report writing

School of Engineering and Computing Sciences

INCS 741 Cryptography – Research Writing Project

Online Voting System Based on Image

Steganography and Visual Cryptography

By Lauretha Rura, Biju Issac and Manas Kumar Haldar

Movva RaviTeja - Student ID# 1247724

Nandhu Bokka - Student ID# 1247242

Venkataprasannasai Mallinathakrishna Kolachalama - Student ID# 1247446

Submitted on – 30th of November’ 2018.

Online Voting System Based on Image

Steganography and Visual Cryptography

Introduction

Numerous individuals these days incline toward a quicker and more secure approach to cast a ballot. With the fast development of PC innovation, numerous analysts are proposing secure, dependable, and helpful electronic casting a ballot frameworks as a substitute to the customary casting a ballot strategy.

Cryptography and Steganography are the two segments of data security are joined in a layer of information insurance. The blend of these two plans is the novel methodology proposed in this work, predominantly actualized to anchor the correspondence between the client and the server. There are numerous cryptography strategies that can be connected, for example, daze signature plot, homomorphic encryption, unmindful mark plot, bit duty plot, blended net plans, computerized signature plot, secure multi-party calculation, cryptographic hash-work, and so forth information, for example, content, pictures, sound, video document organize To accomplish the points and goals of this work, the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) was utilized to actualize the eVote framework, a safe end-to-end irrefutable electronic casting a ballot framework. The essential SDLC strategy is known as the cascade strategy.

Related works

Helios is an open-source electronic casting a ballot framework that offers certain online races for anybody. It was intended to guarantee a clean decision setting with tally mystery and race trustworthiness. Scantegrity II is a commonsense upgrade for optical sweep casting a ballot frameworks, which accomplish expanded decision uprightness through a novel utilization of affirmation codes imprinted on votes in undetectable inks. RIES is a casting a ballot framework which enables qualified voters to cast their votes in two particular methods – either via mail or electronically.

Implementation of the Voting System

The eVote framework execution is done as two adaptations dependent on the diverse Java stages utilized for the execution, and the two adaptations are eVote v1.0 and eVote v2.0. They are portrayed as pursues. The eVote v1.0 isn't furnished with enrollment, verification, counting also, distributing stages. It was for the most part created to look at the unwavering quality of the actualized essential security approaches utilized, i.e. picture steganography and visual cryptography.

Registration Stage:

This stage is otherwise called the preparation stage. In this stage, all imperatives for the decision are readied. The enrollment organize is finished by the voters and surveying officers. Furthermore, the framework managers likewise need to include qualified voters' also, surveying officers' records in the database. This record incorporates their usernames, Identification Card (IC) numbers and their legitimate email addresses. To enlist themselves in the framework, clients are required to give their points of interest and submit them to the framework and guarantee the precision of the points of interest given by the clients. As another layer of security, clients' passwords will be cryptographically anchored by applying secret key hashed-based plan. By the usage of this cryptography procedure, just the hashed secret phrase together with its salt esteem is spared into the database. This is done as an extra layer of security over the database records, which will be portrayed further in the counting stage. After the fruitful enlistment process, clients will be coordinated to their separate landing page by the framework.

Sequence diagram of addEligibleVoter() function.

Sequence diagram of user authentication process

Authentication Stage

In a remote electronic casting a ballot framework, the usage of this stage is compulsory. The goal of this stage is to guarantee voters' personality. Enlisted voters are verified by logging into the framework. As made reference to in the past stage, clients' passwords are definitely not spared in the database.To validate clients, overseers are required to contrast the ciphertext from client input and the ciphertext put away in the database. When a client has been recognized as an enlisted voter and has effectively signed into the framework, he will see an appreciated screen, which expresses the client account status and a menu board where a client can explore through highlights offered, contingent upon the client level.

Voting Stage

This stage must be finished by the voters. They are the main kind of clients who are qualified to cast the votes. In a portion of the E2E framework, this stage is completed by denoting their picked candidate(s) on the paper tally, and after that it should be examined with the optical scanner or on the other hand by utilizing DRE machine to be submitted for the count procedure. Other than that, the clients could likewise audit, reset and reselect applicants before they present their votes.The voter's picked hopefuls would be scrambled in a stego-picture organize as a disguise for their poll. In this framework, the offers would be constrained to two. The independent offer would not uncover any data to anybody. Accordingly, the voters would even now have the capacity to confirm their votes and will have a superior trust and trust in the framework.

Tallying Stage

Counting stage pursues the casting a ballot organize. After the votes are thrown, the vote is safely put away in the database. Clients can't get to the polls before they finish of the counting stage. The count decided at this stage is gotten by surveying officers with the assistance from framework chairmen. Each surveying officer holds a extraordinary mystery key to recover tally records. The framework chairmen create these keys by using UUID. This technique is known as the limit decoding cryptosystem. Edge plot is actualized in the tickets unscrambling process to guarantee that just the approved faculty can tally the votes.

Sequence diagram of secret keys distribution process by the system administrator

User Acceptance Testing of the Voting System

The clients' acknowledgment was estimated by utilizing Davis' Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). For the poll review, 15 delegate people from various statistic bunches partook. They were selected based on the thought of couple of critical perspectives for example, sexual orientation, the dimension of training and essential learning of data security and ease of use learning. The clients were additionally picked in view of the base casting a ballot age necessity by the Malaysian law.Davis asserted that these are two particular psychological examinations of clients' dispositions. They are the structure highlights and the full of feeling reaction to the framework. In this test, two kinds of the plan highlights proposed by Davis were connected to analyze the client acknowledgment level. On the other hand, seen convenience is the degree to which a client trusts that the utilization of a framework would require less exertion contrasted and another framework. The 15 members generally liked to cast their votes by utilizing a remote E2E casting a ballot framework, contrasted with throwing their cast a ballot in the surveying corner in a customary casting a ballot framework. According to the members, the usage of vote receipt is more dependable and offers more confirmation to them, contrasted with the execution of permanent ink utilized in the conventional casting a ballot framework. There are numerous ways fake votes can be thrown utilizing permanent ink because of the inclusion of numerous gatherings in its execution. Seen value itself is the center factor of client acknowledgment level over the framework. From the outcome of the eVote's apparent handiness perspective was anticipated. The client acknowledgment level could likewise be recognized by assessing the client prerequisites accumulated in the prerequisites period of the programming advancement. Every prerequisite was gathered dependent on their attributes and dissected as pursues.

The eVote perceived ease of use evaluation

Mobility and Convenience

This is one of the perspectives that an E2E framework couldn't give. A considerable lot of them utilized one or more decision advances that constrained the clients to cast a ballot in a specific scene. The eVote offers a safe remote electronic casting a ballot framework with vote check highlight which enables voters to vote whenever and anyplace, gave their PC is associated with the Internet.

CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATIONS:

The paper " Online Voting System Based on Image Steganography and Visual Cryptography by Lauretha Rura, Biju Issac and Manas Kumar Haldar is the way of secure voting process by the two methods cryptography and steganography which demonstrate the techniques of voting securely. By using the process of E2E voting system offers a receipt to the voters after their voting ,as they can use it for verification purpose. By using of different cryptography techniques like digital signature scheme,hash-function etc.. the characteristics can be preserved. And the steganography Techinique which is not commonly used in the voting system. In generally it is used for the hiding the information,and the information can be known to only sender and the receiver and it cannot be detected by the other.By using of this two techniques the voting system is more secured than the paper ballot voting system.

The framework is likewise versatile if a high end and security solidified race server is introduced in a more expert condition. At that point it tends to be utilized for substantial scale races. In spite of the fact that we don't guarantee that the framework is completely secure against all types of assaults, it can give a sensibly secure condition for on the web casting a ballot. In my opinion this is the best procedure for the voting process to eradicate the fake votes. The contribution of this paper lies in the simplicity and usability it offers without compromising the system security.

References:

1. N. H. Sultan et al., "PairVoting: A Secure Online Voting Scheme Using Pairing-Based Cryptography and Fuzzy Extractor", IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommuncations Systems (ANTS), Kolkata, pp. 1–6, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ANTS.2015.7413634

2. S. Chandramathi et al., "An overview of Visual Cryptography", International Journal of Computational Intelligence Techniques, vol. 1, issue 1, pp. 32–37, 2012

3. E. Hubbers et al., "RIES – Internet Voting in Action", in Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference, IEEE Computer Society, Washington DC, USA, pp. 417–424, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/COMPSAC.2005.132