Emerging Global Health Issues

CulturalNursingchapter_15.pptx

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Chapter 15: Nursing and Global Health

Introduction to Global Health #1

Global health: the challenges to and opportunities for health and well-being that transcend national borders, have broad socioeconomic and political impact, and are best addressed by coordinated, multinational efforts.

Regardless of where nurses work, global health issues will have an impact on their work to some degree.

Example: 2014 Ebola outbreak

Introduction to Global Health #2

Lack of Human Resources for Health Globally

Three major processes contribute to the shortage of health care workers, including nurses:

insufficient supply

inadequate distribution

migration

Introduction to Global Health #3

International nurses working in global health will frequently encounter local complementary and integrative health and traditional remedies, including

Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs): a person whose cultural role it is to attend to women before, during, or after childbirth

Traditional Healers: community members who are recognized for their ability to use physical, spiritual, and/or herbal modalities to treat illness

Question #1

Is the following statement true or false?

Utilizing Traditional Birth Attendants in communities optimizes better outcomes for mother and child.

Answer to Question #1

False

Rationale: Maternal and neonatal mortality is higher when the only birth attendant is a TBA. Historically, this has been due to a lack of sterile or clean technique or a lack of knowledge regarding prevention of common childbirth complications.

Global health nurses often train TBAs in evidence-based maternity care in order to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality.

Introduction to Global Health #4

There are large disparities in health and well-being at the global level, which result from complex political and economic processes.

Over the past 50 years, significant efforts have been made to improve the well-being of people living in low-income countries.

Maternal and child health interventions

Water and sanitation improvements

HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment

Millennium Developmental Goals

A worldwide commitment to reduce extreme poverty is led by the United Nations Millennium Declaration, 2000.

Organized under 8 goals known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Each goal has a series of time-bound targets with a deadline of 2015.

The three related to global health are to:

Reduce Child Mortality

Improve Maternal Health

Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases

Key Concepts in Global Health and International Nursing

Effective partnerships between foreign and local nurses can result in creative, evidence-based, appropriate, and sustainable solutions to local healthcare challenges.

Sustainability means that once a project is completed, its results can be maintained by the community or government without further outside input.

Other concepts include availability, accessibility, and acceptability.

Question #2

Which of the following key concepts in global health may be concerned with individuals fearing stigma?

Partnerships

Sustainability

Availability

Accessibility

Answer to Question #2

D. Accessibility

Rationale: Accessibility means that the people for whom the product or service is intended are able to obtain it.

One critical element of accessibility is stigma; do people fear using the product or service because it might stigmatize them in their community?

The Global Public Health Sector

Multilateral organizations: collaborative effort among many different countries with a shared purpose

The World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations (UN)

Bilateral organizations and donors: governmental organizations responsible for investing in development programs in lower-income countries

Nongovernment organizations (NGOs): nonprofit development organizations, civil society organizations, faith-based organizations, universities, and for-profit contracting firms

The Nurse in Global Public Health

In the realm of international health, nurses play various roles: as advisors, trainers, program managers, researchers, and humanitarian response workers.

In all of these roles, transcultural nursing skills are essential to success, as they all require the ability to communicate, work, and adapt interventions to cultures different than one’s own.

Preparing for a Career in International Nursing and Global Public Health

Nurses working outside their home countries should have certain knowledge, skills, and attitudes to ensure their success:

Knowledge of history, international and community development, and the culture in their host country

Strong transcultural nursing skills

Attitudes that facilitate professional success: willingness to live in less than comfortable conditions; openness to the perspective of others; flexibility; and energy to take personal risks to advocate for social justice and achieve morally sound outcomes

Getting Started in International Nursing and Global Public Health

The best way to get started in international nursing is through long-term volunteer work with an organization

Developing an appropriate skill set in their own country

Academic preparation; studying and researching transcultural nursing

Some nurses support global health by providing financial support to an organization that works in this field.

Other Nursing Roles Internationally

Medical missions

Short-term assignments

Military nursing

Long-term volunteerships

Question #3

Is the following statement true or false?

One way a nurse may develop his/her skill set in their own country is by learning a new language.

Answer to Question #3

True

Rationale: Developing a skill set in their own country may include learning a new language.

Many of the same skills needed for international nursing are useful when working transculturally at home.