essay
Ziyi Wu
CulturalFormation1.pptx
The Buddha and cultural formation
Societal Change
After emerge of the Buddha the change of Indian society is evident. This cultural reform can be seen in few fields as follow.
1. Politics
2. Religion
3. Education
4. Economy
In Politics
The Buddha commenced his mission with five disciples setting them in liberation and within months it grew up to thousand.
Before a year of enlightenment he visited a mighty king Bimbisara who came a constant disciple of him that governed powerful Magadha kingdom.
This was the first convert or influence of Buddhism in politics.
Before arrival of Buddhism state adviser- ship or chaplaincy for any king was held by Brahmins. It seems that the Buddha’s teaching caused to demolish this prolonged custom.
Prestige Brahmins
Many kings associated number of well known and sophisticated Brahmins.
Kutadanta
Sonadanda
Pokkharasati
Janussoni
Brahmayu
They lived in major cities and were respected and honored.
Four Kind of Treatment
Buddha introduced following four treatments to build harmonious and prosperous government.
1. Generosity
2. Pleasant words
3. Welfare
4. Equality
It seems very simple but remains at large. Can provides immense results.
Why Buddha become so Famous?
Brahmins had obligations with each and every kings because of they were paid.
But the Buddha’s service was free of charge for them.
One of the benefits of arise Buddha is the welfare of all sentient beings.
Therefore, giving advices for them was an easy task to develop the and preserve the human attitudes as well as animal rights.
What was the Buddha’s Admonition?
According him a king should be secured his territory as follow.
Ministers and Educated people
Religious people
Townsfolk
Rich men
People in remote towns
People in countryside
Animals
Birds
Environment
Righteous Ruler
Sometimes rulers had been unrighteous knowingly or unknowingly. Occasionally they were betrayed by advisers.
Since the Buddha didn’t accept any form of bribes or didn’t commit any crimes righteousness was always admired.
Therefore rulers always should be respected, venerated , practiced and revered the dharma or a particular set of rules that is beneficial for the whole society.
Forms of Rulers
With reference historical sources there had been two kinds of rulers.
Dictators
Republics
Even there had been a number of dictators by that time Buddha’s in flavor was in republics.
Vajji Kingdom in Vaishali
Vajji kingdom in Vaishali had been one of the favorite kingdoms of Buddha which was administrated by 7777 kings.
It was located in northern India and the people in there were Licchavi because of their complexion.
The people council of Vajji was called Vajji Gana. The members were selected from districts.
Location of Vajji Kingdom
Seven Un-decline Principles of Vajji
1. Frequent meetings for consultation.
2. Concord in action.
3. Adherence to injunctions and traditions.
4. Respect to elders.
5. Respect to women, who should never be molested.
6. Reverence to places of worship within.
7. Protection of worthy saints in the territory.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MdbNq3hCvUU
Emperor Ashoka
Even Buddhist teaching flourished in time of Buddha it seems it diminished before long his demise.
Because of re-rise of Brahmin authority.
The power of some kingdoms like Magadha, Kosala etc gradually disappeared and Pataliputra comes as the most powerful one after some three hundred years off Buddha.
Cangraguptha Maurya established a mighty kingdom and he was succeeded by his son Ashoka.
Power of Ashoka
He invaded almost Indian subcontinent and became a faithful Buddhist disciple under the guidance of his relative monk.
While rejecting Brahmin advices he substituted Buddhist teaching for a good governance.
Established number of pillar –stones and other inscriptions prove his dominance.
With reference to history he built at least eighty four thousand temples for the use of Buddhist monks around Indian subcontinent.
His Mission
His son as well as daughter respectively Mahinda and Sanghamitta entered the Buddhist Order.
Later on both of them ventured Sri Lanka to live in .
As it appears in literature he dispatched other eight missionary groups into neighboring countries.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0zrLZrlyko
Religious Freedom
As it comes to know Brahmins hadn't been allowed anyone to study, read or see their scripts. Therefore it had been esoteric.
Nonetheless, Buddha’s teaching was opened to every one or exoteric.
He often advised to accept or reject his teaching after a thorough examination.
It can be emphasized that the Buddha has given the utmost religious freedom that can’t be seen in any other religious practice.
Advice to Kalama
Do not go upon what has been acquired by repeated hearing
No upon tradition
No upon rumor
No upon scripture
No upon surmise
No upon axiom
No upon specious reasoning
No upon bias towards a notion pondered over
No upon another's seeming ability
No upon the consideration 'The monk is our teacher.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fhn9aFGAihg
People’s Situation
With reference to follow discourse it is not hard to imagine the people’s confusion in the time of the Buddha due to number of religious practices.
They straightforwardly expressed that they are distracted because of a number of religious ideas and practices.
But the Buddha's advice was very simple and not intricate.
Simply he pointed out the consequences of visible good and bad action and then acceptance or rejection.
In the Pali Canon, the Buddha has many conversations with Brahmins who, clearly provoked by his ideas of radical equality, routinely approached him to argue and learn. Late in the Middle Length Discourses, we meet a group of 500 Brahmins who live in the town of Savatthi, where the Buddha is staying at the time. When they hear that the Buddha has been teaching that all the castes are equally “pure,” they are outraged, and decide to send a smart young Brahmin to go and debate him.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqDo0HqnvT8
Buddha traveled from place to place to give the taste of dharma.
Nonetheless this peculiarity can’t be seen in Brahmin tradition. Probably they stayed in particular places and they were approached by clients.
Only in monsoon season he stayed three months in a same place and immediately after it he left.
Evidently he met the people held different status of the society.
Buddha’s courteous and amiable talks impressed the people.
Even some rude characters accepted his teaching.
Brahmin Kasi-Bharadvaja
This Brahmin had been very rich farmer but arrogant.
When he met the Buddha he had been a grand scale agricultural festival where he organized five hundred ploughs.
In his terms Buddha was a lazy person that doing nothing for livelihood.
Anyway Buddha convinced him who became a devoted follower of him.
Conversation
Conviction is my seed -Austerity my rain
Discernment my yoke & plow - Conscience my pole
Mind my yoke-tie - Mindfulness my plowshare & goad.
Guarded in body, guarded in speech,
Restrained in terms of belly & food, I make truth a weeding-hook, and composure my unyoking.
Persistence, my beast of burden, bearing me toward rest from the yoke, takes me, without turning back, to where, having gone, one doesn't grieve.
Debate
Encounter of Other Religious Leaders
When the Buddha had extra time he went to meet some other religious leaders too.
They had been wanderers, ascetics or other practitioners.
Probably their behavior hadn’t been good enough in comparison Buddha.
As it appears specially they kept silence had tried to behave nicely.
It is evident that they themselves expressed that our behavior not good therefore let you start a dharma talk.
Merchants
Buddha’s first two lay disciples were merchants known as Tapassu and Bhallika.
They represent the third caste according the traditional Indian caste classification.
After that a number of merchants followed Buddha’s teaching.
It seems that Buddha’s teaching provided a great solace for them.
In other words His teaching was mobile and progressive.
They traveled into long distance and stayed away longtime from closer ones.
Further, they engaged in righteous business actions.
Some discipline rules confirmed that some times they accompanied Buddhist monks with them as their spiritual advisers.
In Buddhist point of view monks are objects that yield good results in average people.
Buddha always advised his disciples to behave always for welfare and happiness of whole humankind. Literary, those disciples accomplished it.
Advice on Merchants
According to Buddhist teaching the people that engage in business activities always should be agile and righteous.
The Buddha recognizes three types of merchants,
1. Completely blind
2. Blind with single eye
3. Two eyed or good viewer
A clever merchant should find the needs of buyers in the morning, afternoon as well as in the eve.
Vanijja Sutta
Monks, a lay follower should not engage in five types of business. Which five?
1. Business in weapons
2 Business in human beings / trafficking
3. business in meat
4. Business in intoxicants
5. Business in poison.
Merchants’ Contribution
Definitely the contribution of trade class helped to spread Buddha’s teaching with reference to reliable sources.
Millionaire Anathapindika spent five hundred and forty millions (540) to construct the Jetavana monastery.
Then he served two thousand Buddhist monks with breakfast, lunch and other requisites.
an Image of Jetavana Monastery
Other Famous Places
Millionare Ghoshita
Built a monastery by his name – Ghoshita- Arama
Millionaire Kukkuta
Built a monastery by his name – Kukkuta – Arama
Congregation
Disciples who entered the Buddhist Order in the beginning were mostly from two upper classes.
Somebody abandoned millions in money besides valuable properties.
But later on even from the lower class or untouchable.
The Buddha never looked down them.
Buddha elaborated that anyone enables to be righteous and achieves emancipation.
Occasionally he condemned misdemeanors of Brahmin and praised virtue and abilities of lower caste people.
Buddha Approaches a Scavenger
In Savatthi there was a scavenger named Sunita. He was a road-sweeper and barely earned enough to feed himself. Sunita slept on the roadside, for he did not have a house to go to. He saw other people enjoying themselves but he could not mix with them because these people called him an outcast. Whenever a higher caste person went on the road Sunita had to run and hide so his shadow did not fall on them. If he was not quick enough he would be scolded and beaten. Poor Sunita lived a miserable life.
One day, as he was sweeping a dirty, dusty road, Sunita saw the Buddha with thousands of followers coming towards him.
His heart was filled with joy and fear and finding no place to hide he just stood, joining his palms in respect. The Buddha stopped and spoke to poor Sunita in a sweet, gentle voice saying, "My dear friend, would you like to leave this work and follow me?"
Nobody had ever spoken to Sunita like this before. His heart was filled with joy and his eyes with tears. "O, most venerable Sir, I have always received orders but never a kind word. If you accept a dirty and miserable scavenger like me I will follow you."
So the Buddha ordained Sunita and took him along with the other monks. From that day forth no one knew what Sunita's caste was, and nobody treated him with disgust and cruelty. Everybody, even kings, ministers and commanders, respected him.
Sunita
Simile of Great Ocean
The water of Ganges, Jamuna, Aciravati , Sarabhu and Mahi flow into the great ocean, then abandon their former names and claim the same taste of salt.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqDo0HqnvT8
Female Ordination
Brahmanism prohibited women to access their practice anyway.
Even though the Buddha’s idea was women are able to achieve whatever achieved by men.
He opened the doors for women in his Order and number of women were successful.
That might be considered as one of the greatest cultural reform in Indian society by Buddhist teaching .
Eight Conditions
In the fifth year of his ministry, the Buddha was staying at Vesali when he heard that his father, King Suddhodana, was ill. He decided to visit him again at Kapilavatthu to teach him the Dharma, and made the long journey. After hearing the Dharma, the king immediately attained arahantship and passed away peacefully seven days later. It was in this year that the order of nuns was founded at the request of Maha Pajapati Gotami, the aunt and foster mother of the Buddha.
Three times she approached the Buddha and asked him to ordain her into the Sangha, but each time the Buddha refused, giving no reason at all. After the Buddha had stayed at Kapilavatthu a while, he journeyed back to Vesali.
Pajapati Gotami was a determined lady, and would not be so easily discouraged. She had a plan to get her way. She cut her hair, put on yellow garments and, surrounded by a large number of Sakyan ladies, walked 150 miles from Kapilavatthu to Vesali. When she arrived at Vesali, her feet were swollen and her body was covered with dust. She stood outside the hall where the Buddha was staying with tears on her face, still hoping that the Buddha would ordain her as a nun.
Skills of Nuns
Before long the number of the female Order of Buddha increased.
It was almost similar the male order.
Like Sariputta and Moggallana were the two male chief disciples Khema and Uppalavanna were appointed as two female disciples.
Not only that but other number of positions for women.
Like male disciples they have elaborated doctrinal matters for average people.
Nun Dhammadinna, Khema, Uppalavanna etc are few examples.
Courtesan & Amrapali
A royal courtesan, Ambapali, variously known as Amrapali or Ambapalika, has been accorded a place of high respect in the Buddhist Scriptures. A contemporary of the Buddha, Ambapali was wealthy, highly intelligent and famous far and wide. her machless beauty together her youth, talent and intelligence made Amrapali the cynosure and dream of entire Vaishali.
While passing through Vaishali, the Buddha accepted her invitation to dine with her. This indicates that the better status of the courtesan in ancient India.
Buddha & Amrapali
Mundane & Supra-Mundane
Buddha wasn’t a conceptual divine being but a extraordinary human being that experienced this universe well.
Therefore, his teaching is very applicable and suitable with any condition.
He understood the human development in two ways as mundane and supra-mundane.
In his view some people were in the flavor of peaceful life and then emancipation.
Indeed, number of discourses preached by him discern the immediate progressiveness well.
Discourse on Debt
In Buddhist point of view, for one who partakes of sensuality, poverty is suffering in the world.
And a poor, destitute, penniless person gets into debt. For one who partakes of sensuality, getting into debt is suffering in the world.
And a poor, destitute, penniless person, having gotten into debt, owes interest payments. For one who partakes of sensuality, interest payment is suffering in the world.
And when a poor, destitute, penniless person, being served notice, does not pay, they hound / chase him. For one who partakes of sensuality, being hounded is suffering in the world.
And when a poor, destitute, penniless person, being hounded, does not pay, he is put into bondage. For one who partakes of sensuality, bondage is suffering in the world.
1. Poverty is suffering.
2. Debt is suffering.
3. Interest payment is suffering.
4. Being served notice is suffering.
5. Being hounded / chased is suffering.
6. Bondage is suffering.
Poverty
Debt / Loan
Interest
Notice
Hounded / chased
Bondage
Five meanings of wealth
As somebody earns wealth and property s/he has to share them with accompanied ones with reference to Buddhist elaboration. How?
1. First for self use, happiness and joy.
To nourish / feed parents.
To nourish / feed wife, children, servants, body guards etc.
2. Share with friends.
3. Insure / protect wealth and property from fire, water, thieves, and other difficulties.
4. Share with relatives.
Share with visitors.
Share with diseased / dead/ departed ones.
Pay tax.
Share with gods/ deities/ demi gods.
5. Share with religious activities.
Wealth
Self
Use
Friends
Protection
Relatives
Religious Activities
Byaggapajja
In this sutta, the Buddha instructs rich householders how to preserve and increase their prosperity and how to avoid loss of wealth. Wealth alone, however, does not make a complete man nor a harmonious society.
Possession of wealth all too often multiplies man's desires, and he is ever in the pursuit of amassing more wealth and power. This unrestrained craving, however, leaves him dissatisfied and stifles his inner growth. It creates conflict and disharmony in society through the resentment of the underprivileged who feel themselves exploited by the effects of unrestrained craving.
Conditions of Worldly Progress
1. The accomplishment of persistent effort.
2.The accomplishment of watchfulness.
3. Good friendship.
4. Balanced livelihood.
1. The accomplishment of persistent effort
Herein, Vyagghapajja, by whatsoever activity a householder earns his living, whether by farming, by trading, by rearing cattle, by archery, by service under the king, or by any other kind of craft — at that he becomes skillful and is not lazy.
He is endowed with the power of discernment as to the proper ways and means; he is able to carry out and allocate (duties).
This is called the accomplishment of persistent effort.
2. What is the Accomplishment of Watchfulness
Herein, Vyagghapajja, whatsoever wealth a householder is in possession of, obtained by dint of effort, collected by strength of arm, by the sweat of his brow, justly acquired by right means —
such he husbands well by guarding and watching so that
Kings would not seize it,
Thieves would not steal it,
Fire would not burn it,
Water would not carry it away,
Nor ill-disposed heirs remove it.
This is the accomplishment of watchfulness.
3. What is good friendship
Herein, Vyagghapajja, in whatsoever village or market town a householder dwells, he associates, converses, engages in discussions with householders or householders' sons, whether young and highly cultured or old and highly cultured,
Full of faith
Full of virtue
Full of charity
Full of wisdom
He acts in accordance with the faith of the faithful, with the virtue of the virtuous, with the charity of the charitable, with the wisdom of the wise.
This is called good friendship.
4. What is balanced livelihood
Herein, Vyagghapajja, a householder knowing his income and expenses leads a balanced life,
neither extravagant nor miserly,
Knowing that thus his income will stand in excess of his expenses, but not his expenses in excess of his income.
Balanced Income
As pointed out by the Buddha the income of someone should be divided into four quarts as follow.
1. One quarter for self consumption.
2 . Two quarters for new investments.
4. Fourth quarter is deposited or preserved for immergence or future.
Wealth
Consumption
Investment
Preservation
Singalovada Discourse
This is one of the most valuable discourses of Buddha’s teaching which concerns with worldly progress of each and everyone in Buddhist point of view.
In this discourse it has elaborated number of matters that can be followed by everyone without any discrimination.
Introduction
1. Has eradicated the four vices in conduct.
2 In as much as he commits no evil action in four ways.
3. In as much as he pursues not the six channels for dissipating wealth.
Four Vices in Conduct
1. The destruction of life is a vice
2. Stealing
3. Sexual misconduct
4. lying.
These are the four vices that he has eradicated.
Causes for Evil Action
In which four ways does one commit no evil action?
1. Led by desire does one commit evil.
2. Led by anger does one commit evil.
3. Led by ignorance does one commit evil.
4. Led by fear does one commit evil.
But inasmuch as the noble disciple is not led by desire, anger, ignorance, and fear, he commits no evil.
Dissipating Wealth
What are the six channels for dissipating wealth which he does not pursue?
1. Indulgence in intoxicants which cause infatuation and heedlessness
2. Sauntering in streets at unseemly hours
3. Frequenting theatrical shows
4. Indulgence in gambling which causes heedlessness
5. Association with evil companions
6. Habit of idleness.
Six evil Consequences in Indulging in Intoxicants
1. Loss of wealth.
2. Increase of quarrels.
3. Susceptibility to disease.
4.Earning an evil reputation.
5. Shameless exposure of body.
5. Weakening of intellect.
Street Sauntering
There are six evil consequences in sauntering in streets at unseemly hours:
1. He himself is unprotected and unguarded
2. His wife and children are unprotected and unguarded
3.His property is unprotected and unguarded
4. He is suspected of evil deeds
5. He is subject to false rumors
6. He meets with many troubles.
Consequences in Frequenting Theatrical Shows
There are, young householder, these six evil consequences in frequenting theatrical shows. He is ever thinking.
1. Where is there dancing?
2. Where is there singing?
3. Where is there music?
4. Where is there recitation?
5. Where is there playing with cymbols?
6. Where is there pot-blowing?
Six Evil consequences in indulging in gambling
There are, young householder, these six evil consequences in indulging in gambling.
1. The winner begets hate.
2. The loser grieves for lost wealth
3. Loss of wealth.
4. His word is not relied upon in a court of law.
5. He is despised by his friends and associates.
6. He is not sought after for matrimony; for people would say he is a gambler and is not fit to look after a wife.
Evil Companions
There are, young householder, these six evil consequences in associating with evil companions, namely.
1. Any gambler.
2. Any libertine.
3. Any drunkard.
4.Any swindler.
5. Any cheat.
6. Any rowdy is his friend and companion.
Addicted to Idleness
There are, young householder, these six evil consequences in being addicted to idleness. He does no work, saying:
1. That it is extremely cold.
2.That it is extremely hot.
3. That it is too late in the evening.
4. That it is too early in the morning.
5. That he is extremely hungry.
6. That he is too full.
Aftermaths
Living in this way, he leaves many duties undone, new wealth he does not get, and wealth he has acquired dwindles away.
Recognition of Evil Friends
These four should be understood as foes in the guise of friends.
1. He who appropriates a friend's possessions.
2. He who renders lip-service.
3. He who flatters.
4. He who brings ruin.
1. He who Appropriates a Friend's Possessions
In four ways, young householder, should one who appropriates be understood as a foe in the guise of a friend:
1. He appropriates his friend's wealth
2. He gives little and asks much.
3. He does his duty out of fear
4. He associates for his own advantage.
lip-service Friend
In four ways, young householder, should one who renders lip-service be understood as a foe in the guise of a friend.
1. He makes friendly profession as regards the past.
2. He makes friendly profession as regards the future.
3. He tries to gain one's favor by empty words.
4. When opportunity for service has arisen, he expresses his inability.
Flatter
In four ways, young householder, should one who flatters be understood as a foe in the guise of a friend.
1. He approves of his friend's evil deeds.
2. He disapproves his friend's good deeds.
3. He praises him in his presence
4. He speaks ill of him in his absence.
Ruin Friend
In four ways, young householder, should one who brings ruin be understood as a foe in the guise of a friend:
1. He is a companion in indulging in intoxicants that cause infatuation and heedlessness
2. He is a companion in sauntering in streets at unseemly hours
3. He is a companion in frequenting theatrical shows
4. He is a companion in indulging in gambling which causes heedlessness.
Good Friends
These four, young householder, should be understood as warm-hearted friends.
1. He who is a helpmate.
2. He who is the same in happiness and sorrow.
3. He who gives good counsel.
4. He who sympathizes.
Helpmate
In four ways, young householder, should a helpmate be understood as a warm-hearted friend.
1. He guards the heedless.
2. He protects the wealth of the heedless.
3. He becomes a refuge when you are in danger.
4. when there are commitments he provides you with double the supply needed.
Same in Happiness and Sorrow
In four ways, young householder, should one who is the same in happiness and sorrow be understood as a warm-hearted friend.
1. He reveals his secrets.
2. He conceals one's own secrets
3. In misfortune he does not forsake one.
4. His life even he sacrifices for one's sake.
Good Counsel
In four ways, young householder, should one who gives good counsel be understood as a warm-hearted friend:
1. He restrains one from doing evil.
2. He encourages one to do good
3. He informs one of what is unknown to oneself.
4. He points out the path to heaven.
Sympathy
In four ways, young householder, should one who sympathizes be understood as a warm-hearted friend.
1. He does not rejoice in one's misfortune.
2. He rejoices in one's prosperity.
3. He restrains others speaking ill of oneself.
4. He praises those who speak well of oneself.
In Education
With reference to reliable historical evidences there had been at least sixty two subjects by the time of Buddha.
All of them were concerned with average people even the Buddha had knowledge in them he always oriented people towards spirituality.
Because of the Buddha wanted to release from ignorance and provide ultimate happiness.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKHwUncAYHo
The Discourse on Proficiency
1.Who knows any proficiency?
2. Who studied theory as well as practice for a long time?
3. What is the excellent proficiency?
Proficiencies by that time
Proficiency in elephants
Proficiency in horses
Proficiency in carts
Proficiency in archery
Proficiency in swords
Proficiency in scratch or writing
Proficiency in poet
Proficiency in logic
Proficiency in law
Proficiency in impression
Proficiency in mathematics
Proficiency in accounting
Foundation
Basically Buddhist education can be seen in three steps.
Morality
Concentration
Wisdom
It teaches people to be good and abandon any animal instincts and bad behaviors.
Indeed, it is the revolution of individual and society.
Moreover, it teaches people the path to attain highest mental freedom.
Buddhism believes that the ultimate of wisdom is inherent in each person’s nature, stating that everyone has the potential to achieve wisdom.
However, the majority are distracted by misunderstanding and misconceptions, therefore, are incapable of being aware of this kind of potential.
In this sense, Buddhism aims to teach us recognize the intrinsic part of human nature.
Buddhist education helps us remove delusion and regain the wisdom to remove confusions of individual potential and achieve happiness.
Also Buddhist education considers deep meditation and concentration as the crucial factors in order to attain wisdom.
It teaches the way of meditation and the mindfulness of concentration.
Teaching Methods Used by Buddha
In Buddhist canon it seems some methods used by the Buddha to teach the people.
Mostly he addressed huge gatherings directly without any discrimination.
Occasionally he taught even a single person.
When some people asked him questions he provided answers.
Somewhere he asked questions.
Debated with encounters.
Discussed with someone.
Also he used some methods as follow.
1. Provided direct answers. (ex; Three characteristics )
2. Divided the answer into portion / sections. (ex; Five aggregates)
3. Raised counter questions.
4. Put aside or kept silence.
Because of some explanations don’t really concern with higher knowledge.
Further he used some methods as follow.
1. Having considering the appropriate group and time by himself. (ex; Mindfulness Sutta)
2. Having regarding the benefits of others. (ex; Rahula Sutta)
3. Regarding a raised question. (ex; Alavaka Sutta)
4. Regarding a special matter that arised at the moment. (ex: Puttamamsa/ Aggikkhanda)
Similes, Metaphors, Parables
There can be seen a number of similes used to make the matters easy. Ex;
Corporeal body = foam on water
Feelings = water bubble
Perception = mirage
Mental formation = banana tree
Consciousness = illusion
Also a number of metaphors and parables everywhere in the canon.
Metaphor- ex; discourse on elephants, horses, lions etc
Parables – ex; discourse on Kutadanta, Vedehika etc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5AuM7DSrPig
