Summarize 3 chapters
Faisal07
culturaldiversitych7new.pptDiversity and Exclusion:
A Critical Workforce Problem
Diversity and Exclusion
Diversity
- Gender
- Race
- Ethnicity
- Immigration status
- Social class
- Religion
- Age
- Disability
- Sexual orientation
- Access to power
- Access to opportunities
- Discrimination
Exclusion
While diversity categories vary from one country to the next, the sense of exclusion and unfairness transcends national and cultural boundaries.
Diversity and Exclusion
Inclusion-Exclusion
The concept of inclusion-exclusion in the workplace refers to the individual’s sense of being a part of the organizational system in both the formal processes, such as access to information and decision-making channels, and the informal processes, such as “water cooler” and lunch meetings, where information and decisions informally take place (Mor Barak, 2000).
Diversity and Exclusion
Research on Organizational Demography Documenting Exclusion
The Inclusion-Exclusion Experience
Research demonstrates that:
Women and racial and ethnic minority group members
Often feel excluded from
networks of influence
Have limited job opportunities
and delayed career advancement
Experience work-related stress
lower job satisfaction, and higher turnover
Organizational level – exclusion from information networks and the decision making process
Community level – exclusion from civic activities and networking opportunities leading to jobs and promotions
State/Federal level – exclusion from job opportunities due to lack or insufficient protection from discrimination
International level – exclusion from job opportunities due to work exploitation by multi-nationals
The Inclusion-Exclusion Experience
Social Identity Theory – Explaining Exclusion
A social psychological theory originated by Henri Tajfel (1979)
People tend to classify themselves into social categories that have meaning for them and this shapes the way individuals interact with others from their own identity group and from other groups
Overview:
Social Identity Theory
“The individual’s knowledge that he/she belongs to certain social groups, together with some emotional value significance to him/her of the group membership”
Definition of Social Identity:
Tajfel, 1972, p.31
Social Identity Theory
Social Categorization – a cognitive tool that is used to segment, classify and order the social environment.
Important concept:
Social categorization helps simplify the world and often informs social action
Social Identity Theory
People desire to belong to groups that enjoy distinct and positive identities.
“I refuse to join any club that would have me as a member”
This is the comedian Grougho Marx’s, humorist take on the sense of exclusion experienced by those who cannot belong to the prestigious social groups.
Major propositions:
Social Identity Theory
Those who belong to groups with higher perceived social status will accept and include people they consider to be like them, while excluding those they perceive to be different than them.
Major propositions:
Social Identity Theory
1. Individual mobility – a person moving from low status to high status identity group through education, talent or hiding the original identity group and passing as a member of another
Coping with group negative or low status social identity:
2. Group mobility through “social creativity” – redefining perceived negative qualities (“black is beautiful”)
3. Social competition – improving the group’s status by direct competition (e.g., affirmative action)
Social Identity Theory
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