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CULTPSY3_Chapter6_PPT.pdf

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Lecture PowerPoint Slides

By Benjamin Cheung

Cultural Psychology Third Edition

Steven J. Heine

Chapter 6—Self and Personality

Chapter Objectives

 In this chapter, you will:

• Understand how self-descriptors tend to vary across different cultures • Differentiate between independent and interdependent views of self • Explain interpersonal consequences for independent and

interdependent views of self • Differentiate between individualism and collectivism • Relate individualism/collectivism to independent/interdependent views

of self • Understand how to reconcile cultural differences with individual

variability • Understand how various cultural variables explain cultural differences in

gender equality • Define gender essentialism • Understand how one’s self-concept may differ across different contexts

Chapter Objectives

 In this chapter, you will:

• Explain the relationship between cognitive dissonance and cultural differences in self-consistency

• Differentiate between subjective and objective self-awareness • Differentiate between incremental and entity theories of self • Understand the Five Factor Model of personality • Differentiate between the five factors of the Five Factor Model of

personality • Reconcile the difference between cultural variability and universality of

personality structures • Explain cultural differences in concepts related to self-concepts • Discuss general cultural differences in self-concepts • Understand how cultural differences in self-concepts are associated

with cultural differences in observable behaviors

Overriding Themes in This Chapter

 There are aspects of self-concept that are universal and others that are culturally variable.

 Such differences have important implications for our social interactions and perceptions of them.

 Something as basic as “how we view ourselves” differs greatly across cultures.

Who Am I?

 If someone asked you to complete the sentence, “I am…,” how would you complete it? How would you describe yourself?

 Researchers have found cultural differences in such self-descriptors.

Who Am I?

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Americans (and, interestingly, Kenyan undergrads) describe themselves in terms of enduring traits and personal characteristics. These are the findings in many Western countries. Nonstudent populations in Kenya, however, describe themselves in terms of roles and relationships. These are the findings in much of the non-Western world. Take note, though, that Americans do, sometimes, still consider their social roles, and Masai sometimes still consider their personality traits. These trends appear to be associated with greater exposure to Western culture (and also simultaneously with greater economic development).

 Researchers have suggested the existence of a fundamental difference in how the self is subjectively organized.

 Markus and Kitayama (1991) argue that this difference is based on people having either an independent or interdependent view of self.

Why I Am Who I am

Why I Am Who I Am

Independent view of the self

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Characteristic of the Western world Identity is distinct from their relationships—the circle around the individual does not overlap with other circles. Important aspects of identity are one’s personal characteristics—Xs inside circles are aspects of identity, and the larger ones are more important for self-identity. These aspects include attributes, preferences, opinions, traits, and so on. The self is stable and consistent across different situations—the border around the individual’s circle is solid. Considerable fluidity exists between ingroups and outgroups (new relationships are easily formed, old relationships are easily dissolved); separation between ingroup and outgroup has a dotted line, signifying a lack of strong boundaries.

Why I Am Who I Am

Interdependent view of the self

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Characteristic of much of the non-Western world Identity is interdependent with others and one’s relationships—the overlap of one’s own circle with their relationships suggests that relationships with others are an important part of self-identity. Roles, relationships, and memberships constitute important aspects of the self—bold Xs lie at the intersection between individuals and significant relationships. Identity changes across situations as roles change—the dotted circle around the individual indicates that the self is not a bounded entity, but is influenced by relationships. Clear distinction exists between ingroup and outgroup (strong loyalty and commitment to ingroup, but little willingness to cooperate or conform with outgroup members)—the solid boundary between ingroup and outgroup suggests that it is not easy for outgroup members to become ingroup members, and ingroup members do not easily fall into the outgroup category.

Why I Am Who I Am

 A neural basis exists for this distinction

Presenter

Presentation Notes

A neural basis exists for this distinction When participants were asked to use a list of adjectives to evaluate themselves and their mothers: Westerners showed different regions of activation Chinese showed activation in the same regions (regions linked to self-representations)