CT#7

CSU-Global_Guide_to_Writing_and_APA_Requirements.pdf

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IntroductIon to WrItIng at cSu-global One of the primary goals of higher education at Colorado State University-Global Campus is to prepare students to be successful employees, leaders, and managers in their organizations and communities.

• Studies show that communication and analytical abilities are two of the top skills sought by employers (Hansen & Hansen, 2012). Employers seek employees who demonstrate the ability to “listen, write and speak effectively.” The way we communicate reflects who we are and how we represent these organizations. Strong communication skills ensure that you represent yourself and your organization in ways that promote respect and credibility.

• Employers also seek employees with strong analytical and research skills. CSU-Global assignments are designed to allow students to develop and practice these skills. Critical thinking skills are essential in assessing situations, incorporating multiple perspectives, identifying best practices and defining key issues to be addressed.

The “CSU-Global Guide to Writing and APA Requirements” provides a structure to define foundational expectations and standards that foster and develop strong written communication skills. It also provides the structure highlighting appropriate citation skills to ensure that credit is awarded to original authors and sources are identified for additional research and follow-up. The “CSU-Global Guide to Writing and APA Requirements” are based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. The APA manual provides information regarding writing as well as citation and reference criteria. It is the primary source for the “CSU-Global Guide to Writing and APA Requirements.”. It is expected that all CSU-Global students and faculty will adhere to these requirements unless otherwise indicated within a course syllabus or as defined by an individual instructor.

uSIng credIble MaterIal for aSSIgnMentS During your courses at CSU-Global, one or more of your instructors may ask you to find scholarly or peer-reviewed articles for your assignments. Unlike popular magazines, trade magazines, newspapers, or informational websites, scholarly material is well researched and established in a field of study. The information in non-scholarly material can sometimes be biased and opinionated due to the fact the material has not been researched, only reported. Therefore, this material along with information found on the Internet often needs to be evaluated to be sure of its credibility. Scholarly journals have a more formal structure and will have similar section headings:

• Literature Review • Methodologies • Results • Conclusion • Bibliography

You can find scholarly or peer-reviewed journals by searching in the CSU-Global Library. Click the “Scholarly Journals” link under the How to Find section on the Library tab in Blackboard.

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acadeMIc IntegrIty and PlagIarISM Students should refer to the Academic Catalog for policies regarding academic integrity and plagiarism. Plagiarism is a concern beyond the boundaries of the classroom. Plagiarism in the workplace demonstrates serious breaches in ethics and integrity with consequences that may include financial penalty to the employee or company, lawsuits, and dismissal from employment. Therefore, whether you use APA style or some other format, learning to give credit to your sources and to make appropriate use of research information is a critical academic and professional skill.

CSU-Global expects each assignment to be the original work of the individual student. Approximately 80% of the content should be original thoughts, analysis, and paraphrasing written by the student. No more than 15-20% of the content should be quoted material (i.e. one quote per page). All content taken from sources, whether paraphrased or quoted directly, must be properly cited and referenced. Research should be incorporated to support your writing and analysis, not as a substitute for it.

reuSIng and rePurPoSIng your oWn Work reuSIng: Students who did not successfully complete a course may use previously submitted work when retaking it as long as the work complies with all the standards and expectations for originality and academic integrity. If feedback was received from prior submissions, students should incorporate that feedback to improve the quality of their work prior to submitting the assignment in the current enrollment.

rePurPoSIng: Students may make limited use of previously submitted ideas as a foundation for future assignments. Each assignment is unique. While there are foundational ideas and concepts that may overlap from one course to the next, no two assignments may be fulfilled using the same student document. Standards of originality and requirements for citation apply whether the work being presented incorporates the work of others, or prior work of your own. No more than 20% of a paper, excluding references, may be repurposed from another CSU-Global course, unless otherwise directed. Foundational ideas and content should be further developed to meet the unique requirements of each assignment. Plagiarism policies and citation requirements apply to repurposed work as they would for all other assignments.

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good WrItIng tIPS Additional information regarding good writing can be found in Chapter 3: Writing Clearly and Concisely of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. as well as in the Additional Resources to this guide.

• As you prepare to write, clearly identify the questions or topic which you will be addressing, narrow your focus, and check your final work to make sure you fully address each element of the assignment.

• Construct an outline to organize your goals. Include elements such as an introduction, thesis statement, body, and conclusion to help structure your work.

• Be clear and concise. Explain how and why something is important - how it benefits your audience, professional world, or addresses an issue. Focus on essential points that help educate and persuade your audience. Avoid wordiness, redundancy, repetition, and long complicated sentences.

• Do not begin or end a paragraph with a direct quote. Quotes should support your statements, not replace them.

• Vary sentence beginnings. Include 3-5 sentences per paragraph to fully develop an idea.

• Seek to communicate with precision and clarity. Avoid contractions, minimize the use of pronouns and eliminate cliches, slang, jargon, bias, stereotypes, derogatory statements, as well as idiomatic and inflammatory language.

• Use third person or neutral pronouns unless the statements being made describe your personal actions, direct experiences, or engagement. Avoid attributing human characteristics to animals or inanimate objects. Use gender neutral language unless referring to a specific individual.

• Use active, rather than passive voice, and be aware of the tone and mood that is set by your words. Use appropriate verb tense. Check for subject and verb agreement.

• Read, read, read and model your writing after professionals who are known for communicating well.

• Have someone proofread your work before submission. Read your own work aloud. Set the work aside and read it later to gain fresh perspective. Get feedback about what you have written.

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exPectatIonS for cSu-global WrItten aSSIgnMentS

dIScuSSIon board requIreMentS:

• Approach your discussion assignments as you would a conversation. You are expected to express your own thoughts and analysis regarding the topic or in response to discussion questions. Your posting should incorporate information from credible sources to support your statements.

• When posting responses and engaging with your classmates, ask questions that expand and continue the conversation. Dig deeper into the topic and perspectives presented to gain further understanding, more information that can be applied to real life situations, and insight into the thoughts and perspectives of others.

• In-text citations as well as references must be met in all posts if required by course/instructor.

WrItten aSSIgnMent requIreMentS:

to view a sample paper that meets all requirements for a written assignment at CSU-Global.

• One inch margins on all sides of the document.

• Double-space entire document.

• Use Times New Roman and size 12 font.

• Include a separate title page with the following information. Centered in the top half of the page: (a) paper title, (b) student name, (c) course number and name of course, (d) name of institution, (e) name of instructor, (f) date submitted. All major words are capitalized and not bold.

• Insert page numbers in the top right corner of the page within the header, starting with the title page.

• Insert running heads in the header of each page. The phrase “Running head:” (without quotation marks) should appear only on the title page with the first 50 characters (this includes space, but should not break up a word) of the paper’s title in all caps. All subsequent pages should only have the 50 characters of the paper’s title in all caps. for instructions on how to format running heads.

• The title of the paper is repeated at the beginning of the body of paper, centered and not bold. This is not considered a header.

• Use headings within the body of the document. Please refer to the APA manual (p. 62) or Purdue OWL website ( ) for heading details.

• Indent all paragraphs five spaces to the right or 1/2 with no extra line space between paragraphs.

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http://csuglobal.blackboard.com/bbcswebdav/xid-3745970_5

http://uclibrary.troy.edu/pdf/apa-head-page-number.pdf

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/16/

• Refer to referenced authors by last name only throughout the body of document as APA believes this may lead to a gender bias.

• Spell out all phrases when first used in a document with the acronym in parenthesis after it. Just the acronym can be used in subsequent uses.

Example: The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) for Motorola stated...

• In-text citations should be used throughout body of document. See page 6 of the guide for examples and more information.

• Directly quoted material should be cited to page number or paragraph number. See page 8 of this guide for examples and more information. Keep in mind that only 15-20% of your paper can be quoted (i.e., one quote per page).

• Block formatting is required for quotes of 40 words or more. For a block quote, indent entire quote 5 space to the right or 1/2 inch, do not use quotation marks, and place the period at the end of the quote, not the citation. See examples on page 9 of this guide.

• Use a page break (common feature in word processing software) to create a new page for reference citations. The word “References” should be centered at the top, not bold, and should not have any punctuation. References are double spaced and in hanging indent format and in alphabetical order. See page 10 of this guide for examples and more information.

PoWerPoInt, WebSIteS, buSIneSS-Style letterS/ MeMoS/rePortS requIreMentS:

for a sample PowerPoint cited in APA format.

• Follow your assignment instructions for these types of documents.

• In-text and referenced citations should be used when source material is included.

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https://csuglobal.blackboard.com/bbcswebdav/xid-33908_5

What IS aPa Style? The American Psychological Association (APA) style was developed to standardize writing practices for clarity in layout, punctuation, grammar, and reference citation. While APA formatting may seem complex, it will become easier once you familiarize yourself with the rules and expectations.

This guide includes the basics on how to properly cite commonly used source mate- rials in APA style. The purpose of citing information sources such as a journal article, book, website, etc. is not only to give credit to a source so as not to plagiarize, but also so your reader can find the source if needed. Elements of your paper that are from credible sources that are not cited will be considered plagiarized (some papers may be put through a plagiarism checker). If additional questions about proper APA style exist, students are encouraged to attend the library open session tutorials on the subject or contact the CSU-Global Librarian at [email protected]. The Purdue Online Writing Lab’s APA Formatting and Style Guide available at http://owl. english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/1/ is also a great resource for additional information.

In-text cItatIonS When you use information from a source whether it is a website, book, article, etc., you need to give the author/source credit. There are two ways of giving credit to a source within the body of your document

• Paraphrasing — Restating the author’s information in your own words

• Quoting — Using the exact words from a source

Paraphrased Parenthetical citation

When using research without referencing the author directly in the content, a parenthetical citation is used.

One Author Note that the citation is included before the period and includes only the author’s last name and the year of the published work.

All ants crawl (Jones, 2009).

Two Authors An ampersand (&) is used to separate the authors’ last names in the parentheses, followed by the year of publication.

All ants crawl (Jones & Thomas, 2009).

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http://

More than Two Authors If three to five authors are present for a source, list all of them in the first in-text citation then just the first listed author and “et al.” in subsequent citations. Include the publication year in all citations. If six or more authors are present, list first author and “et al.” for all citations.

All ants crawl (Jones, Thomas, & Dixon, 2009).

Snakes actually slither (Jones et al., 2009).

No Author Listed If no author is listed, which is more common with websites and electronic sources, list the corporate author or content owner followed by the year. However, if you use information from several pages of a website, it is best to use the first two or three words of the title of the web page instead of the corporate author.

All ants crawl (World Wildlife Federation, 2009). or (“Who We Are,” 2009).

Personal Communication If the information comes from an unpublished source, such as an interview or an email communication, include the author’s first initial, address it as a personal communication, and list the complete date. Note: personal communications citations are only in the text of your paper and NOT in your reference list.

All ants crawl (T. Long, personal communication, April 2, 2012).

Paraphrased narrative citation

It is also common to reference authors within the actual content of a paper to acknowledge specific ideas and information of their previous work and research.

One Author Include the author’s last name as a part of the sentence, followed immediately by the year of publication in parenthesis.

Jones (2009) stated that all ants crawl.

Two Authors Citation for two authors is the same as a single author with both last names listed. Note: When used as a part of the sentence the word ‘and’ is used (unlike the parenthetically citation that uses an ampersand).

Jones and Thomas (2009) stated that all ants crawl.

More than Two Authors If three or more authors are present for a source, list all of them in the first citation then just the first listed author and “et al.” in subsequent citations. For six or more authors, use “et al.“ for all citations. All instances include the publication year in parenthesis immediately following the author’s last names.

Jones, Thomas, and Dixon (2009) stated that all ants crawl.

Jones et al. (2009) also argue that snakes actually slither.

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No Author Listed For websites and other sources where no author is listed, include the corporate author or content owner as a part of the sentence immediately followed by the year in parenthesis.

World Wildlife Federation (2009) conclude that ants crawl.

Personal Communication If the information comes from an unpublished source, such as an interview or email communication, include the author’s first initial and last name as a part of the sentence. Address it as a personal communication and list the date in parenthesis after the idea. Note: personal communications citations are only in the text of your paper and NOT in your reference list.

T. Jones stated that all ants crawl and snakes slither (personal communication, February 2, 2011).

direct quotes

When using a direct quote from a source, the main difference in the formatting of in- text citations is the inclusion of a page or paragraph number. Anytime ideas are taken verbatim, they also need to be separated by quotation marks to show exactly what was directly from the source. Author names can also be included as a part of the narrative when used with direct quotes as demonstrated in the second example of each of the scenarios below. Quotations that are 40 words or longer are formatted in a block quotation. (See example on page 9)

One Author

Parenthetical Example:

“All ants crawl” (Jones, 2009, p. 45). (p. 45 means the quote was found on page 45 of a book)

Narrative Example:

According to Jones (2009), “All ants crawl” (p. 45). (Notice how in both examples the closing punctuation mark comes outside

of the closing parentheses)

Two Authors

Parenthetical Example:

“All ants crawl” (Jones & Thomas, 2009, p. 45).

Narrative Example:

According to Jones and Thomas (2009), “All ants crawl” (p. 45).

More than Two Authors

Parenthetical Example:

“All ants crawl” (Jones, Thomas, & Dixon, 2009, p. 45).

“All ants crawl” (Jones et al., 2009, p. 45).

Narrative Example: As surmised by Jones, Thomas, and Dixon (2009), “All ants crawl” (p. 45).

Jones et al. (2009) continued by stating, “Snakes actually slither because they have no legs.”

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No Author Listed

Parenthetical Example:

“All ants crawl” (World Wildlife Federation, 2009, para. 4). (“para.” stands for the paragraph of where the quote was found)

Narrative Example:

The World Wildlife Federation website (2009) states “All ants crawl” (para. 4).

Quotes Longer Than 40 Words: Block Quotations Quote more than 40 words are included in a block format, indented 5 spaces on the left from the main paragraph. The quote is double spaced, in uniform with the rest of the paragraph and there are NO quotation marks. The parenthetical citation information is the same as that used for a quote of fewer than 40 words. Notice the period is before the in-text citation for block formatting.

Parenthetical Example:

Fire ants are known for their lively and aggressive behavior, swarming over anyone

or anything that disturbs their nest, often attacking wild animals, baby animals,

pets or people, in some instances, even killing them. And it appears that the

situation with fire ants will not get any better. The National Wildlife Federation

(NWF) released a new report this month on fire ants. Fire ants can be deadly to

wildlife and can generate unpleasant burning and blistering on human skin when

attacked by these ants in large numbers. Fire ants are making their way northward

as climate change provides more suitable habitat. (World Wildlife Federation,

2009, para. 4)

Narative Example:

The World Wildlife Federation (2009) details the habits of fire ants in the annual

Ant Anthology:

Fire ants are known for their lively and aggressive behavior, swarming over anyone

or anything that disturbs their nest, often attacking wild animals, baby animals,

pets or people, in some instances, even killing them. And it appears that the

situation with fire ants will not get any better. The National Wildlife Federation

(NWF) released a new report this month on fire ants. Fire ants can be deadly to

wildlife and can generate unpleasant burning and blistering on human skin when

attacked by these ants in large numbers. Fire ants are making their way northward

as climate change provides more suitable habitat. (para. 4)

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reference lISt All citations used in the body of the paper must appear in a more detailed format on the reference list. Keep in mind that no other references should appear in this list, only those that have been cited in the paper. The reference list starts on a new page after the last page of the body of the paper. Use the page break feature in your word processor to start this new page.

Title the page “References,” centered at the top of the page but not in bold. Do not use titles such as Bibliography or Works Cited. References are always listed in alphabetical order by the author’s last name and initial of first name or the title of a web page or organization, if the organization is listed as the author of a resource.

References are double-spaced with the first line of a reference flush with the left margin and each additional line indented 5 spaces to the right or 1/2 inch.. This is called a hanging indent. Use the hanging indent tool in your word processor (found under paragraph formatting).

basic formula for reference list citations

The basic formula for reference citations is the author’s last name, Author’s initial of their first name and middle name. (year, month date). Title of source is lowercase except the first word, the first word after a colon, and proper nouns. Titles of books, journals, magazines, newspapers, and other sources should usually appear in italics but not in all cases (see APA Manual for exceptions). After the title is information that distinguishes the type of source you are citing such as publishing information for books , the journal’s name with volume number, issue number and page numbers for journal articles, or the URL or doi number for websites.

books

Thomas, M. (2011). Online learning. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publishing.

One Author:

Thomas, M. (2011). Online learning. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publishing.

Two Authors

Rudestam, K. E., & Schoenholtz-Read, J. (2011). Handbook of online learning:

Innovations in higher education and corporate training (2nd ed.). London, UK:

Sage Publishing.

Author’s last name followed

by a comma and then the author’s initial of their first name and middle name (if there is

one). For multiple authors, use “&”

before last author listed (i.e. Long, T., Hanks, C., &

Smith, R.)

Next is the title of the book. Make

sure it is all lower case except the first word, first

word after a colon, and proper nouns.

The title is also italicized. End with

the period.

The next section is the city and state

where the book was published Make sure

you put the city, comma and then

the state acronym followed by a colon.

The last part of a basic book citation

is the name of the publisher.

All major words are capitalized, followed by a

period.

Year is placed

in parentheses, followed by

a period.

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More than Two Authors

Crawford, P., Brown, B., & Nolan, P. (1998). Communicating care: The language of

nursing. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill, Inc.

Note: The ampersand (&) is placed before the last author listed.

eBook

Comeaux, P. (2005). Assessing online learning [Electronic book]. Bolton, MA:

Anker Publishing Company.

dissertations

Huei-Lien, C. (2006). Projects-to-think-with and projects-to-talk with: How

adult learners experience project-based learning in an online course (Doctoral

dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database.

(Accession Number: 3244661)

Journal articles

The title of the journal is italicized (not the title of the article). In the article title, only the first word, first word after a colon, and proper nouns are capitalized. The volume number is italicized; the issue number is not italicized but in parentheses, and then the page numbers are listed.

Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.

One Author

Clay, G. (2003). Assignment writing skills. Nursing Standard, 17(20), 47-52.

Two Authors

Antonakos, C. L., & Kazanis, A. S. (2003). Research process in the health sciences:

A focus on methods. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice, 17, 257-264.

Author’s last name followed

by a comma and then the author’s initial of their first name and middle name (if there is

one). For multiple authors, use “&”

before last author listed (i.e. Long, T., Hanks, C., &

Smith, R.)

Next is the title of the article. Make sure it is all lower case except

the first word, first word after a colon, and proper nouns. For an article, the title is not italicized. End

with the period.

The journal’s name is next. All the major words are capitalized

and it is italicized followed by a

comma.

The title of the journal is then followed by the volume

number, which is also

italicized. Then the issue number follows

the volume number. The issue number

is not italicized and is in

parentheses.

End the citation from a database

with the page numbers. You only list the

pages. Do not use p. or pp. Then end the citation with a period.

Also include the doi number if

available.

Year goes in parentheses. If there is a month and date, put

them after the year followed

by a period (1996,

May 13).

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More than Two Authors

Ward, M. E., Peters, G., & Shelley, K. (2010, October). Student and faculty

perceptions of the quality of online learning. International Review of

Research in Open and Distance Learning, 11(3), 57-77.

Journal from the Internet

Petersen, L. A., Woodward, L. D., Urech, T., Daw, C., & Sookanan, S. (2006, August

15). Does pay-for-performance improve the quality of health care? Annals

of Internal Medicine, 145(4), 265-272. Retrieved from http://www.annals.

org/content/145/4/265.full

Note: The URL (web address) should not be a hyperlink. You can remove the hyperlink by highlighting the link, then right click your mouse, and choose, “Remove hyperlink.” All journal articles accessed from the Internet (not from Library databases) need to have a doi number or a web address of where they were retrieved.

Journal with a doi Number

French, S. (2009). Critiquing the language of strategic management. The Journal

of Management Development, 28(1), 6-17. doi:

10.1108/02621710910923836

Note: Not all articles have doi numbers. If the article is from a library database it ends with the page numbers or doi number as it based on a print version of the article. It is not considered an electronic journal.

Websites

The title of the website is italicized. In the website title, only the first word, first word after a colon, and proper nouns are capitalized. The URL is NOT an active URL, meaning it is NOT blue and underlined. Scroll to the bottom of the website to find the year. If there is not a year, then put (n.d.) for “no date.”

With an Author

McNamara, R. (2012). Election of 1800 was significant and controversial.

Retrieved from http://history1800s.about.com/a/electionof1800.htm

General Motors. (2011). Environment. Retrieved from http://www.gm.com/enviro.html

Usually a website’s author is a corpora- tion. If the informa- tion is by a person,

then use the author’s last name followed

by a comma and the author’s first name and middle initial.

For multiple authors, use “&” before last author listed (i.e.

Long, T., Hanks, C., & Smith, R.)

Year is placed in

parentheses followed by the month

and date (if provided).

Next is the title of the website. Make sure it is all lower case except

the first word, first word after

a colon, and proper nouns.

The title is also italicized. End with the

period.

You no longer need the date you retrieved a website unless it is a blog or

something simi- lar where infor- mation changes

frequently.

Just insert the words-Retrieved

from and the URL.

The last part of a website citation is the URL or doi number. If there is

not a doi number listed, then just use the URL.

For the URL make sure it is not a hyperlink (highlight link, right click

mouse, and click on “Remove link”).

Do NOT put a period at the end of a URL or doi number. If the reader wants to copy and paste this infor- mation into a browser a period will

not bring up accurate results.

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No Author (One Piece Of Information Taken From Website)

If there is not an author listed include the corporate author. All major words are capitalized, followed by a period.

General Motors. (2011). Environment: Our commitment. Retrieved from

http://www.gm.com/vision/environment1.html

World Wildlife Federation. (2010). Who we are: Environmental conservation.

Retrieved from http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/index.html

No Author (Information Taken From Multiple Pages Of Website) If you take information from several different pages of one website, it makes for a cleaner Reference page if you use the name of the web page instead of the corporate author. Remember that you need to cite each web page of a website if you use information from that page. The title of the web page in this instance is not italicized.

Design & technology: Research & development. (2011). Retrieved from

http://www.gm.com/vision/design_technology.html

Company: History & heritage. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.gm.com/

company/historyandheritage.html

cSu-global course Modules

To cite information from a module within a CSU-Global course, you want to cite it as a chapter of a book. This is not considered a website. The name of the module is listed after the year and is not italicized. But notice that the name of the course is italicized. The publisher is Colorado State University-Global Campus, but instead of repeating, it is acceptable to use “Author.”

Colorado State University-Global Campus. (2010). Module 1 - Introduction to

team building [Blackboard ecourse]. In MGT 425 – Managing and leading

team dynamics (p. 3). Greenwood Village, CO: Author.

Video clips (youtube)

The title of the video is NOT italicized and the period is inserted after the brackets. See website examples of in-text citations used at the beginning of the sentence. Same apply for video clips.

Schwartz, M. (2011, December 11). Best practices of online teaching [Video file].

Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M36FXa4EdlE

Personal communications

Personal Communications includes interviews, emails, and other information you directly collect from an individual are not included in the reference list, but must be cited within the text (see in-text citations for more information).

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addItIonal reSourceS

referenceS

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Hansen, R. S., & Hansen, K. (2012). What do employers really want? Top skills and

values employers seek from job-seekers. Retrieved from http://

www.quintcareers.com/ job_skills_values.html

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