have been provided to allow an accurate

representation of the office building’s interior and exterior. The program EON is used to allow

these accurate views in a virtual space of the building. In an expensive project such as this, it

enables a realistic functionality assessment of the project prior to construction which is

essential to allow changes to be made to ensure the client’s needs met.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 8

1.1 Aims and Objectives ....................................................................................................... 8

1.2 Contributions of the Research by Each Group Member ............................................ 8

1.3 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 9

2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................ 10

2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 10

2.2 Urban Office Building Design ..................................................................................... 10

2.3 Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 10

2.3.1 Building Design Techniques ................................................................................... 10

2.3.2 Building Structures .................................................................................................. 11

2.3.3 Materials .................................................................................................................. 13

2.3.4 BIM .......................................................................................................................... 13

2.3.5 Autodesk Revit Applications in the Industry .......................................................... 13

2.4 Summary and Key Findings ........................................................................................ 14

3. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT ............................................................... 15

3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 15

3.2 Design Analysis ............................................................................................................. 15

3.2.1 Fitting the Constraints ............................................................................................. 15

3.3 Concept Evaluation ...................................................................................................... 16

3.4 Final Design .................................................................................................................. 17

3.5 Interior Design .............................................................................................................. 18

3.6 Concept Designs for Interior ....................................................................................... 18

3.6.1 Reception Floor ....................................................................................................... 18

3.6.2 Office/Working Cubicle Floor ................................................................................. 18

3.6.3 Conference Floor ..................................................................................................... 19

3.7 Final Interior Design .................................................................................................... 19

3.8 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 19

4. SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS ................................................................. 21

4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 21

4.2 BIM Concept and Utilisation of Revit ........................................................................ 21

4.3 Plinth ............................................................................................................................. 23

4.3.1 Calculations ............................................................................................................. 24

4.4 Costing and Material Selection ................................................................................... 27

4.5 Energy Analysis ............................................................................................................ 29

4.5.1 Improvements .......................................................................................................... 30

4.5.2 Comparison Reports ................................................................................................ 30

4.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 32

5. PROOF OF CONCEPT ............................................................................... 33

5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 33

5.2 Virtual Prototyping ...................................................................................................... 33

5.3 3D Prototyping .............................................................................................................. 34

5.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 34

6. SUMMARY ................................................................................................... 35

6.1 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 35

6.2 Future Scope of the Project ......................................................................................... 35

7. REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 36

8. APPENDICES ............................................................................................... 38

8.1 Building Design Detailed Drawings ............................................................................ 38

8.2 Rendered Image Gallery .............................................................................................. 48

8.3 Project Costing Reports ............................................................................................... 56

8.4 Energy Analysis Reports ............................................................................................. 66

8.5 Concept Hand Sketches ............................................................................................... 99

8.6 Virtual Reality Files ................................................................................................... 108

8.7 Meeting Minutes ......................................................................................................... 111

CVE20002 – Computer Aided Engineering (Civil) Revit Project 2016

Introduction 8

1. INTRODUCTION

This section covers all the preliminary aspects of the project such as the aims and objectives of

the project, the contributions of each team member and the chapter organisation and its

relevance to the project. The importance of this section is evident as the planning for the project

stemmed from our initial aims and objectives. The project was made manageable due to the

shared workload and the spreading of tasks to each group member which will be highlighted

in the contribution of the group members section.

1.1 Aims and Objectives

It was essential that the first thing that was done in the project was to highlight the aims and

objectives from each group member and then to finally come to a conclusion on the groups

overall aims and objectives. Non-negotiable constraints such as the dimensions and the desire

to produce a modern, aesthetically pleasing design were the number one priority for a

successful outcome of the project. Taking this into consideration, it was still important for the

team to have a balance between an over the top, complicated, modern design and a simple

design that provides all the essentials that an office building requires. The approach evidently

influenced the final design as the shape of the building allowed an efficient use of the available

space whilst still being a unique and modern structure. Again, the team tried to balance between

these two extremes in the material selection of the design. It was essential that the building

used lots of modern materials such as glass for exterior aesthetics where possible and also older

materials such as concrete walls for life cycle energy costs and stability and strength.

1.2 Contributions by Each Group Member

As mentioned earlier, it was important to delegate tasks to individuals in order to complete the

project in a sufficient timeframe successfully. Table 1.1 represents the group members and

their contributions to the projects tasks.

Table 1.1. Contributions of each group member.

Member Name Tasks Worked On

Michael Daly  Building Concept Design

 Revit Drawing

 Abstract

 CH 1 – Introduction

Member 1

Member 2

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Introduction 9

 CH 6 - Summary

 Formatting/Finalising Report

Isaac Smith  Building Concept Design

 Revit Drawing

 CH 4- Sustainability Analysis

Liam Watson  Building Concept Design

 CH 2 – Literature Review

Mitchell Hancock  Building Concept Design

 Revit Drawing

 CH 3 – Design and Development

Arian Menxhiqi  Building Concept Design

 CH 5 – Proof of Concept

1.3 Summary

These two processes allowed the team to work efficiently as individuals and together with a

clear common goal to be achieved. In order to keep track of the progression that the members

and the group were making, meetings took place at least once per week. This maintained the

schedule of the project and constantly set small achievable goals that amassed over the course

of the project until the completion was achieved. The meeting minute’s documents can be

found in this text in Chapter 8.7 (Appendices).

In this text most of the images and figures of the actual building design itself can be found in

the appendices chapter (chapter 8) under its relevant subheading. These can be found in the

table of contents and are also referred to in the text when discussing that particular area of the

design.

Member 2

Member 3

Member 4

Member 5

CVE20002 – Computer Aided Engineering (Civil) Revit Project 2016

Literature Review 10

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

The design of a building is a fundamental step in the development, prior to the construction of

the building. Urban office building design both past and present will be discussed during this

chapter. This includes how building design has progressed as demand increases for office

space, and the benefits of this on the employment sector. Building design techniques applied

in the design and construction of the building will be reviewed for the benefits of the occupants

using the building. The advances in building structures and materials within the construction

industry will be considered, as well as the application of these to the proposed office building.

The unsettled issue of Building Information Modeling (BIM), specifically Revit will be

considered as it continues to grow in this industry.

2.2 Urban Office Building Design

Office buildings have steadily increased over the last century, much of this thanks to the

increasing reliance on the technology used to power modern day companies where an ever

increasing portion of occupants work from a computer. “The office building is the most

tangible reflection of a profound change in employment patterns that has occurred over the last

one hundred years. In present-day America, northern Europe, and japan, at least 50 percent of

the working population is employed in office settings as compared to 5 percent of the

population at the beginning of the 20th century” (Conway 2010). Tall building developments

came about through the economic desire to maximize rentable area through building large

office spaces vertically, while introducing as much natural light as possible into the building to

appeal to tenants (Ali et al. 2007, p.206).

2.3 Literature Review

2.3.1 Building Design Techniques

The main building technique applied in the design was the incorporation of a significant

amount of glass as the shell of the building (Ali et al. 2007, p.206). Transparent glass curtain

walls were chosen as the exterior cladding of the office building. This allows natural light into

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Literature Review 11

the building, reducing the need for artificial light to be used during the day. Having a glass

facade allows employees visual stimulation to the outside world promoting productivity. This

is supported by Ander (2014) who suggests “Providing a direct link to the dynamic and

perpetually evolving patterns of the outdoor illumination, daylighting helps create a visually

stimulating and productive environment for building occupants, while reducing as much as

one-third of the energy costs”. The importance of window placement and/or the direction the

office building faces has a great effect on the design of the building. The placement of windows

within a building, must avoid direct sunlight streaming into the building and into the eyes of

its occupants. If unavoidable, suitable glare remediation devices can be installed such as blinds

or shades (Ander 2014).

Building information modeling programs such as Revit can be employed to create a visual

understanding of the project for the approval of the client before commencing the structural

phase, to avoid changes later in the project.

Manufacturing off site is a growing process which considerably decreases the time on the site

for construction workers and therefore can reduce the cost of the project. In the case of this

project, this may include party assembled sections of glass panels, the internal reinforced

concrete floors and the frames of the internal walls which can be brought in by trucks and

unloaded using cranes rather than produced on site.

2.3.2 Building Structures

The increasing complexity of design and desire for an aesthetically pleasing building creates

the need for adaptive building structures. With the desire to maximise space within the

buildings perimeters, masonry walls were replaced with an iron or steel frame structure.

Masonry walls are load bearing and were only capable of small cut outs for doors and windows.

Once buildings began using steel structures, more open space was available which could be

filled with glass panels (Ali et al. 2007, p.206). Alternatively, concrete beams and columns

could be used in conjunction with masonry walls, which doesn’t create as much extra space as

a steel structure, but will be significantly more affordable. To fill the space created using

structures other than strictly masonry walls, curtain walls emerged, such as in the proposed

design, as the group chose transparent glass curtain walls for the panel systems around the

building.

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Literature Review 12

As the office building stands at 7 stories high, it can be assumed that a rigid steel frame or

concrete frame can be the basic internal structure of the office building as seen in Figure 2.1.

It was decided to choose a concrete structure, as the building sits at only 7 stories high and a

decision to expose concrete columns as a visual aspect on the ground floor assisted this

decision.

Figure 2.1 Tall building Structural systems (Top: steel; Bottom: concrete) (Ali et al. 2007,

p.208).

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Literature Review 13

2.3.3 Materials

The basic outline of materials used within the construction of an office building differs with

each section of the building and its design. An office building built in the 20th century would

use different materials to that used in the 21st century. This is due to the constant development

in technology and the urgency to reduce the wastage created during construction. A building

built in the 20th century would typically incorporate materials such as concrete, steel, masonry

and wood in the framing and exterior walls of the building. Whereas a modern day building

could be constructed using a wider range of materials depending on the design of the building

and budget of the client. Some modern construction materials may include precast concrete,

reinforced concrete, steel and glass curtain walls. The materials incorporated in this

commercial office building include 12 inch reinforced concrete for the floors, glass curtain

walls for the panel systems around the building and also concrete masonry units (CMU) for the

exterior walls.

2.3.4 Building Information Modeling (BIM)

Building information modeling, better known as BIM “is an IT enabled approach that involves

applying and maintaining an integral digital representation of all building information for

different phases of the project lifecycle in the form of a data repository” (Gu et al. 2010 p.989).

Previously, members of the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry would

have to work from two-dimensional drawings, perspectives, engineering calculation,

quantities, management networks and costs to complete a Building design (Howard et al. 2008

p. 271). Although the general consensus is that BIM should be adopted swiftly, easing the

monotonous process of building design, this isn’t the case within the industry. It has been found

that factors such as lack of training and a stand against accepting the modern changes hinder

the rate of BIM adoption (Gu et al. 2010 p.989). A Positive side for the industry and BIM is

that if aspiring members of the AEC industry are exposed to BIM while at university, it can

easily be integrated into their future careers.

2.3.5 Autodesk Revit Applications in the Industry

Autodesk Revit is growing in popularity since coming to fruition in 2002, in the AEC industry.

Autodesk’s Revit has the highest market share in the BIM software industry, indicating its

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Literature Review 14

acceptance and popularity amongst the global members of the AEC industry (Architectural

Evangelist 2013). Revit allows quick previews of design ideas, which gives designers the

flexibility to adjust the model quickly in accordance with the satisfaction of the client. Having

an expansive library of building components offers designers the ability to create and adjust

components for similar jobs in the future. Revit also offers an accurate estimation of quantities

and costs, so that contractors can keep in control of budgets and supplies (Architectural

Evangelist 2013).

2.4 Summary and Key Findings

The continuing progress of BIM within the AEC industry leads to the conclusion that it will

eventually takeover from separately worked sections of the literature phase. Reluctance to

adjust to an evolving process, is the only barrier to BIM, and specifically Revit, being

successful in the AEC industry. Reduction in cost and energy usage are the main pillars for

change to the materials, building structures and design techniques used within the industry.

Waste reduction and recycling materials during each phase has been a main consideration as

the construction industry looks to survive in modern society.

CVE20002 – Computer Aided Engineering (Civil) Revit Project 2016

Design and Development 15

3. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

3.1 Introduction

The required task is to design an office building for any purpose which could range from a

warehouse to a consultation office. Originally there was only one constraint which was to have

a minimum total area of all floors to be 10,000 𝑚2. The first concepts were based off this

information and large floor plans were a result of this with only a few levels to each design.

Once the client came forward with new constraints that the block of land the office had to be

built on was 18m x 37m and the height had to not exceed 30m, new designs had to be thought

up to fit these constraints. Once the exterior and shell of the design was determined the process

of designing the interior layout began for each floor.

3.2 Design Analysis

Research was conducted by the team in multiple different ways such as through internet

searches and the majority came from the team conducting some observational analysis of the

CBD of Melbourne. From observation of the CBD we concluded that the majority of the

modern office buildings are constructed of largely glass exterior due to aesthetics which is

where we based our designs from.

3.2.1 Fitting the Constraints

With the original constraints of total area, a minimum of 10,000 𝑚2, it was agreed that the

design should have a large floor area with a fewer number of levels which Figure 8.14 and

Figure 8.15 display from hand sketches section of the appendices. Once the client came forward

with new constraints however, the design had to be modified to fit within the dimension criteria.

The design team adjusted the dimensions of the building so it matched the criteria and was still

practical. This meant making the floor size smaller to accommodate for the available land

decrease and increasing the height and numbers of floors to the building. The increase in the

number of floors helped make the most of the limited space and enabled the team to include all

the requirements of an office building of this type. The differences in these two plans can be

seen in Figure 8.16 through to Figure 8.22.

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Design and Development 16

3.3 Concept Evaluation

Once all the concept designs have been made, they must all undergo a concept evaluation

process to determine which design best meets the requirements. This engineering approach

works well for pitching designs against one another to determine the overall selected design.

Each design was graded out of ‘five’, with ‘five’ being the best result and ‘one’ being the worst,

for each requirement unless it was a constraint. This is displayed clearly in Table 3.1, with

seven designs as shown from Figure 8.14 – Figure 8.22 being compared. The components that

were deemed important for a successful design have been discussed below.

The dimension constraints were a necessity and therefore no score could be provided to the

designs, only a ‘Yes’ or a ‘No’ could be determined. A ‘Yes’ meant that the design falls within

the dimension constraints and is therefore deemed an acceptable possible design however a

‘No’ means that the dimensions of the building fall outside of the requirements and therefore

the concept has to be dismissed and cannot be selected as the final design. This is shown in

Table 3.1 where two designs did not meet the dimension criteria and therefore could not be

selected regardless of their performance in the other aspects.

The aesthetics of the project was essential as an increased importance in regards to visual

representations of the building is becoming more and more obvious. The ability for the building

to be abstract and unique whilst still functioning the same as a regular building is a strong asset

to the success of the design. The modern architecture helps maintain the buildings longevity

with its 21st century style.

The client has mentioned that they would like to maximise the use of the land available. This

means if the design extends almost to the boundaries of the available land, the land is being

maximised but if the design falls significantly short of the available size, it has not maximised

the use of the available land. It was important, however to strike a balance between this criteria

and the previous criteria as a curvy, odd shaped design will not maximise the land as much as

a simple rectangular building, but it may be much more visually appealing than a basic design.

Therefore the next significant criteria chosen was the complexity of the design. This section

determines whether the design is plain and simple or has extra abstract features such as curves

or over hang sections which will make the design become more appealing through its

complexity.

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Design and Development 17

Finally the last criteria was the cost of the project. The clients gave no cost boundaries for this

building but the building ideally shouldn’t be overly expensive for no reason. The cost must

still come into consideration when designing a building and this section is particularly useful

in this regard where a cheaper design will be shown to be more desirable if it doesn’t

compromise the features or structural integrity of the building in comparison to a more costly

concept.

Table 3.1. Concept Evaluation.

Design

Number

Size

requirements

Visual

appearance

Maximise

use of

land

Complexity

of design

Cost

estimation

Total

1 NO 3 n/a 3 4 0

2 NO 3 n/a 3 2 0

3 Yes 4 4 4 2 14

4 Yes 3 4 2 3 12

5 Yes 4 4 4 3 15

6 Yes 4 3 3 3 13

7 Yes 3 5 3 3 14

3.4 Final Design

It is shown from the table that design number 5 has the highest total score from the concept

evaluation. This will be the design which will move forward. Figure 8.18 displays the first

rough concept sketch of this design while Figure 8.23 to Figure 8.25 displays a more detailed

concept sketch of this design. This design has a rectangular base of 14mx35m with and over

hang from level 1 and above which extends the projection of the building to 17mx35m. The

height of the building extends to approximately 26m which proves the design meets all

constraints given by the client as it is smaller than the available land while maximising its use

as it extends almost to the boundaries. The chosen design has 4 glass panel exterior wall

sections which adds to the modern design which overhangs after the first level. Figure 8.23

displays a 3D view where the curved front is visible. This gives an extra aesthetic feature to

the building which others didn’t have.

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Design and Development 18

3.5 Interior Design

The interior design of the building was fairly straight forward. After some research on the field

in the CBD looking in office buildings, the design team had a good idea of what each floor

layout should be. The ground floor was to be a reception area which would be an open space,

from there it was decided that four office levels and two conference room levels was an ideal

amount of each type of floor. Once this was sorted, it was time for the team to design the

interior for the building. It was only a matter of determining the location of offices, working

area, bathrooms, staff rooms, conference rooms, photo copier rooms, stairs and escalators

which were all deemed essential for a successfully working plan.

3.6 Concept Designs for Interior

The design team knew what was require for a successful layout of the interior, so it took only

a few designs until a balance was made and the design was deemed an appropriate fit. It was

determined there would only be 3 types of layouts between all 7 floors which included the

reception/ground floor, office/working cubicle floor (floors 1-4) and conference floors (floors

5 & 6).

3.6.1 Reception Floor

Figure 8.26 shows the only design of reception area which was determined to be a success so

no further designs were done. This layout has the location of the stairs and elevators in the back

right corner and the bathrooms in the back left corner. These are where the location will be for

all floors so it is uniform and logically ordered for plumbing and vents. The reception floor is

an open area which has a receptionist desk in the centre of the floor with a large open plan

waiting area for clients when necessary.

3.6.2 Office/Working cubicle floor

Figure 8.27 and Figure 8.28 display the two different options for the office/working cubicle

floor. Both are ideal designs but Figure 8.27 doesn’t use the available area to its advantage.

Figure 8.28 manages to use the area better to fit in more offices and lounge area without

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Design and Development 19

overcrowding it which is why this option is the preferred one. It shares the bathrooms and stairs

in the same location as ground floor although the bathrooms were made smaller for these levels

due to less demanding use on these lower populated floors. These floors managed to include

six offices, a staff kitchen/lounge area, photocopier room, and on open working cubicle area.

3.6.3 Conference floor

The two designs created for the conference floor are very similar shown in Figure 8.29 and

Figure 8.30 as shown. They both have the same location again for the stairs and modified

smaller bathrooms but one design includes an extra conference room making a total of three

on the level instead of two. Figure 8.29 which has three conference rooms is the desired option

as it makes the most of the available area again without overcrowding the floor.

3.7 Final Interior Design

Based on the reasons mentioned above, Figure 8.26, 8.28 and 8.29 are the three different

interior designs which will be implemented into the final project. The final design will have

seven levels which include one reception floor, four office/working cubicle floors and two

conference floors. The two conference floors will be located on level five and six while the

other office floors will be located on floors one through four. The balance between offices and

conference rooms has been met sufficiently with there being enough office space for over 50

employees whilst having a sufficient number of rooms dedicated to meetings with staff and

clients.

3.8 Conclusion

The planning of the project by comparing similar designs in real life enabled the team to design

an appealing, functional building both externally and internally. The concept hand sketches

were then produced and compared and rated against each other using an engineering

comparison table which determined the most superior design. From there an even more detailed

sketches as shown from Figure 8.23 – Figure 8.25 were produced to show more angles of the

design and to allow any final last minute changes to the concept sketches. From there the

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Design and Development 20

interior was designed based on practicality and replicating a realistic amount of employees and

their needs in the office space designed thus creating the best possible design

for the client.

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Sustainability Analysis 21

4. SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

The multilevel office building is a project developed by the building information modeling or

BIM concept. The building information modeling software used to evolve the building with

information and data from different fields of the project is Autodesk Revit. This program

utilises the 3D virtual environment to model and characterise the project, in order to achieve a

safe, sustainable and successful building. The plinth design of the project examines the

geographical features of the project site, the foundations for the multilevel complex and the

pile caps dimensioning’s. The final design of the project is located in Hawthorn, Australia, it

can sustain 74 people and is situated on marine sedimentary rock. The projects costing was

analysed using Revit’s schedule function and further research into Australian prices of

structural materials. The energy analysis of the building was also conducted on Revit using

energy analysis simulation, which compared the final design of the building to a modified

building and to a change of location. The project has a high potential to become a very

sustainable building in the future, which was possible to determine from the building

information modeling and the use of Revit software.

4.2 BIM concept and Utilisation of Revit

Building information modeling is the virtual 3D environment of a construction project that

maximises the productivity of planning, designing, constructing and managing (Autodesk

2016). BIM allows all fields of the project; engineering, architectural, and construction and

maintenance personnel, to use the environment to achieve and manage the project successfully.

This 3D environment incorporates all components of the project, linking all the required

information and data to the different phases of the project (Kymmell 2008, p. 28).

BIM enhances the projects design in a way that will improve the aesthetics of the project, the

use of materials, more sustainable design, reduce cost and time and will establish a better

project quality (Kymmell 2008, p. 16). A fundamental feature of building information

modeling is its development through an information feedback loop (Kymmell 2008, p.26). This

means that the information and data that is input into the development of the project is cyclical

and will increase the depth of the project information. The cyclical process of BIM over time

can be seen in Figure 4.1.

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Sustainability Analysis 22

Figure 4.1. Cyclical model of BIM (Lloyd’s Register Group, 2016).

There is a large variety of building information modeling software available today, this variety

and the availability of these programs will increase dramatically in the future. Autodesk Revit

is a building information software that is the most widely used modeling tool on the market

(Kymmell 2008, p. 124). Autodesk Revit is a versatile software that can estimate costing

parameters, energy analysis and model the project. Revit collaborates information about the

building from standards to dimensions, it allows the personnel of the project to connect to the

data and make universal changes to benefit the project. Revit’s ability to quantitatively analyse

the project will ensure that a budget can be meet, as well as meeting energy consumptions

requirements before the construction has even begun. Revit’s software interface can be seen in

Figure 4.2, the interface involves individual floor plans for each level, a 3D model, an elevation

model, and a properties list. This is just some of the ways the Revit software incorporates all

the information about the project into an environment. Revit also has multiple functions that

allows the operator to manage cost using schedules for various materials or individual items.

Another function is the energy analysis simulation which derives energy consumption

information about the design. These functions are very useful for maintaining an operating

budget or for creating a sustainable building for the future.

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Sustainability Analysis 23

Figure 4.2. Revit software interface (Inside the factory, 2009).

4.3 Plinth

The project is a multilevel building that will primarily be used for office and commercial use.

The location of this building will be in Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia. The geographical

features of this area are obtained using Geovic’s Geographical map system (version 2), this

mapping systems gives knowledge of the soil types in this project area. The major soil type in

this site is marine sedimentary rock, categorised in the Brighton rock group (Geovic – Explore

Victoria Online). This type of rock can be seen in Figure 4.3 as the pink and light pink areas.

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Sustainability Analysis 24

Figure 4.3. Geographical map of the project area (Geovic, 2004).

The foundation of this project will be a combination of a pile cap and end-bearing piles, which

will cooperate to withstand the bearing capacity of the multilevel building. The pile and pile

cap foundation is known as a deep foundation, the reasoning for use on this project is that it is

commonly used in construction and its high capacity to support large loads (Day R.W, 2010,

p. 5.6). The pile foundation of the project is the end-bearing pile, this is a pile that has a support

capacity essentially from the resistance of the soil at the tip or end of the pile (Day R.W, 2010,

p. 5.7). The material under laying the structure is mainly marine sedimentary rock, which is a

dense and hard soil, the end-bearing pile technique is more suitable and more practical to use

in hard soils. The pile cap or slab foundation will be reinforced concrete the will evenly

distribute the loading of the building through to the piles and then to the soil. There will be

multiple piles underneath the pile cap, which will be spaced evenly apart. The piles used will

be square piles of dimensions 600mm x 600mm. The total force or load on the building is

estimated to be 9.8 MN, this force is transferred to the piles.

4.3.1 Calculations

All equations were obtained from Foundation Engineering Handbook, Day R.W, 2010.

The force on each pile:

𝑄𝑝 – ultimate point resistance force (kPa);

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 9.8 𝑀𝑁

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Sustainability Analysis 25

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 50

𝑄𝑝 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠

= 9.8 ∗ 106

50

= 196 𝑘𝑁

Equation and calculation for the ultimate end-bearing stress for a square cross-section:

𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 – ultimate bearing capacity of the end-bearing pile (kPa);

𝐵 – width of the piles having a cross section (m)

𝑄𝑝 = 196 𝑘𝑁

𝐵 = 600 ∗ 10−3 𝑚

𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑄𝑝

𝐵2

= 196 ∗ 103

(600 ∗ 10−3)2

= 544.44 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Equation and calculation for allowable bearing stress:

𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 – allowable bearing capacity (kPa);

𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 – ultimate bearing capacity of the end-bearing pile (kPa);

𝐹 – factor of safety

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Sustainability Analysis 26

𝑞𝒖𝒍𝒕 = 544.44 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝐹 = 3

𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡

𝐹

= 544.44 ∗ 103

3

= 181.48 𝑘𝑃𝑎

The stress of 181.48 kPa is the allowable stress applied to each of the piles. The allowable load

is considerably smaller than the ultimate load, the allowable load is the maximum load that a

structural member can withstand under normal conditions (Day R.W, 2010, p.6.6). A Factor of

safety is used to find the allowable bearing pressure, the safety factor of 3 was used in the

calculations to account for any underestimated factors that can cause the pile to fail. This will

ensure better performance when unaccounted forces such as earthquakes and high winds are

exerted on the multilevel building, thus creating a safer building.

Equation and calculation of the pile cap size:

The pile cap was designed based on the building line of the modelled structure on Revit. The

piles are separated by 4006mm in the X direction and 3773mm in the Y direction as shown in

Figure 4.4. There are a total of 10 piles in the X direction with the four corner piles situated

directly below the buildings corners, there is a total of 5 piles in the Y direction. The total

number of piles underneath the pile cap is 50, the load of the building is evenly distributed

through these piles, which transfers the load to the sedimentary rock below. The pile cap design

can be seen in Figure 4.4, as well as the cross section of the pile. The depth of the pile cap is

calculated to be 1.1m; this was calculated using an equation obtained from Foundation

Engineering Handbook, Day R.W, 2010.

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Sustainability Analysis 27

Figure 4.4. Pile cap design.

𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 2 ∗ 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 100 ∗ 10−3

= 2 ∗ 500 ∗ 10−3 + 100 ∗ 10−3

= 1.1 𝑚

4.4 Costing and Material Selection

The projects material cost estimation was calculated using a function on the Autodesk software

Revit and further research into Australian structural material cost. The projects material costing

is an estimate, this is due to the non-identical materials used in Revit and the cost referencing

books ‘Rawlinsons Australian Construction Handbook’ 2011 and 2013. The materials based

on Revit were analysed and replaced with a similar material that has the same structure

capabilities but is slightly different in the sizing and costing. Although the materials in the

software are dissimilar, the costing is relatively accurate as materials of similar sizing were

used to determine the cost. The material schedules produced include spreadsheets for the

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Sustainability Analysis 28

ceiling, doors, floors, columns, railings, stairs, walls, windows and elevator schedules. These

schedules were deemed the most critical materials in order to build the structure, which is the

reason for their use in the determination of the cost of materials.

The total estimated cost of the multilevel office complex is $3,008,366.81, this total is based

purely on the materials cost. The costing does not involve any labour, transport and installation

values. The structural worth also does not included any costing of furniture or electrical

appliances. The material with the largest cost per unit is the 14-17 person elevator for 6 stories,

with the value of $158,300 per elevator. The smallest costing item per unit is the exterior

concrete masonry units at $33.75 per m2. The largest price for a schedule is the wall schedule

with a total of 40 items, adding to $1,403,763.81. The wall schedule alone contributes to one

third of the total materials cost. Within the wall schedule the material with the biggest cost with

association to its amount is the glass curtain wall at $689,894, it also has the largest area at

1045m2. All the data associated with the schedule can be seen in the excel spread sheets located

in chapter 8.3. Table 4.1 shows the cost of the materials and was based on Rawlinsons

Australian Construction Handbook 2011 and 2013.

Table 4.1. Costing of structural materials.

Material Cost Unit/s

Reinforced concrete 12

inches 32MPa

$241.70 𝑚3

Columns reinforced

32MPa

$363.00 𝑚3

Concrete masonry units

200x200x400mm

$270.00 Per 100

Glass curtain shop front $660.00 𝑚2

Timber windows $340.00 𝑚2

Walls (plasterboard) $202.00 𝑚2

Door single frame $538.00 Number

Door glass $795.00 Number

Door double glass $2370.00 Number

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Sustainability Analysis 29

4.5 Energy Analysis

The energy analysis of the multilevel office building was completed with Revit, the energy

analysis simulation function. The energy analysis investigates many aspects related to energy

consumption and sustainability. The aspects closely analysed are building performance factors,

energy consumption, lifecycle energy use/cost, renewable energy potential, heating and

cooling loads and electricity consumption. The final design of the project is located in

Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia and can sustain 74 people according to Revit. The annual

electricity usage is 289,888 kWh and costing $17,683, the majority of this electricity is used

on lighting with 37% used. The monthly energy consumption reaches a maximum of 30,000

kWh and the minimum reaches just over 20,000 kWh. The period with the most energy used

to heat the building is June to July which is due to the winter climate in Melbourne causing a

large heat loss through the windows and the glass curtain panels. Conversely, the period with

the most energy used to cool the complex is January to March, this is due to the exterior

structure of concrete masonry units which traps heat from the sun warming the building at the

hottest time of the year. The largest monthly fuel consumption peaks in June at 110,000 MJ of

energy whilst the lowest monthly fuel consumption occurs in January at about 20,000 MJ. The

large energy consumption of this building is primarily caused by the exterior window capacity

and the loss of energy from the windows as the exterior window ratio for the final design is

1:16. All data and energy analysis reports can be seen in the appendices chapter 8.4.

Door single flush vision $614.00 Number

Stairs steel frame $840.00 m/rise

Stair railing with glass $810.00 m

Ceiling plasterboard $70.00 𝑚2

Revolving door $60000 Number

Elevator $158,300 Number

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Sustainability Analysis 30

4.5.1 Improvements

An energy analysis modification was made to the project, this involved a physical change to

the building. This change was determined by the final energy analysis report, it concluded that

the windows were the main loss of energy and to improve this the ratio of the exterior windows

needed to be reduced. The buildings energy consumption was improved by removing the two

side glass curtain panels and the large rear glass curtain panel and replacing this with the basic

wall – exterior insulated concrete masonry units, windows were added to ensure light and

ventilation would still occur in the convert areas. The exterior window ratio reduced by half to

0.52, this also reduced the energy cost and energy usage/consumption as predicted. The annual

electricity usage lowered to 169,049 kWh and reduced the cost to $10,312, the majority of this

electricity was still used for lighting at 33%. The monthly energy consumption greatly reduced,

with a maximum of under 18,000 kWh and a minimum of about 12,000. This reduction was so

large that the maximum of the modified design is smaller than the minimum of the final design.

The period with the largest energy usage for heating the building is similarly still in June to

July, also the period with the largest energy usage for cooling the building is similar to the

period of the final design occurring from January to March. The largest monthly fuel

consumption peaks in June at 75,000 MJ of energy and the smallest monthly fuel consumption

occurs at 12,000 MJ. All data related to the energy analysis report can be seen in the appendices

chapter 8.4.

Further improvements can be made to the building to reduce energy consumption and to

increase the buildings green star rating for sustainability. These improvements include the

addition of solar panels onto the roof, have a water catchment system which can be used for

toilets and enhancing the indoor environment quality with trees and plants. This building has a

large potential to become a more sustainable building as it moves into the future.

4.5.2 Comparison Reports

The improvements of the energy efficiency and consumption of the modified building can be

seen in the second report in chapter 8.4. The buildings physical alterations allowed a much

more cost effective way of maintaining the temperature of the building in both the extreme

seasons of summer and winter. The cost savings made by this modified design will result in

further more sustainable implementations such as solar electricity and water tanks as discussed

in 4.5.1. The annual energy cost of the projects final design is $17,683 with 60% of the energy

being used for electricity, the annual energy cost of the modified project design is a

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Sustainability Analysis 31

significantly reduced $10,312 with 55% of the energy being used for electricity. The savings

made annually are $7371 and a reduction in the energy use for electricity of 5%.

The life cycle of the building has also seen a significant decrease in the electricity use, fuel use

and energy cost. The analysed life cycle of the building is 30 years with a 6.1% discount rate

for costs. The electricity usage of the 30 year life span was explored to be 8,696,661 kWh for

the final design whilst the modified designs life cycle electricity consumption was 5,071,482

kWh. The fuel usage over the 30 year life span of the building identically reduced by modifying

the building, the final designs fuel use is 21,187,891 MJ compared to the modified design of

15,130,030 MJ. This energy consumption lowering can save approximately $120,825 over the

30 year span.

Another comparison report was run to analyse the energy reduction if the location was changed.

The location of the modified building was altered to Manly, New South Wales, Australia. The

weather condition are entirely different from the initial location of Hawthorn in Victoria. The

initial temperature maximum in Hawthorn is 36°C and minimum of 2°C, the temperature

maximum in Manly is 41°C and the minimum is 5°C. The energy analysis between Hawthorn

and Manly has reduced in some aspects of the report but actually increased in others. The life

cycle electricity usage of the unchanged location is 5,071,482 kWh but when altered to Manly

the electricity for the 30 year life span becomes 5,767,206kWh. The location alteration has

increased the electricity usage of the life span of the building but it has not increased the fuel

use of the energy cost. The fuel usage actually decreased by 8,403,091 MJ when the location

was changed and the analysis shows that energy cost savings were made when moving the

building to a warmer climate location, the savings made over the buildings life is $9071.

However the annual electricity cost for the multilevel complex actually increase when the

location was changed to Manly, this was an increase of $1415. The energy usage for electricity

in Hawthorn is dominated by miscellaneous equipment at 38%, but for Manly the energy usage

for electricity is primarily HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) at 38% whilst its

miscellaneous equipment is at 33%. The monthly heating load of the modified project

significantly decreased for the new location between January to March, whilst the monthly

cooling load increased during this same period. The monthly energy consumption was

relatively constant only changing slightly at certain times of the year.

Both comparison reports have shown that the final design of the multilevel office building can

be improved in terms of the energy consumption and costing if both the structure and the

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Sustainability Analysis 32

material are modified or the location of the building is changed. The change that made the

largest impact on the reduction of the energy consumption, cost and sustainability of the project

was the alteration of the materials used in the structure.

4.6 Conclusion

The building information modeling concept will become a necessary tool to develop civil

engineering projects in the future. The BIM software Revit by Autodesk is a highly efficient

way of evolving a project to its full potential by reducing the time, cost and likely hood of

failure, as well as making it safe and sustainable. The foundation of the complex was designed

with research into the geographical features of the area. The foundation designed is an end-

bearing pile foundation with an additional pile cap to evenly distribute the load of the building

to the sedimentary rock in Hawthorn. The total load of the building on the soil is 9.8 MN and

the calculated allowable stress on each pile is 181.48 kPa. The overall cost of structural

materials for the project was developed using Revit’s schedule function and research into

Australian constructions cost. Another function of Revit was used to determine the energy

consumption of the complex. Three energy analysis reports were conducted to determine how

the projects final design can be altered to reduce the energy consumption and cost. The two

alterations made were modifying the structure and materials and the location of the building,

both alterations reduced the energy consumption and cost of the final design. Finally two

comparison reports were made between the original and modified design and the other being

compared against the modified design and a location change.

CVE20002 – Computer Aided Engineering (Civil) Revit Project 2016

Proof of Concept 33

5. PROOF OF CONCEPT

5.1 Introduction

As industry practices advance due to the dynamic progression of computing technology, virtual

reality is increasingly being favored as an efficient alternative to traditional engineering

approaches. While the software and tools necessary to create a three-dimensional, computer-

simulated environment come at a moderate expense, they can prove to be economical as virtual

reality allows engineers to expedite a project’s completion and circumvent the many challenges

that accompany the traditional approach to engineering. An obstacle that accompanies

successfully completing a design using the traditional approach generally includes the inability

to examine the full functionality of their created space and designs until a physical prototype

can be developed which, in the case of a large scale building such as this office design is

unpractical. In the multi-level office building the tools utilised included Revit, 3DS Max and

Eon to make a high quality electronic design.

5.2 Virtual Prototyping

Revit allowed the shell and other major details of the building to be complete. However to

finalise the design the 3DS Max software is exceptional for the minor details as it has features

such as textures which can be applied to elements of the building such as walls and floors.

These textures can range from carpet to wood to stainless steel which provide finishing touches

to an electronic building design. These textures have been used to enhance the office design as

shown in figure 8.31, 8.32 and 8.33 in the appendix chapter 8.6. These images help give the

clients a realistic impression of the design in a fully completed and furnished stage.

Further exploring the virtual prototyping, the program ‘EON’ can be used by taking completed

electronic programs and placing them in a virtual space. This can then be used in virtual reality

software to place the observer in or outside the project where they can look around and explore

all angles of the elements in a realistic, 3 dimension impression. This was used in the project

by placing the building in a virtual space surrounded by other structures. This enables the

clients to explore the inside of the completed office building as if it were situated amongst other

buildings. A screenshot of the EON file can be found in Figure 8.34.

CVE20002 – Computer Aided Engineering (Civil) Revit Project 2016

Proof of Concept 34

5.3 3D Prototyping

Recently 3D Prototyping or Printing technology has advanced considerably, many industries

currently benefit greatly from this technology and many more will benefit from its potential in

the future. In Civil Engineering, this technology allows a smaller, much more cost effective

model of a project to be produced and displayed prior to construction. Producing a 3D print of

a structure creates a hand held version which can be used to give a reasonable sense of the

architecture and design of the overall project. It is extremely effective to have a 3-dimensional

prototype of the product available when presenting a project to clients. With the office building

design that has been created, a 3D print of the model will make the project stand out

significantly.

5.4 Conclusion

The industry’s demand for ever improving modern and sophisticated tools such as virtual

reality and 3D prototyping enables employers to give consumers the most realistic and detailed

concept possible. Through the use of Revit, a simple hand sketch/design is able to transform

into an electronic plan. This can then be polished further using 3DS Max software by adding

textures to the features of the design. Finally, EON can be used to place the design in a realistic

setting and then combined with virtual reality features can be explored in a 3 dimensional view.

These tools are helpful to make minor adjustments and assess the overall suitability of the

project. Once this has been done it is useful to 3D print the project to gain a realistic small scale

model for displaying purposes for clients.

CVE20002 – Computer Aided Engineering (Civil) Revit Project 2016

Summary 35

6. SUMMARY

6.1 Conclusion

The proposed office building showcased a successful design that fit all the requirements of the

project. The Initial hand sketches by the team members showed innovative imagination of the

possibilities of the project. Once the constraints were changed, minor changes to the designs

were made in order to meet these new requirements. From there the team successfully used an

engineering model to compare the designs and incorporate the best features from each to select

and improve a concept sketch. Once this was complete, extensive research had to be made to

determine the best materials that could be used to fit a practical and cost effective model. Using

powerful computer software such as Revit, the design was made electronically which allowed

a unique view of the project and finishing touches to be made. Once the design was finished,

costing analysis features were used on Revit to calculate materials costings and energy usage

over the lifespan of the building providing realistic impressions on the overall cost of the

building and energy rating. Finally to polish the design, virtual reality software programs were

used to apply textures to the design and to place the building in a realistic virtual environment,

enabling the concept to come to life. These features have been used successfully and have

helped create a polished design that is ready for a 3D prototype using 3D printers which allow

the building to be showcased at a miniature scale in real life.

6.2 Future Scope of the Project

Now that a detailed design has been prepared, it is not difficult to change minor things such as

furnishings, lights or other types of materials in the project and these things can be altered to

suit the client’s needs and requirements. All suggestions will be considered and changes to the

design will occur where applicable.

Using the computer tools such as Revit and virtual reality software allowed the group to be

exposed to a high level of civil design which is very likely to be useful in the future careers of

Civil Engineers. As technologies advance the ability to use these tools becomes more and more

essential for an efficient Engineer in the design sector and the exposure gives the team members

involved in this project key skills that will likely be utilised in the future.

CVE20002 – Computer Aided Engineering (Civil) Revit Project 2016

References 36

7. REFERENCES

Ali, M, Moon, K 2007, ‘Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future

Prospects’, Architectural Science Review, vol. 50.3, pp. 205-223.

Ander, G 2014, Daylighting, Whole Building Design Guide, viewed 21 may 2016,

<http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php>.

Architectural Evangelist 2013, Top 7 Reasons to Use Revit Software, Architectural Evangelist,

viewed 22 may 2016, <http://www.architecturalevangelist.com/tips-and-tricks/top-7-reasons-

to-use-revit.html>.

Autodesk 2016, BIM Overview, Autodesk, viewed 24 May 2016, <

http://www.autodesk.com/solutions/bim/overview>.

Conway, B 2010, Office building, Whole Building Design Guide, viewed 21 may 2016,

<https://www.wbdg.org/design/office.php>.

Day, R.W 2010, Foundation Engineering Handbook Design and Construction with the 2009

International Building Code, second edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, New York.

Geovic, 2004, Geovic – Explore Victoria Online, Version 2 [image], Geovic, viewed 23 May

2016, <http://mapshare2.dse.vic.gov.au/MapShare2EXT/imf.jsp?site=geovic>.

Geovic, 2004, Geovic – Explore Victoria Online, Version 2 [online map], Geovic, viewed 23

May 2016, <http://mapshare2.dse.vic.gov.au/MapShare2EXT/imf.jsp?site=geovic>.

Gu, N, London, K 2010, ‘Understanding and facilitating BIM adoption in the AEC industry’,

Automation in construction, Vol.19(8), p.988-999.

Howard, R, Björk, B.-C 2008, ‘Building Information Modelling’, Advanced engineering

informatics, Vol.22(2), pp.271-280.

Inside the factory 2009, ‘Introducing the new Revit interface’ [image], Introducing the new

Revit user interface, Inside the Factory, viewed 24 May 2016, <

http://insidethefactory.typepad.com/my_weblog/2009/03/introducing-the-new-revit-user-

interface.html>.

Kymmell, W 2008, Building information modeling: planning and managing construction

projects with 4D CAD and simulations, McGraw-Hill Compaines, New York.

CVE20002 – Computer Aided Engineering (Civil) Revit Project 2016

References 37

Lloyd’s Register Group 2016,‘Buidling information modeling’ [image], Building information

modeling (BIM), Lloyd’s Register Group, viewed 24 May 2016, <

http://www.lr.org/en/energy/utilities-and-building-assurance-schemes/building-information-

modelling/>.

Rawlinsons Quantity Surveyors and Construction cost consultants Australia, 2013, Rawlinsons

Australia Construction Handbook 2013, Rawlinsons Publishing, Perth.

Rawlinsons Quantity Surveyors and Construction cost consultants Australia, 2011, Rawlinsons

Australia Construction Handbook 2011, Rawlinsons Publishing, Perth.

CVE20002 – Computer Aided Engineering (Civil) Revit Project 2016

Appendices 38

8. APPENDICES

8.1 Building Design Detailed Drawings

The following A3 pages show the dimensioning of all the floors in the office building and the

names of each room.

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Appendices 48

8.2 Rendered Image Gallery

The following pages contain rendered images from the design in numerous locations of the

building.

CVE20002 – Computer Aided Engineering (Civil) Revit Project 2016

Appendices 56

8.3 Project Costing Reports

The following reports show the cost estimation of the materials used in the building.

CVE20002 – Computer Aided Engineering (Civil) Revit Project 2016

Appendices 66

8.4 Energy Analysis Report

The following reports show the energy analysis of the building. The first report is of the final

design with its location in Hawthorn, Victoria. The second contains changes to this design such

as extra window placement. The third report is the same design as the second however the

location of this design is moved to Manly, NSW. The fourth report is a comparison report

between the first two reports and finally the last report is a comparison between the second and

third report.

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Appendices 99

8.5 Concept Hand Sketches

This section contains the initial hand sketches drawn by the group members in the first week

of the project.

CVE20002 – Computer Aided Engineering (Civil) Revit Project 2016

Appendices 108

8.6 Virtual Reality Files

This section contains screenshots of the building design with its textures applied and also a

screenshot of an EON file where the building is placed amongst other buildings.

CVE20002 – Computer Aided Engineering (Civil) Revit Project 2016

Appendices 111

8.7 Meeting Minutes

The last section of the appendices contains a summary of all the meetings of the group members

and the discussions and progression that took place in those meetings.