Lab 8 Artificial Intelligence
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CS-1150-Lab-8.pptxHow to Submit Lab #8
Soft copy
Go to Pilot Course Page and Use the Dropbox Submission Link to upload your files
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Lab #8 Overview
Learn how semantic networks and rule-based natural language systems can simulate intelligent behavior
Answer all questions in lab Exercise
Lab #8 Due Date – November 16, 2018 11:59 PM
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Introduction to Semantic Networks
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Knowledge is represented as a set of concepts that are connected by different relationships among them.
Nodes = Concepts
Arcs = Relationships
Graph = Semantic Network
Inheritance and Instantiation
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Instantiation – X is an INSTANCE of Y if X is a specific example of the general concept Y.
Eg – Mary is a Woman (Woman is a General Concept and Mary is an example of a Woman)
Inheritance – X ISA Y if X and Y both are general concepts and X is a subset of the more general concept Y.
Eg – Woman is a Human (Humans are consist of Men and Women and Woman is a subset of Human)
Building Semantic Networks
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Mary
Woman
Human
Animal
Food
Man
Mammal
Hair
Place
is-a
is-a
is-a
is-a
instance-of
eats
moves
Skin
has
has
is-a
Close World and Open World Assumptions
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Close World Assumption – What is not currently known to be true is false
Anything that is not in our Semantic Network is false.
Open World Assumption – Truth-value of a statement is independent of whether or not it is known by an observer to be true
Anything that is not in our Semantic Network, we cannot say that they are true or false.
Rule Patterns Supported by the Applet
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noun isa noun
Eg – Mary is a woman
noun verb
Eg – Animal moves
noun verb object
Eg – Animal eats food
noun’s noun verb object
How Deduction Works - Woman eats food??
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Rules We Have
R1 – woman isa human
R2 – human isa animal
R3 – animal eats food
Deduction
human isa animal (R2) and animal eats food (R3), therefore:
human eats food (I1)
woman isa human (R1) and human eats food (I1), therefore:
woman eats food (I2)
Eliza Therapist Applet
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Read the rules
$ is used to define variables
Eg - $0 is the first variable
Variables are single words
* - More than one word
How Eliza Therapist Applet Works?
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Eliza turns what you type into a question merely by appending a question mark to the statement and switching the pronouns, as shown below:
What would you do if you want to use a variable to replace mother? How would Eliza turns it to a question?
Writing Rules for Eliza Therapist
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Rules takes the form pattern=>response
Eg.1 – I have a problem=>What kind of problem?
Eg.2 – I hate my $0 *=>Tell me more about your $0.
Variables can appear in pattern part and response part both (See Eg.2)
To match more than one word for a variable, surround the variable with an asterisk and parentheses *($0)=>$0 ?
Eg.3 – *($0) usually believe *($1)=>Do $0 usually believe $1 ?
Writing Rules for Eliza Therapist Cont.
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Forbid the matching of some words, use / with variable
Eg – $0/You are $1=>Do you really believe that $0 are $1 ? This rule tries to match a sentence that has “are” as the second word, but the first word cannot be You.
Limitations of Eliza Therapist Applet Program
Doesn’t know about English grammar rules
Cannot recognize uppercase and lowercase words as essentially the same word
Evaluating Web Sources-Use for Lab
http://guides.library.jhu.edu/evaluate
Evaluating Sources – watch the youtube clip
Authorship
Can I obtain more valid information?
Email, affiliations
Is author well known and biography included?
Publishing Body
Where did the information originate
Reputable source
Publication date, copyright
Links to sources
Link to communicate with WebMaster or author
Was the research method explained?
Currency
Is it fresh or dusty?
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Hopkins: Distinguishing Propaganda and Misinformation-Use For Lab
Propaganda- facts given in a provocative manner to encourage you to think in a particular way
Uses colorful adjectives, gives opinion, one-sided
Misinformation – not the truth, incorrect information
May sound sincere and informative, based on nothing, intention neutral
Ask for sources, rationale
Disinformation – the dissemination of purposely false information with intention of influencing policies
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