Carbon footprint
Cooper2021
CurrentThreatsIII-OceanAcidification.pdf
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Biological Effects of Climate Change
Biological Effects of Climate Change
Biological Effects of Climate Change
1) Increased CO2.
2) Changes in Climate.
Biological Effects of Climate Change
1) Increased CO2.
a) Changes in ocean chemistry.
b) Impacts on plant growth.
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Changes in ocean chemistry Ocean acidification
• Increase CO2 in atmosphere, it will increase in ocean water.
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Fate of Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions (2000-2008)
Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience; Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS, updated
1.4 PgC y-1
+ 7.7 PgC y-1 3.0 PgC y-1
29%
4.1 PgC y-1
45%
26% 2.3 PgC y-1
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Ocean acidification
• Increase CO2 in atmosphere, it will increase in ocean water.
• CO2 in water changes to an acid which decreases the pH of the water.
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CO2 + H2O Carbonic Acid
pH scale
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pH scale
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Lower pH is more acidic.
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pH scale
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Lower pH is more acidic. Higher pH is less acidic.
pH scale
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pH uses a logarithmic scale.
pH 6 is 10x as acidic as pH 7.
Ocean acidification
• Increase CO2 in atmosphere, it will increase in ocean water.
• CO2 in water changes to an acid which decreases the pH of the water.
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Ocean acidification
• Increase CO2 in atmosphere, it will increase in ocean water.
• CO2 in water changes to an acid which decreases the pH of the water.
• As pH decreases this impacts organisms that build parts of their bodies with calcium carbonate.
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CO2 + H2O Carbonic Acid
An increase in ocean acidity decreases carbonate
concentration.
Calcium + carbonate = Calcium carbonate
the principle ingredient in the bodies calcareous animals.
An increase in ocean acidity decreases carbonate
concentration.
This makes it harder for calcareous animals to form and maintain body part made with
calcium carbonate.
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Calcareous Organisms
Foraminifera
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Mollusks - Clams, snail, and their kin
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Coral
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Coral Structure
Calcium
Carbonate
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Calcareous algae
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Echinoderms
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Crustaceans
Since 1850’s
30% increase in ocean acidity.
100x faster change then last 20 million years.
Change in ocean pH
By 2100 a 0.3 to 0.5 decline in pH
300% in acidity
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Does it have an affect?
Does it have an affect? • Lab experiments show impacts on calcareous
animal growth, immune response, and reproduction.
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Does it have an affect? • Lab experiments show impacts on calcareous
animal growth, immune response, and reproduction.
• Lab experiments show shell and coral deterioration at lowered pH.
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Does it have an affect? • Lab experiments show impacts on calcareous
animal growth, immune response, and reproduction.
• Lab experiments show shell and coral deterioration at lowered pH.
• Areas of ocean that naturally have lower pH, have fewer organisms that have structures made of calcium carbonate.
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Does it have an affect? • Lab experiments show impacts on calcareous
animal growth, immune response, and reproduction.
• Lab experiments show shell and coral deterioration at lowered pH.
• Areas of ocean that naturally have lower pH, have fewer organisms that have structures made of calcium carbonate.
• Parts of the ocean that have acidified the most have shown shifts in the composition of plankton species.
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Krill
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Krill
Salps
Does it have an affect? • Lab experiments show impacts on calcareous
animal growth, immune response, and reproduction.
• Lab experiments show shell and coral deterioration at lowered pH.
• Areas of ocean that naturally have lower pH, have fewer organisms that have structures made of calcium carbonate.
• Parts of the ocean that have acidified the most have shown shifts in the composition of plankton species.
• Reefs where pH has declined have exhibited coral thinning.
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Monaco Declaration • Ocean acidification is underway and
already detectable.
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Monaco Declaration • Ocean acidification is underway and
already detectable. • It is accelerating and serious damage is
imminent.
Monaco Declaration • Ocean acidification is underway and
already detectable. • It is accelerating and serious damage is
imminent. • It will have socioeconomic impacts.
Monaco Declaration • Ocean acidification is underway and
already detectable. • It is accelerating and serious damage is
imminent. • It will have socioeconomic impacts. • It is rapid, but recovery is slow.
Monaco Declaration • Ocean acidification is underway and
already detectable. • It is accelerating and serious damage is
imminent. • It will have socioeconomic impacts. • It is rapid, but recovery is slow. • Only way to control it is by limiting future
atmospheric CO2 levels.
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CO2 concentration effects on plants CO2 concentration effects
on plants. • In many species a higher concentration of
CO2 increases the growth rate. – These controlled lab studies usually control for
climate change impacts of CO2 on plant growth.
– As anthropogenic climate change progresses, extreme weather events are becoming more common and intense. These impacts could negate gains in growth rates in the field.
CO2 concentration effects on plants.
• In many species a higher concentration of CO2 increases the growth rate.
• Some species may use less water.
CO2 concentration effects on plants.
• In many species a higher concentration of CO2 increases the growth rate.
• Some species may use less water. • In many ecosystems this increase is
moderated by other limiting resources.
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CO2 concentration effects on plants.
• In many species a higher concentration of CO2 increases the growth rate.
• Some species may use less water. • In many ecosystems this increase is
moderated by other limiting resources. • Many species of plants will exhibit an
increase in the ratio of carbohydrates to proteins in their cells. – Implications for both human and wildlife
nutrition & may impact population dynamics.
