WK-8
Aanil 
Cryptography.zipSecurityDesignPrinciple.docx
Running Head: DESIGN 1
DESIGN 4
Security Design Principle
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There are different types of fundamental principles for the security design that are considered to be in practice as well as ones that make it possible for the systems to be in a position of achieving its intended objectives.. Some of them are; least privilege design, open design as well as complete mediation design among others. Within any type of an institution, the security of information technology is basically a part that is integral of its own operations. There tends to be varying forms of the design principles for security that are intended to offer guidance in designing as well as establishing programs that are of different forms. For example, with the Principle of complete mediation, it states that each single access of resources is supposed to undergo validation for its authorization. It is a principle that is known for safeguarding the integrity that is related to different forms of resources that are employed during systems designing. These resources are supposed to be authorized to ensure there are appropriately utilized to meet the institutions objectives (Almousa, et.al, 2020, July).
In addition, there is the principle of open design which states that the systems of security in addition to their algorithms are not supposed to rely on the secrecy of their design or implementation. The algorithms as well as security is supposed to be adaptable to enhancements in addition to changes. It is very crucial in making sure there is growth in addition to continuity in a firm. Security of any given system is considered of utmost importance in the maintenance of confidentiality, safety, integrity as well as ensuring the security of the functions in the process of system development. Security principles are very essential within any institution more so within the current era that is competitive. There is advanced threats on cyber security and hacking events across the globe (Azkan, et.al, 2021, January).
References
Almousa, M., Keshavarz, M., & Anwar, M. (2020, July). Awareness and Working Knowledge of Secure Design Principles: A User Study. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 3-15). Springer, Cham. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-50309-3_1
Azkan, C., Iggena, L., Möller, F., & Otto, B. (2021, January). Towards Design Principles for Data-Driven Services in Industrial Environments. In Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (p. 1789). Retrieved from http://128.171.57.22/handle/10125/70829
AES.docx
Running Head: ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD 2
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ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD
Advanced Encryption Standard
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The structure of advanced encryption standards involves a substitution permutation network that leverages the algorithm in producing a block of cyphertext upon introducing plaintext into the network (Saravanan & Kalpana, 2018). In generating the ciphertext block, a bock of plain texts is subjected to multiple rounds of permutation boxes and substitution boxes with decryption achieved by reversing the procedure. An S-box replaces a small block of bits (the S-input) boxes with another block of bits. To ensure invertibility, this replacement ought to be one-to-one and both lengths of input and output should be the same. The substitution box is also capable of modifying the length which ensures that at least half of the output bits are changed when changing one input bit. All the bits in the P- box undergo permutation by taking all the outputs of the substitution box which prepares them for the next round. The output bits of any S-box are redistributed to as many S-box inputs as possible with a decent P-box.
The round key obtained is usually combined using grouped operation, usually XOR, at the end of each round. This makes the AES stronger as the round keys undergo modification in multiple rounds hence making it harder to break the encryption. According to (Yuan et al., 2018) the advanced encryption standard is strong because of its algorithms that make use of 128-bit block lengths and three different key variation lengths. Wen data is sent to be encrypted the data is fused with the encryption key. Substitution follows whereby every byte in the cipher block text undergoes substitution as per the cipher schedule. Row shifting follows with different rows of bytes shifted into different positions. Finally, column mixing follows where the different columns of bytes also undergo shifting using applicable mathematical equations. Each round with regard to this process is made more complex hence making it impossible for an attacker to identify any structures and patterns that they can use in breaking the cipher.
References
Saravanan, P., & Kalpana, P. (2018). Novel Reversible Design of Advanced Encryption Standard Cryptographic Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 100(4), 1427–1458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-018-5647-z
Yuan, Y., Yang, Y., Wu, L., & Zhang, X. (2018). A High Performance Encryption System Based on AES Algorithm with Novel Hardware Implementation. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Electron Devices and Solid State Circuits (EDSSC). https://doi.org/10.1109/edssc.2018.8487056
AsymmetricEncryption.docx
Running Head: ENCRYPT 1
ENCRYPT 4
Asymmetric Encryption
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When making communication on a medium that is unsecured such as the internet, one is supposed to be very careful in relation to the confidentiality of the given information that is being shared with other individuals. There are two known techniques used in preserving the confidentiality of a given message, they are asymmetric as well as symmetric encryption. The encryption that is symmetric is considered to be an encryption method that is conventional. It is also known to the simplest technique. Basically, symmetric encryption gets executed through the use of a single secret key which is identified as the symmetric key which happens to be in the possession of the two involved parties. This given key is applicable in encoding as well as decoding of information. The one sending the information makes use of the key prior to conveying the message, in addition, the received also makes use of the key in deciphering the message that is encoded (Agnihotri and Sharma, 2020, November)
The symmetric encryption is a technique that is pretty forward therefore, it is known for not taking lots of time. In situations whereby it needs to have huge data transferred, they are the most appropriate option. One of the most suitable example when it comes to the symmetric key is the Caesar Cipher. The approaches that are modern of the symmetric encryption are mainly executed through the use of algorithms like AES, 3DES, RC4, among others. The form that is considered to be most popular when it is related to the symmetric encryption takes place immediately a connection that is encrypted gets to get negotiated in between a server as well as a client with the installation of an SSL certificate. After ensuring the connection gets negotiated, dual 256-bit session keys get formulated in addition to being exchanged in order to have the communication that is encrypted occurring.
Asymmetric Encryption basically is considered to be an encryption mode that is relatively new as well as complex. Complex due to the fact that it is known for incorporating two keys that are cryptographic to have the data security implemented. The said keys are identified as the private key as well as the public key. Public key same to the meaning of its name, is considered to be readily available to every single individual who desires to send a given message. Whine the private key happens to be stored at a place that is secure by the one owning the particular public key.
The public key is one that is used in encrypting the information that is supposed to be conveyed. It makes use of a particular algorithm in carrying out its functions. On the other hand, the private key, that happens to be in the possession of the individual receiving the message, gets to decrypt it. The particular algorithm is the one used in both the processes. Having the two key getting involved makes the encryption that is asymmetric to be a technique that is complex. Therefore, due to this, it proves its extreme importance when it is in relation to security of data. RSA in addition to Diffie-Hellman algorithms are considers to be the algorithms that are popularly utilized for asymmetric encryption (Alarifi, et.al, 2020)
The Differences
The major difference existing in between the asymmetric encryption as well as the symmetric encryption is basically that with the symmetric, it enables decryption in addition to encryption through the use of a similar key. The encryption that is symmetric makes use of a single key that is supposed to get shared amidst the individuals who are intended to receive the message, on the other hand, asymmetric encryption makes use of a pair of private key as well as public key in encrypting as well as decrypting the messages during communication. The symmetric one happens to be a technique that is old while the asymmetric encryption is considered to be new. Asymmetry was mainly introduced in complementing the inherent challenge of the essence of sharing they key within an encryption model that is symmetric, eliminating the essence of sharing the key through use of private and public key. Asymmetric is more time consuming as compared to the symmetric encryption (Priyadharsini, 2020)
Asymmetric encryption is considered to be the one that is more secure, though symmetric us faster. Both of them are very effective within ways that differ as well as based in the tasks that is being handled, which might be through both of them being singly deployed or together. In terms of encryption, the schemes that are the latest might end up being the most suitable. An individual is supposed to always utilize the algorithm encryption that is appropriate for the desired role. This is because, the way cryptography is taking a shift that is new, the algorithms that are more advanced are getting developed so as to be at par with eavesdroppers as well as secure data with an aim of enhancing confidentiality. The hackers have the possibility of making it more complex for the professionals within coming years. Therefore, a lot should be expected from the cryptographic society.
References
Agnihotri, N., & Sharma, A. K. (2020, November). Comparative Analysis of Different Symmetric Encryption Techniques Based on Computation Time. In 2020 Sixth International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC) (pp. 6-9). IEEE. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9315848/
Alarifi, A., Amoon, M., Aly, M. H., & El-Shafai, W. (2020). Optical PTFT Asymmetric Cryptosystem-Based Secure and Efficient Cancelable Biometric Recognition System. IEEE Access, 8, 221246-221268. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9288658/
Priyadharsini, D. (2020). ANALYSIS OF SYMMETRIC AND ASYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION FOR SECURE DATA COMMUNICATION BY USING CRYPTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES. Editorial Board, 9(9). Retrieved from http://ijmer.s3.amazonaws.com/pdf/volume9/volume9-issue9(3)-2020.pdf#page=176
CaesarCypher.docx
Running Head: CYPHER 1
CYPHER 3
Caesar Cypher
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Caesar Cypher basically is considered to be the first and foremost ciphers that were used by men. It actually got invented during the 100 BC by one Julius Caesar. The main aim of his invention was to utilize it in communicating with his own generals that were in the field in a manner that was secretive. Through the use of Caesar Cipher, he was able to prevent the messages that he was sending to be read by the wrong individuals, in case they got intercepted during the transmission. Within cryptography, the Caesar Cipher which is also referred to as the Caesar’s cipher, Caesar shift, the shift cipher among others, is basically among the techniques for encryption that are extensively known in addition to it being the simplest to use. Julius Caesar who was a ruler of the Roman’s during 100 B.C – 44 B.C. mainly made use of a cipher that was considered to be very simple for the purpose of carrying out a communication that was secretive. Basically, he ended up substituting every single alphabetical letter with another letter that was three positions ahead of the given letter (Arroyo and Delima, 2020)
The Caesar shift is practically known for making a contribution that is tremendous when it comes to the cryptography world. It functions through shifting some letters in the given message forward in order to be able to produce a given cipher text. This type of text was not in a position of being understood by individuals who do not have the knowledge of understanding the manner in which a cipher text can be developed. It has played a great role in providing security that is adequate to information that is being transported since it makes it impossible for the inappropriate individuals to understand the hidden meaning of the particular message. Additionally, it utilizes a key that is short, since it does not need a coding technique that is complicated and also needs minimal computing resources (Vigliotti and Jones, 2020).
References
Arroyo, J. C. T., & Delima, A. J. P. (2020). A Hybrid Caesar-Polybius Cipher with XOR Operation for Enhanced Cryptography. International Journal, 9(3). Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/download/63904184/ijatcse7293202020200712-37091-1tz4jcu.pdf
Vigliotti, M. G., & Jones, H. (2020). Cryptography for Busy People. In The Executive Guide to Blockchain (pp. 23-40). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-21107-3_3
Componentsofcryptography.docx
Running Head: COMPONENTS OF CRYPTOGRAPHY
COMPONENTS OF CRYPTOGRAPHY
Components of Cryptography
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Components of cryptography
Cryptography refers to the science of securing communication between two parties. Through a process called encryption, it ensures that only people with the right code can read the secured message. People with the right code decode the secured message through the decryption process (Barakat et al, 2018). Different types of cryptographies are dependent on the type of method that is being used to communicate. The field of cryptography is wide with new improvements constantly being made. Such improvements include a method of securing communication where the data is hidden within another content (Barakat et al, 2018).
One component of cryptography that impacted me the most is the ciphertext. This is where in cryptography, the original message is changed using a set of algorithms to another set that cannot be read. This component impacted me the most because I realized that it is an integral process in cryptography; that is, where the plain text is encrypted for purposes of security (Rubinstein-Salzedo, 2018). This component was also impactful because I learned that there are different types of ciphertexts and that ciphertexts have many uses. It was also interesting to learn that ciphertexts are prone to various attacks which can interfere with the entire cryptography (Rubinstein-Salzedo, 2018).
Another component of cryptography that I found interesting is the decryption algorithm. This is an algorithm that is used to change the ciphertext once again to plaintext so that the original message can be understood. I also found this component impactful because it is one of the most important components in cryptography (Rubinstein-Salzedo, 2018). This is the reverse process for creating a ciphertext. Here, the person with the right code, who is considered an authorized user, uses a secret key or password to decrypt the message. This means that without access to the secret key, the ciphertext cannot again be converted to plaintext for the message to be read and understood (Rubinstein-Salzedo, 2018).
References
Barakat, M., Eder, C., & Hanke, T. (2018). An introduction to cryptography. Timo Hanke at RWTH Aachen University, 1-145. Retrieved from http://www-user.rhrk.uni-kl.de/~ederc/download/Cryptography.pdf
Rubinstein-Salzedo, S. (2018). Cryptography. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-94818-8.pdf
CryptographyHistory.docx
Running Head: CRYPTOGRAPHY HISTORY 1
CRYPTOGRAPHY HISTORY 3
History of Cryptography
Name: Shrey Bavaria
Student ID: 002843842
Institution: University of the Cumberlands
Course: ISOL535/A01 – Cryptography
Date: 05/20/2021
The cryptography art is considered to been adopted at a similar period with the writing art. During the era of civilizations evolution, people bused to be organized into tribes, clusters as well as kingdoms that were different. In addition, the individuals used to have two specific necessities which were considered to be inherent ones. The two necessities include communication in addition to having information shared plus a selective communication (Dover and Aldrich, 2020).
The two specific necessities are considered to be core contributors to the particular art used by individuals in having their messages coded in a manner that could only be understood by the given individual who is supposed to be the recipient of the message. This makes them to be the ones that have access to the coded message. Without the codes one is not able too encode the message even of it gets to the wrong hands it still remains secure. The art and the science behind concealing messages so as to have secrecy practiced as well as introduced into the information security is referred to as cryptography.
Due to emergence of different notions like supremacy, politics, battles as well as power, they greatly contributed to having the natural necessities getting fueled of people who were conducting communications that are secretive with a given chosen recipient. This in addition contributed in having evolution of cryptography that is basically consistent. Cryptography roots are traced back to the Romans civilizations as well as the Egyptians. The cryptography technique known to be the oldest is traceable to days when people utilized hieroglyph. In over previous 4000 years, the Egyptians their communication was held through messages written via hieroglyph (Easttom, 2021).
This was a secretive code that was known by the individuals capable of having the messages transmitted on their king’s behalf. These individuals were identified as scribes. The Roman cryptography methodology that was used by individuals identified as Caesar Shift Cipher, that mainly relied on having several letters in a message getting shifted by a particular number agreed on by the involved people. Recipients of the message were supposed to make sure they get the letters shifted back though the numbers that were same, so as to enable acquisition of the original message that had been written.
The evidence that is the first one in relation to utilization of cryptography is known to have been discovered within a given inscription said to have gotten curved during the era of BC 1900. It was inside the core tomb chamber of the II nobleman khunomhotep within the Egypt city. This specific scribe is said to have made use of hieroglyphic symbols that were different which were considered not to be normal in a particular random manner as compared to the ones that were classified as ordinary. The main aim of using the cryptography was not to hide the message rather the main intention was to give it a look that was dignified. In addition, Julius Caesar has a history of using this type of encryption to send messages that were secretive to his army generals (Norberg, 2020)
References
Dover, R., & Aldrich, R. J. (2020). Cryptography and the Global South: secrecy, signals and information imperialism. Third World Quarterly, 41(11), 1900-1917. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2020.1793665
Easttom, W. (2021). History of Cryptography to the 1800s. In Modern Cryptography (pp. 1-26). Springer, Cham. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_1
Norberg, S. (2020). Cryptography. In Advanced ASP. NET Core 3 Security (pp. 57-101). Apress, Berkeley, CA. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4842-6014-2_3
DataEncryptionStandards.docx
Running Head: DES 1
DES 2
Data Encryption Standards
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Till of late, the core standard associated with encryption of data was a given symmetric algorithm which is known as the Data encryption standard. Nevertheless, the advanced standard of encryption is one that has replaced it. Data encryption standard abbreviated as the DES, is one that is known to be having a cipher that is made up of a block of 64 bit. This is an indication that, the given data that is encrypted by it tends to be only 64 bits each given time. DES is actually said to be the outcome of a given research project that was set up by the corporations of International business machine in the year of 1960s which ended up producing a cipher identified as the LUCIFER. During the start of the year 1970, there was a decision to have it commercialized. The NSA in addition to IBM are known to have been involved. Nevertheless, NSA, is said to have been the major contributors which is from a give technical perspective. Altered version of LUCIFER got proposed to be the advanced standards that are national for encryption in accordance with the NBS request. By the end of 1977, it got adopted to be the standard for data encryption (Alani, et.al, 2020).
Triple DES basically is known to be a particular symmetric key algorithm that is used in encryption of digital data. Although it is said to have a short key length that is made up of 56 bits, this results in it being very insecure when it comes to utilization within applications. However, it is identified to be very influential in terms of cryptography advancement. In cryptography, it is a block cipher symmetric key that utilizes the cipher algorithm of DES thrice in within every data block. Triple DES utilizes same algorithm in providing a more secure encryption (Vuppala, et.al, 2020)
References
Alani, M. M., Alrammal, M., & Naveed, M. (2020). Implementing IoT Lottery on Data Encryption Standard. Journal of Communications, 15(10). Retrieved from http://www.jocm.us/uploadfile/2020/0911/20200911053507482.pdf
Vuppala, A., Roshan, R. S., Nawaz, S., & Ravindra, J. V. R. (2020). An efficient optimization and secured triple data encryption standard using enhanced key scheduling algorithm. Procedia Computer Science, 171, 1054-1063. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050920310917
DigitalSignatures.docx
Running Head: DIGITAL 1
DIGITAL 2
Digital Signatures
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As a result of extensive spreading of Internet usage within business, matters have gotten more complex. However, digital signatures might end the desired solution to the challenges of conducting business within the globe. The advantages that are associated with the digital signatures are;
They tend to be fast, in that rather than waiting for the documents to get conveyed through a parcel courier all over the world, the contracts are capable of getting completed as well as delivered having the digital signatures in a span of few seconds. They are cost effective, since email has led to easing the communication expenses plus couriers are more expensive. They are also secure due to the fact that hey do not need to travel across the globe before getting to the desired destination. Another benefit is they are reliable, and authentic same as the actual signatures. When conducted in an appropriate manner, they will end up qualifying in court similar to other documents or contracts signed within the actual world. Last benefit is they have minimal risks since they make use of platforms that are secure, with minimal fraud risk in addition to having an enhanced document security (Shahid and Khan, 2020)
The disadvantages are; most clients who are traditional plus business partners might not trust the digital signatures integrity. However, there is a developing evidence body that a digital signature that is accurately executed is same as one that is done through use of a pen. Secondly, is it might be expensive to get digital signatures that are genuine, verifiable as well as professional. It is very obvious that the new technologies such as digital signatures might end up taking some duration prior to getting accepted by the mainstream enterprise world. Always, there will be various individuals who are in favor of the means that is traditional of having things done (Varshney, et.al, 2020).
References
Shahid, F., & Khan, A. (2020). Smart Digital Signatures (SDS): A post-quantum digital signature scheme for distributed ledgers. Future Generation Computer Systems, 111, 241-253. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X19319892
Varshney, P. K., Kukreja, A., & Dewan, S. (2020). Digital signatures. IITM JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT AND IT, 11(1), 86-90. Retrieved from http://www.iitmjanakpuri.com/iitmjournal/data/2020_Vol11_No1_it17.pdf
