Discussion

l"i*

I rntroductio' ;'l';t.'hil:T::[i:*'-::,:l"J].',-x*t,Il

l.ike rhcrlrrest ol'Juurnrtl oJ'ltturshttcnt llltnagenefi better ro be hrrrnblc and flexible at this stage rhan in tlris seri* ro tbrrsee rhc lirture of linancc, I havs (o Program iln ()iltcomc likcly to hc wrong. spent n professionrl lifetinre looking around cor- ncrs ro anricip;rte rhc lirrure ro aid clienrs lnd, nor Meanlvhile, lve cal'lllot be inert, \fe must applv incidcntllll', to get thcre lxfltrrc competiturs. ilur, our talctrts tr: uscful PurPo.rcs sornewhere. I suggest rndaS I am one u,ho believc.s wc are lvriting a neu, 1vr correcl somc of thc flarvs thlt h;rve crcpr irrto clraprer <rf economic hisrorv where rhe future rvill, ottr rtsearch under vnricus headings o{ mnusnient quitc likcl1,, hc unlikc anything wc cln rcnrembcr inplifrntion, behatiorulfnancc,tndswtitticalnolr. fi'orn the piuit. Our [..st rgug,h guirle nrt1, lre lgng l'' '1' '' ""'r' '" rlr**j<{ r:l*,ttr irrttlsr: l.tsti:lr vrc wave cycle pilrerns like those suggested b1' Niko- dc:;iglr irncl build r rrcrv ilne. hi KondruriefT(Russian e*onomist, I il92*I938) irr

Jouf,N{ Or Is'n! r i,riN1 MANAGEMS.T, \'o:, t, No. !, (:010). fp, 5-8

o loh.r 2oro

INSICHTS

''lrrsiglrrs tcrttLr$ rhc rhlughrr rniN vierrr oithr: rop.ruthoririr:s fi.rrrr rcarlcmir rnrl th*;'rrli'ssian. J'bis sccrion oiltrs unitlut p.,rspectires llom rlrr lndinq nrinds in inr.rsttttent mrnire('nrrnt,

THE INEUITABLE BAGGAGE WE DISPLAY l)etu L*lJ,rrot''

[;ttil ilr f'oiut it trhi]t iut'tttttrtttt ttuiis bzgrut rvr'ltiu(, tttr, ),tllu.'t rilR'!Ittt!ttt ltrtttttionrrs oytrtrei u,itltitt t ril-yttlti{ lrli$.t-1,trcttt rlnt./iilrl to rortunphu mtaiu.litndutrnmls !l.,,tt ttrr ri2onnslT ultitrrvl iu othrr sr-ieutifit'disriplints. l:hrs rrcpt inlo our rcsurc/t undt utriaus

tur unrk kilii,to\ ro ,tnulntiuut rlut, itt rutrosprr!, sJuilll hrlhtlly lntr lrcx Jt4tr.'t. llil' dft

'CFA, PO llox 799, New hrtdon, Nt-l 03257."1i'1,: I (i0l 763 46(itll r"nnil: dmnG'rlrlrrlebrrorr..r;nr

\\/hrrt lc.tdets irrvcst their tintr :rnd iittcntiort in { tr:rc$rclt p,rpcr in ^l()1,\1 or irr rrrurlrcr rcriour jorrr- rral in the ir lickl, tlrey hiuc a rcas,urlrle (,xp.jcration th;r tlre rvork is hllrtrtce.{. unhi:rsecl. snlrndetl in

trritirt.q,r btt,tJ\Ut!(t ol *rt)ttttrtt, hittlt'1, u,l,trt !ht'.lr/ur t,il/, 4ttit !it:ily, it' ttuiiilr kr titil t?ilu'ili)1'li'om t/r pAt.

5, ( !J:.lr (Jt.lia): I l{!l{l

New Section I Page 37

ffi

[)r. \\ l-L:8,1:rr !r!

d:rt:r. arrd rvirh eonclusions th*t can h€ retestcd. t$'r: undr:rstanrl rhat ,sci*nti{ic coni:lusion-s need to he testetl lirr rlreir lrounds. [rut those rests shoulcl bt interml to rhe prroposirion, nor related to the hackgrould of rhr rc.rearchrr. And rvc nfrett note ;rn ilnplied reinfieience r.rf aurhors :rx rhcy rcport results ta the nih decimal, convwing lire;rtr:r'signif: iclr:cc rhan nright he rvlrrantrd Lv thr tools bring rrsetl-

All ol us lrtve lcquircd bii,se.s thar cr.:ep into our wrrrk, o*ien rvitlrout a conscious thouglrt on our pilrr, We crnnot eliminarr rhar rvhich rve da not recognize. We hrlr rhe repeated rnnindrrs o[other rc.*;grclrr:r.s ro l:c c:rreiul. \fcrncr Hrisetrbcrg {Gcr- rniln theor$rical physicirr, 1901-1976) rcminde(l us rhat thr rr\r.lr(lrcr i:,,lt.tt tnurc intp,rrtrtnt in det*minir.rg;r result rhan tl.rc dara, and I doubr he wa.r [irrriting his crlrnment tu high cncrr:y phl,sics in Germrny. Ilore closcly rrlatetl to arrr fielcl, ]rrhn ltlayn*rd Ke1'nes illritish ectrnomisr, 1S8] ll].{6j advisrd us to look ;rt rhe iudge.s r*ther than tlrc heaurics if"riur clullcngc is ro forec;rrt r a{}nfe:it.

-l'herc .iri r! if,rlri r1'.1r :rui* r'r.1.ics ,ri bi;s ti'i,ri r*t

J.l:,il:" 1it,,..,' r'., i'r.,,r. .r'r,i r,,r: i.,,q.1,r1 .t6rij,,i, Ii,]!ri tri rhi,i, |.,.,'i li,l t:.lr<.r: L,t:ll.ilr:1,- iur(i r!r '.... tlt.rt rrr(' uttlitt,,rt'il. t,l'i.:1, ,. r,r l':,',ir:r, n';r:ri it]:ri:,r,,,, ,. ir{iill.\{ tirey ibrnr the fi:ttnd.;rti*rn of our rhinking*ernrrs. "lir thar end, I presenr c lisr r,[ bimes inllue ncirrg our work and lcading to conclusirus rlilt rnu,sr, logieally, [:r suspcet,

2 Thc Biascs

t Thr stnbiliry of fum bia:. Thr he<1uenr assulnp- rinn t:1" srabrliry ol dnta thruugh rinr* rrthrr 1l1xn ;1llq*'ing firr ch,n;rnic change-r surrisri- er1 rasc-is a strtic mrthoe{ology thar prodncc,s l resulr that nray be currvincirrq <ur tlre surlrce but is irrlrercntly likelv ro clr;rngc.

t l"/lr irrt/rtittt bid;- Sonrr rellrionrhipr :rrr irlprilrtutl orr otrr tnirtls rntl ml\'lrcorrrc inrrr- irive rvhrrhcr or rro( ther' fit. For er;rnrplc, tirle is trftcrr .shor,,'rr un thr" X or lrorizontal aris, cxl)r('!sl:d itr .-tlLrrl trn its.

t l /,r routiitttott.i tiut lti,t-t. I'hc notion ol corr- tinrrorrs tinre is novcl to othcr scientrs lrtrt. in orrrs, ir is .rn ur:ch,rllorgcd tivcrr. In tl:r tr,rtrr- rll s.icnccs, rirnc is rr cornplcr lr:tl urrkn,rx,rblc rrrbi,:ct. lt nr,rr' lrc corrrinrroLrs rlith r;orrrla(ionr irorrr histori' projcctable into tLc iutrrrcr or it rnrr\, hr' tliscontinuoLrs exhibiring slrlrp hre:rlis lrrtrrt one pcriod to rrnotltet'rtttcl er..-n, trputt oq:r;lsiolr, illrrsrr;rting,'(:FCtitivc cr.clcs.'l'hrsr,r sci- c!list\ rcn)it'!rl rrs t[r,rt lnt' r:rntlottt ntttrrber sclics ryith ;r rklinecl stlirt iuid stop will h;rvr 1:;rtrrrns rvitlrin tlrc ,ht:t tlrrt lrxrk srrspicioush.sugges' tivr ol iniornurion ... rvl:cn. in flrtr, ther' ;rrc just rlnrlonr- In linence tr tcnd to sec tinre ;rs r(|ntillurlls uithout a scrious chsllcn*c rtt tlre ils\u nr lll iofl.

o '['lt tinr-i.t-gool ltias.'l'imchts usr:rllv lreen givcn ;rn up*'.rrtl rilt Lellccring thc noiion rhitt ,rs rinre progrl-\sr.\ idoc's it progrcss or lurrhi1 ir tloes so in rvcrr incrclnt'nts rorvlrtrl irnprovcincnt, \\,r.' lrrli*'r tlr,rr tirnc ir qootl firr fin:rncill instru- nlcnts ... \ve crpecr rhcnr ro go up .rncl to rhe riglrt orr rrrn:t elurns.

t 'l/,,, lut't-trttl li.ri. l'railiti()nJl in\.('st()r\ r)r,lr hold rhr prrceprtioll thrt l long-trrm ilrr.esrnrenr rcttrtn is bcttcr rhlrrr t scrics rrfsh()n-rrfnt rcirlnls. 'l lrc lrcrcciycrl tlii-icrcncr ttlirv l)itnly hu (iuc 1o Illr inscrtiot.t ol ^t morirl issttl ... a long-term inr.c-st- nlrnt nrr]'contri[rrrte m{]rc to c:rpital firr-nrlrion than thorc ol shortrr.--spcculrtivc " dumrions. i\trcl, cvcrr rvitltin :tcr:cyrtctl It.,rii,rrtt,urcc rnr:r- rrrrcnrrrlt grurlelin.'s, romptrr;rtions of a scrics oi short-rtrnr ;rvrrig(s frequenrll, trse rlif]i'rent ;1ssrt ilnrountr. ditlt:rcnr pcriods. rlillircnt lrcnch- nr,rrl<s, :ntl cven tlifl'crent martrictirrg objecrivrr. \\t rhoultl guaril .rgainst tht' accidtnrirl lrloption ol a long-rerrn bils lrv ttrsurine th;rt our totrls lrc ncutr;tllt, sclcutcd.

J{luRNAt Or 151,F-srM[Nr MAriA$riMF-]{r-

New Section 1 Page 38

SrIroNl) QL-,\R''F-R 20tr 0

'l'r ll: I\l l,n:\rlr t. lhr;r;,rt;r, \\rr: [)rsrr,.\\'

o Tlr ittntnlit_1' lit,,. f)o rvc recrtgnizc thc dilii'rcncc lrcnvccrr rlrr t ir tltdt is t()i ucitlcll titl ly corrclrrtctl anrl

thur rvhich is caus;rli I strspcct not- l{athtr, rv}rcn we rr{)re tlirtl thrrt supPOrts our conclusiotr, rve ru;rdily assrrtttc c,rusulirr'.

'l'lrcrr itrc stalistical ttsrs ol'c.rlrse Irttt, ,ts ,rbscnctl bv l)rtrrcll FIuI irt Ilou' to l-it tt'iit Sr,ttistits, l')54: "lf r'or.l tor- u,rrr thr cllr;r long cnoulih, it rvill corltess ro :lnvt h ing."

o 'l'lr: I!.5. i,td hiiu. \Vc knorv rhar tcstinu ttsing ll.S.-on[v rllta l:lrer is iliuvcd, lrut thc rlat:r is ruore rcldilv rvlilrrb[" lnd lr lou,"'r cost.

t 'l'fu I i..\. dolhr ltiir. Crrrrcncl is o{icn cxprcssctl in rkrllrr tcrnrs cv(n rvhen thc ;rttcliencc is not so['lv L,i.S. lrrcausc rhe doll.rr is. ;rtrcr all, thc urlrld currencr' ... xr tlre nt()rrlctrt,

c I'|ry .;ize lirr.,. lirr rnany oi: tnv l'cars ittvcsting itr LI.5. markets, *,c arccptrtl the size rllrct itlthrlrqlr wL- totrt'ilted sign clranges. l)urinc rhc "nifit' l'ifiie.i'ir s,irs rur.lcrstoo.{ that largc sizc r}rilt- tcrctl ittrtl u':rs a "go,rrl-" In the llourrtlirrg tlavs of Batten'nrrrch l:inlnciel Mrnagenrcnt, dur- ing rhe lirte l9(i0s, rvc rvtrc rble to pick off rin1, colnpurics rvith good lxhnce sltcer ,rtrtl cash Horv fi'lrtrrres. l:.r lirn. rve usgl t() sumlnr- rizr the chlmcteristics of the snuller stocks anrl corupar(: thcm to a sing;le llrgr' onc. 'll?iclllY n hrntlfirl ol-stnall stock.s would scll ar a 90(lir tlis- ((runf t() a c,rnrp,trrttrl<, nremlre r r:f rthat rve eall rorll. "ror': big ro ftil". 'l-hev rre nor roo big to ftil.

o l'lv nouctttan bi*, I)ccp-rhrs,tt rvc lrc :tll ril()nrrntunl rraders, sottrctimrs poritive rntl sonretiD)cs neqarivr, looking lirr lr tontrru, Lrer- g;rin. Sornc asscr classes c:rrr},:rddcd risks rlur atc rx)l illw;ry.s lrrctr.rrerl irr. Witlr [irrcign lxcl'utrqe, lirr cx,rnrplc, cr'ntrll bxnk.-tlso in tlrc samr+ cirn nl:lke quick, unlikell', arrtl Iong-trrnr rebrl- ;illcing deoi.\iorls.

o I ht prrrou*ptint l)ids. 'l'hcrc eurr lrc classcs rrl' srcuritics that hokl on to their shibbolcths long .rftcr rhev lrn,r rv,rrn oul thcir usefllnt:ss. [:[nllr, lirr ctarnl;lc, sccnl incurrccth' l)ricc(|, ,t Iuxsl

along insrirurional guidclines, alrcr adiusrine lirr norl-sc:tltthlt citrrving crlsts,

t "llu: stitk-y [rr:r. Irrclutlcd in rhe unknorvrr lriascs tlxt nrar. infiltrirte our rese:rrch is the .rrlr,tilr.rr of' classi licrr ions" \Yt hecornc so :rccustonr ct'l to Ir cirtcl;()rl antl its inrltrstrics, srrclt as gr()\\,th un(l rcchnerlogl,, fbr cxarnpl.', that rve throrv individ- trll cornpanics into tlrc selections tl:at, ofrcn, th,: tlatl .lucs tI,rt \v;trr:lnt. Cotttplnies trtorph witlrorrt orrr takinrl noricc-

t 'l'hr ltoliry /ifu.r. Ponfolio policies shoulcl not br iron nrlrd:rtes ro be lbllorvetl slrrrislrlr'. Ikrher rhcv shoulti bc e guidc lirr invc-sting and th.'srylr firr pcrfbrmancc mcrlsurcmcnt ... limle mrrrc,-

()ur orvn nrarkct pslcholotic:rl cxpcricnccs arc il collecrion r-rf anccclorr:s, with an intcrnal vo\\: not ro repexr the nristrkes. 1tt our put'rlishrd storie.s rre ofien thc glorics ol'succcss. Ferr ol'us balancc th.'sc in ;r disciplinrrl nranncr.

It is possihle, likcli'in trrct, that finance is a conrplex of hum,rn emotior-r. scienrific darl. end struc- turll rclatiorrshil:s in r soup thlt is continuotrsh' in rnotiolr rvith occasionrl stetc c:hanges. \t/ithin this sotrp. rlr speci6' cheractcristics in a one-ro- one rclrtiolrship in order ro sirnpliti illusrrrrions ol out conclusitrrrs. trlore tltltn o(casionirllv, rrrilrkcring consitlcrations influenct otrr desire to dor:unrcnt the rr rrrl0cunrenr,rhle.

-lbdar,, nruch of our rcsclrch is unu'indinq

thc sinrplilieltillll5-iqs1i[ Iirlsc sr:nsr: oi' scienrific prccision-rvr matlc in rhc tlayi {)f mo(l(rn pr)r't- lolio rheon'(lvt['1-) ,rnd the norv-nrrligned C:rpitrl A.sset I)ricing \.lodcl tCAPN'l). T'he hllour inch.rdes ntorr l'lrrirl tlcfiltirionr, \I/har u.as oncu il nlunsurii of volatilin, or svstem:ltic risk, bett is norv risk tf loss or, i:rs some lurye learnecl recentll'. risk olr c,uh clll. i\ntl, ils il nlL-rsurc ol^thc corrcllrion trl'a sccu- ri$'pricu ()ycr limc rvirlt sonre r1;11kg1 rxgx5111g.-11 rne.rsurc oF intlepenclerrcc f-rom rrrarket mor,es- rrlphl is nor rec(ssrltily a "good" is il of'ren assulned, Rl is inrcrrdcd lo rncirsurc rhc rnrrrkcr coil)puncnt

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New Section I Page 39

J ( )uR\,\r. ( )l' I NYls :'\{ tlN't r\{,tl..u : l,rr t.r-t'

Miyazaki, A.D. & Taylor, K,A. (2008) 'Researcher interaction biases and business ethics research:

respondent reactions to researcher cha racteristic s' , Journal of Business Ethics, 81, (4), pp. 779-796,

EBSCO

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ol ir securitt,xrld d()cs, [rut rvith dil'ficulr1', lt lorvcr port lirli0 s;ttrrPlcs.

In {inlnc,r, t'c lietltrently rssttntt tht' he-rt tirrc- cilst ()l the ftrrrrr,: is thc prcscrrt conditiorr lrnd rh,rt

;rtrtocorrellriott is thc rtrlc ,rf thc doy. Sincc it is lrarrllv tlrc, rule irr othcr scitncc.s rve shttttlcl tlttcstion

r,trr clrrt:r rn,rrc c,rntlrlettlv lrcfirre aecepritrg e con-

vrnictrr rule thlr, of course, rhe lurure repeirts thc

I)rr\t.

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New Section I Page 40

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.lounr,rl t,l-Llurirtcrs [,(ltto iJil)i{) 8l:779*7()i l)ol lit. lilri7.irlil55l-t){r?,(r-i.17-i

I\esearcher Interaction Bi:rses and Business Etlrics l{csearc}r: ILespondelrt l\eactiorrs to llcse:lrc]rcr Cllrar:rctcristics

0 S|'rirr$r l(X)7

,'lttl ltttt t 1' /). i\'/i;'4.:rrli liinrLrrl),,4.'l'tyl6y

'\it\ l l\A( l I lrr [r,tt rrtr,ri tir lri,r.*.1 :r'\lJ,ril\,.\ 1l].1r !,rr lr \\lrirr ra\r'lrr l)Lta liltr'r,1(t \\ttlr tlt.tr rrtt.ir p.rnirt- l!Jrri lr.r\ luttp. l.crti r,l rrrtlrr.t

rlte {ll( }rxrrcrplns' cnvir(u ull*nt, Althou gh r1r1r.1.11111.,1 l.li:f!tr-,rl r(.\\'.rr,:! Jr.li l).r'lt !rlu!luit.rl rln tltL l,.t:c,,rl tr'1.1, rrl t|rL.trr l)rtl {1}l(t,r((ir)tl lr:.i',.. tt,,trr lt.,t lrrr urr'rl rltl lil,.,tllr utr lttt.ttt,.''. r'til,ir L\'\!.1:r l) ln r!l(L'r 1r! rr'rili'il\ tlr,\ l.rr-L lit r'ilrrrIl(.rl \irl1\1.[rll.rll1]il iil tlr, ll,'lrl, 1.1. l('\.1( \\ tlr,' tt'l.rtr',i lrter,rirrr,. i'n t(.\f.trr it{.r lntr.It\ lr.rl lrr.tr,.r, Ir,..' rit ,ir 1'Itl\[l! rl i'\.trIIl(' rrl l]r1\\ \ltr'll i)l.r\*\ , rrr rlllrr..,., , 1 ...,,, l, r'.,r'lr. .l .lr {.\l!. rltr,.jrt ,i\r \\)n t r(-,tr ll.n\ l1r 1!r\[r,rt]1 t. lr,irrri, :rrrl ,ltrrtt$ tlrr trrtlrltr',iti0r. iirt l,ttr:tt,'r' .tlrlL \ rt {c,trr l}.

I{lY W()l{l)5: intr.rf ir'\vcr iril. nrcthoilr lri.r:, rrrcrrclr rlclltorli, i rrru r,: n;r' li',rrtrl

Introduction

Ar thc stur'ly oi- hurinrr t:rl:ics shifh torv;rrrl trrore ut{egnltu(l theories .rnrl rrrorc rig()nxrri tcrtirrg 0l'thosr: thcurics. tltc rcsc;trch ttccesslrilv rr'rtt:tins c()nccn)L-11 rvirlt tltc invstigariotr oi htrrnlrr: us rcllt'rs, [ruvcn, lll.Lll;lj-l('t-\. r'ttt1,l,r1'.'r'., ( (!l11()t.ll(' t ttiZr'tis. ( ()llll)('fi-

tor'\, ctc. Although sonrt rrr,r,lrs of'studv irr tlre firld n:e1, lvoid irrrerprxon;rl courirct (r.g., thc' use oi urrobtrtrsrve olrservatrorr), nrost llrcthorl\ of lrusincss ctlrit's inrlrrir,v crrrrt.ir:nc tt irtvolve iittrr'.retiort t:f yJryirl* dl'grtl'\ l)ct\vcctt rr:srltrcltr-'rs ,r:rd thc plrtici- plnts (rub-icctr. rcrpottde ttts, ;rntl tttfi.rrt:rrttrs) thrt thrl-

sturlv- Llrrlirrtrnr,rtrh', this irrt*r.rctio:r irrvoh.rr tlrtl prririlrilitv tltut rler.t crrllccrcil fitrrr studr' pilrticif ilt)ts rvill lr.: bi;rsctl bt' tlt.' l:rctcrrrr oi tltc resr'.rleher'(s) corrrltrrtirrt llrr rtrrtlv. Il'tlrtrr br;ncs ;rrc \\'\tflr;rtic in tltcir orcurrrrrr:e. str.ttiv rcstrlts rtr,rt llc ctxrrprtrnriscd. (iorr:iitt'rirtg rhc irtrprutlrcc al rrhics in thr cur"r'crrt t ttrincss cttvironttrrttt. thir is ;r reL:r.lrrt i\\ue to ntiul- .tgcrr. sltrtreltolrlcrs. ,tttrl cottsrtrrrcr grotrpr. ,rs rvcll :ts to

rcsc.rr,'l:rrr rrlro rvork in tlrir ticil. (lortrr'rrt rr,ttlt rhe lrorclrtr.r) birrrit:u rritl;rrl in the

rtttel,v rribtrsittt'sr rtlritr lr:rs lr()f {:()lrcr Urrrrcticcrl. frx' cs;rtttplc, ;rtttottrJ otltcr c()llc*rni, Cr,rrrc ( 1999) idcn- tilirs [ri.rs ;rs irnps5illg "signiticent lirnits on r]rc scopc rrnLl nrethrrtl oi crlpiric;tl rvrrrk irrvestiqutirrg ntorillitv irr ors;rrriz.rtitrrn" (I. l-l.l). Htrrr,r:vcr. trlthough tlrc r):lturc oa tlrr rcse.rch nrcthoilolos<v hls bren inrpli- t:ltc{l [\) sotre deqret'rr'g;tr.lirtg [rilrrs r]trc fo rt':eitrch* rs' r'r rlttr r;rl riliri il t(.r'1:rr(tilti()ilt {lr,lcDorr,rkl. !( l{ 111). r1r1.1r11rlcrrtr' sor:irl rlcsirabilitr' (l(:rrrrhll .rrrtl [-cnr:rrrdcs. I ()9 l'1.

"rr.1 resc;rchrrs' qcl)der srer.!]o$.-pcs

,rtrtl th(()r'cti(ll Per\pcctivt. (l:.rrfcrr:on. I9(.li)l Strvcrrrorr, 199()], r:orru eil' thcre cs;lrr,irr;rtiorrs hlrr spccific:rllv ;rdtlrtssci-l horv stLrdr Ferticipirnts nr:rr' [rius tlteir resprltse,i b;r-.ed 6tt relcticnr to rcse:trl:her ffiits. Ar rtrclr, tltc cxat:rirr;rtiotr of rrsr:;rrclrcr itttr:r:rt'tiotr l)iirsrs prrscnts ilrr rrppr)rtunit! t<t c-rrcrtd Vircll's (l{lti.1; ^,,o*".,ron thrr cnlirtnnrcur.rl ticrols intltr- crrce etlricirl rcspo,lics. Irt rlris carr. tht crrr.irorrntentrrl lirctor ir t.lrc irrtr-oductiorr ol-thc rcst::rrchrn tlrcrrtsr'lvcs {cl. I Iinchrtr;ur, Ithi{r) arrrl tlrr' rcsponsr:s inr.r:rlr.c ulttrr- tltut sori.rl r'lcsirrlril:in bias,

It rrtnn/trr Illr('hralii,,r Lirl.\('J

This rrer of study begrn dtrring the l93t.ls q,hen largc-rc:rlc sun'rv rcsc:rrch rvas bct:trnring poprrlrrl.

New Section I Page 43

.rr trl

7li( ) .4. l).

Jnr'l lor ]'ciu\ lilctlscd lltrrost cxclusivch' otl tr"rsts t-rrtrntl itt ()1lc-or1-(rllt' itttcrviervs, rlttri otictr br:ing r.:fcrrcil to in "i:ttt'rvic\\'cr biirs" {c}. 1}.rdcr' lt/'lli; Klhrt .ttrd (luncll. 1957). I lou'cr',:r. irt thet t.cs(;lrfhrt"s rlpccrled ryitI th* srrrdv ot'btrlirrcrs r'tlrir's r.tkc ,rtt .t trtttttbt'r ttt'rolt's (e.g., itrten'lt'rven. rnfid(rrttrlr:, |'-')rFcrir:lrlltcl'J, l';rr:ilit;tt('rs, trrc.)' rh(' systcrnirti. tliflcrenccs irt ctlllected drtir tlt;rt xrc ittnbut;lhl(' rtr those c0llrctitlg tlrr tlilta ilr( ll lol'r' J|Fr(rPrixrclv rtt'rlt-tl ttt .ts "rr\s.trr:ll{:[ hix\."

It lr.rs krng becrt rccrruttizcd th.tt rr'sclrchct ch;rr- .rcttt-isricr r)lxv pl.lv trvo bilsing roltr (cL l-hrvtl ancl Westtill. l')55; K.rhn arttl Clirttrtt'll. l(.157; sce alsrr I'orvcll, l!ti7)" Fir:\t, rrsclrrclldrs' chJritclrriltir:s nlny in:rdr,cltentl]' :rfle'ct resrtlts tirrotlgh bilsc'il rr'scarclr (l*rigrl or tltrrr-rgh [.iarctl t'ccortlittg. illtrrprct.ltiotl, ot cr';tlrt.ttiolt oi' p.trticilt:tltt rcrl)()llse\. F<tr ux;tttlptc. Flsrrrsort ( I 99{, disit tsscs lrotv .t r.scxrrhsr'\ .gc r r tl e r' - rte re oq*p c d t I t eo re t i c r I F e rsp c ( t I \: r nr x)- [r i as rere.lrch n)eth(xl choirc itntl. ultirlrrtcl,v. rcsc;rclt corrclrrsiour" I\4rl)orrrlii (2{l{,{)) rtlxkijs ritttil.tr rt*scr- trolrs t'itlt rrspect tc ltorv;r rt'se:trchcr'r cttltul:tl origin curt ltflttettc* not r)nly cotrcelrttt:rlizltio:i *trtl rr:\!:.lr( ll .lcsigr. httt ;tlro rl;ttr r:ollcctitttl, ilrtcrfrr:t:l- tirrn,,uttl xrt,rl,vsrs.

Second. tcscnlclrcr chirrJCterlStics lllitv itlfltlencc thr: rcsporrsci ofrltt'plrricip;ulrs tr$ing sttxii*rl ro tlrt cxtulrt tltrt thc p:rrticiplrtts botlt |g1sfi1'1' |ilrtictll:lr rh:rr;rctcristic(r) rur,l cithcr conscir:uslv or sttbcott- sciousl;- deerD rlrrsc ch:rrlrterjsfirs t0 bc rtlevrnt to thc iyrtcstiort(s) br:in!: rsktd or to thc rtctiorr(s) bcrrrg prr{irrrrrti. T}rir .rrticlr [irctrrts ort this htter rrtlc. t]rc "inttr'.rctivc" reselrclter bils. *,hich h'sults tlonl rhc irrtrotluctron oithc r*eurtlter itttn rltc !'r'spotl(leIrt'l L'rvir()1rll!'lrt. It slrotrLl bc tlotcrl thet this itrtcr;rcii()ll proccrs is il two-wrly nicchirlivll. in rr.hich rcspoll- .lerrtr .rlso rn,n' irrtlttence thc ;rcttotrr rlr tc;rftionr ot thc rc\('irr('llcr\ {l-lottstott rttrl (lrtrrrlcr. l{)t).i: Kalrn rrrcl ( l.rnr:r'll. l (li7). I lus,r'r.,:r, tlrt discusriolr I:.r'.' it linrrrcd r,r rlrc t'tlcrts t'rf rcse:rrches on respondcnt ]-caafiorl! .tltrl rrspottrrt,

Tlrr.purlrrxc rrl'thit rrrir'lc is thrcclirLl: (l) prctrrrt tintlings ,:rr rcssarclter itttencrioti lrirtscs. rvhich nr;ty br rrlr\.il11t to trusinr.s cthics (hri collcr'tior:; {f) rcport tlrc rcstrln r:lurr t'trrpirit;r) sttrtll, tlt'tttottstr;rt- ing thr Pllsg111ill lirr rcscrrrchcr irlter:rctiol hilscs itr :r ,simple paprr"r-brsc.l survtl' qucstiolln;lircl lnri (3) rlircurr thc ittrplic,rtiorrr ftrr tltose (orttltt,-'tttts 'trttl rrll,irril ort httsittcs rtltit'r rtst',trt'lt. It is trortd tlt;rt

s{ri!: thr'rr is tto rrrctrt l:crt tcr bc critic:rl ofspccilir rescurch tfl-orts. .rll l:ttsilress ethics re-selrchtr\ llltlst colloerivrlv ;r nrl i r rrliviclr-r;rlh, rr:alizu tltc ittt;:ot'tltt tct ol this nrcthoclologic.rl issrtc ;tttt{ addrt'ss ir irt thc pulrlislrctl litt'r.tturc.

/t(T{'tililrrr irtrt'ritr'lirrlt Iirr-i ittt,/ {lrrr?i ioll{!ril},1 l,,rllli)r/-'

IIc,it-:rri:lrcr itttctltt:ti<rtt trri;rs .:trrtld lfiict resrrlts ilt llhlrort rurv tl.tt;r r:olL'criotr Ir)ctlt(rd th.tt ittvok'es lrrrrnlrr irrtrr':tctiotr [rctrveett rcse;trrltt'rs ;rntl tlteir sub-iccts oisnrrh'. Alrlrough prior l,ork hrrs tircttsetl ot.t iu-dcptlr |f,r({}niil irttcrvit'rr's (l}rrilar ct at.. 1977). fr.scirrchr'r intr'rlctiotr bilst's lrlve lrcen ]brtttrl iu tbcns uroups ([;r:nr, l9l{1J. telcplrorrr" :;Llrvcvs ((.lotttr tt ;r1., 1(.)lil). rrrtll intcnt|tr (Fltrrrik artd F.llis. l()ttS). fjrcu--rti-tice pcncil :uttl frirpcr qtlcstionrttircs (E\':uls ct rl.. 2ll{}.i). turil sut--e-vs (r\llratrrrr. 19117), ;rrrcl cvrn orrlint' stuilics {Fir',rns tt rrl.. 2{)i}3). Qu.rlit.rtive rrrethotls th:rt trtilizr il;rturirlistic or lttttrr;ntisric irttlttirl, (cl- I lirschru.ur, l{)}lfr) lrr- .rlso er risk tirr infitrcrtcing resl:'rirrrlcnts' trr.re beltlvior (e.g., ethicrrl tonduct itt ;t Irtrsirrcss scttins ()r tliscltsinu oFinirlrts tc{rrrlirtq cthicll isiu*s) ilrhrrc is xrt\r irltcrilctioll [rcttvcc'tr thc rcsriuchcr ;rrrrl thc rtrponde nts iHolstotr mr{ (ir(r.rrlcr. ltl()3). Tlrt' slrrtc holils tnre iirr obtrusivt cxp*rinrcrrt.rl rvork (ltoscrtth;rl It)7(r). Irtclccrl. cvctr rhc grou'in.g usr of sccon.l,rn ri.rtlr in Lrusincss cth- ics rt'sclrch ir r.tot r'xcn:pt fmrrr svstenrlric lriases tlr,rt rrrr\,r)!'(rlr ilt thc tinre ol-irrrti:rl rl.rt:r {ollccfiorr ((-'r:rrrtorr. l')()H). In ;rll trf tlrrsc' irrstnrrcus of lrurr.::rr iurcnction. rhr' intcraction irils is u issur. rvhr'rhr-r tltr' lrclt.rrrols .turlie\l ;!r(,llr\\\'('r'\ t(r (lltr'rtiilu\ ilr ;l probirru irrtcn,ir'q,, obscrr':tblc bchlivior itt :r cott- rrollcri c-tpcrirlrrrlr, opcrr rliscussion irr l ficus grorrp, e:rsull conr,crsltiol in l icttirr:-l of nettrrllistic irrrlrriry, or soliritrrl rcsfi)llscs on .r self-.rrh:rirristrrctl 11rrestior rn;rirr'.

()iirrrprort;urce hrlt is u'lrcrhcr crlrrellt nrrrl firturr. bnsirrcrs r"fhicr rcr*rrch nriLrhr hc rrtl*ctcri b,v the riik ()l' rescilrallcr itttr.r:tt'tioli hirsrs. A hri{jf cx:tniirratitrrt of Volurtrt's ()(l*t)"l (2{ttl5*:illi(r) oi rhr: _forrrrrrrl oJ' Iirr.tilyl'5'5 Etlrjr:r shos,s :r vrrrictv of reselrt'h ntctho.ls :lrl{i illl|r()aah('s rrsr:rl. irrcltrrling irr-rlt1rth. sfrtrctrrretl, sctrri-strttctrtrctl. :ttttl itrt.'t'cc1.! itttcn icrvs. .rs u,cll ;rs titce-to*iacr', phone, mail-tr;rck, nrail, e-m;ril, xrd onlirrc rrrlycvs, ()r.rt ol- (r(r studier irr th<::c \'.)l- rrrrrer tlr:rr rcportr'tl irttcnrt'tivc rl;rt:t collci:tiolr, l-l

New Section I Page 45

ctllFlo\r!'d t()ll1(,llnlll)el ol'illtcruir$r t(chnique, "llJ arLnirristerer'l \()r11c rvpc (rf sul'vev. rrtrd rcver:rl otherr u\*(l \trr(leilt;rroiectr. (Nott tlrat s()nrr \rlr(lics r.l\rd urLrltip[.' ttrctlro.ls.) 'l hc lr'ltvltrec of rcscarc]rcr irrterection [rilrrs lir- tlrc cun'elrt stxtc of llrsirress *thics rt,sc;rrrlr is rhus rlt:rrr tionr a nrq,thorls lprsFc(- tivc. I lorr.cr,cr, thtrc :rrt' :rlso rltrtstions f{)r)r:rntillu the ryP15 of rcsporrsr: thrrr err' irtlertet'l [r_9 thrsc lri;rsts.

Set'elrl rturlrrs lr:rvc litrntl tlrat ilitcstiorrr tlt'ahng \\,itll irttrtrr(lc\ Jlc ul()rr 1ikch, to bc irrflrrcnr'cil [r,v lr\c:rrchcr irrtrr;rctirrrr l:i.rscs rlurr ilrc tirctrrel Lprc\tir)n! {(.r,llins rnil l}urcher, I!l{2: ltrl :nr{ l',rttzurirk. l(ltltr). vet reseilr(h itrvr'stiqiltitt{ sociill .lerirr;rhilitt' l:i,rr :rrugcrtr tlrat llcr rluution\ (r.s., rclorts r)r ltorv nruclt t'ec\rclilrr-r l tirttt clocs) c;rri bc bi.tserl as rvcll (l{aurlall:tnrl l-ertt,rnrlrs. I1)()I). lrr tlrat huritrcsr r:tlrir'r rcsr';ttclt inlr,:r*rrtly' rlc'rrls rvirlt irsrrcr tltlt ;rrr' '..ertsitivc lrttl {rrttctirttes corttror,crsill. it ir likrlv that thc n'Pcs oiinquirics trcilrs rladc irc {rr1cs th;rt $'ould b* pronr: to thr' birses irdrlrss.erl htre.

Typcs of' resoilrclror interaction biascs

I{rsclrlr:hrr irrtcr:tcriorr birrstr L.rrr [rc cl':rssiflctl into thrce cltegrlrirs b:rrctl on tll!: viu't()r.rr lcscarclrcr tlrrrrrrrterirtics ro \,hirh rcspotrrlt'rrtt ill:lY rcalct, nrllll(1v. FryclroLrgir'rrl ch.u;rctcristrcs. Plrvsic;rl cluraetcristics. .rnrl h.rck{rourrtl clr;rrectcrisrics (scc Appcnrlix). 'l'his rarr"sorizitriorr hrtr irs rootr irr I pr:r- tiotr of-Krlttr itrxl (lrrttt:r:11's (1t).57) "rtxrrlcl ol"lrilr irr tlrc irrtcn'ierv." rvhiclr \ugL(c\t) crrt.ritr rclrrtiorrships lret$-ccn 11: s!'illchcr nnrl respondent ch;rr.rrteristics i n ,rrr rrrt,llr,icu'rcfi,,)tr, but cal hrl ;rFplic(l til .l yr,'irt\'()i .:l;tirr t'ollcltiott tnctlrorlr-

Itrrtr'f rrrrr 11, /)Jl{'/rir/{r(rri?/, lwr,tittri it irs tl tlt rLitan*rr

The individu,rl personirlih* oi the drrrir (ollector hxs 1o:rg been tilrgctc{l .ri ir pr:tt,ntilrl rotrrcc ot'biar irr husirr*ss resc;rr(h (:t^. llo-r,il ;urd Westtill, l1)i5). Flon'cvcr, thr. po1g111i1l birsing rfi.acrs of rcscarchers' psyrholcsirrrl elurl.terisdcs nrc porsible onlv u.h*n tlrese r-ltlr;rctcristics .rrc rrurrrifusr tltrorrgh overt beh.n'iors pcrccpriLlc bv respondcnrs. Irr rlr.rt tlrsc ov(.rt behxviors nlictt :ire not ('rlni(iouslv tlenron* \tnlr((1. rlatl collu(t()r\ thcnrselves frcqucrrtlv arr ruil;l\\,,1r'!' {)l' tltcir orvrr [,-irri rr g t'lr:rr;rr'tt'ristir:c.

/lrrr,tr,"ltcr l!ttfi'nilittt! IJi,tst-r arrr/ /Jilsirrr-u I:t!il,r Rr'-trar,l lli I

(lonrrnutrir,rtiotr [r,:rr.r'ccn rtscrrr:]ten lud resporrtlcrrts is obviousll' an irrvllu:rble ;rspcct oithc (lJlir c{)llc('li()n pr()('(:\\, but ,rrt" th:rt ntav bc rflictctl by l erl)ortLl('llts' pcr{c}riiolrs ol r"crclrchcr pt'rsonoliW trlis. For csrrrnplc. in r studl.. of lrr,r'sonalitr, tli[It'r- r'rtr't's, IVcAr.lrtnr! ct ;rl. {l9N-l) lixrrrrl hillhup le1,sl5 1yt ilr-ilcptlr d()ullrrilliciltiorr rlhcu rcsporrdsnts w(ril irt rhc prr'rctrcc ol' rcs!'rrchers who lprpe111q{ iiir.rrdlicr bt, rle ntonstrutins highcr lt'r'els oi srniling. l.urghing. ;urrl cve rort(ilL't. Also. I{o{cn (l()76) rsf(}rtc(l th;tt "\\'.lnll' {prrxrn-oricntcr-l ;rnt{ liicndlvi rcsr-rrclrcrs rlicitrrl nlorr cr:ursistrnt thtu rhurr "ror:1" {rlsk- orir'tttcrl irnd busirrcrslike) reserrrhen. This srrglrrts lhxl (l:ltrt collcctors u'hrr ;rrc rrrorc fiicntllv ur)d pcr- sorr:rhle u'ill tentl ro rlicrt :l grntrr lurour.rt cri. :urd bcttcr tlull in-. irrtirnrtatiorr tirrrl rcslrolrilerrts.

I);rr;r Lollrctor ;rtlitrrrics touartl tlrc issucs bcirrg sturlicd lrc ofier cirud ;ls pot.ntial bil-scs in thc d:tt:r collection proces\. lJ.rilar et rl. il()77) fourrtl lirrks bf t\v(!,ft rcsp()ltsn rxti:! itl(l nltcr\ric\1.f rs' .rttitr.rtler (sr:c ,rlso I\lcKerrzir, l()77). lrr ;r rcl.ttcd vciu, srudics ort tlrc cflicts of rcsc;rrrlrer c\pcctirti()ns llrrrl itttprrsrirrrrs hrvr suugrsrrrl thrr tlatir collection is ofit'rt lri;rrctl iorv:rrtl r:orrlinrrirrq trritirl irrrPru.siotrs (l)lrillips and l)iphov,:. l9ll9: rce :rlro Singcr r-r;r1.. 1Uti3). Ferhrrp-s thrtrugh nrrintr.ntiourrl cucs uir.qr to tltc |articip:rttts hv thc rlrtru collceton. Othcr :rttri- [tiltr's, sttt:h at rr.sclrchcr irtturcst, itt()til';tti0rt, r'ntlrusi:lsnl ()r L.llersv lcr.cl. entl sn,[c oliFrcscl]tirtio,t !)r ilttl.l':lcti()t'l rnrrr. ;rlso lrave el'h.r:rs on plrrticip;rrrt r(:sp()r)r!"{ (el. Mcl)on;rltl. l9lJl: l{ogcrs. l1}7(r). Whcrr irrvcsti$rtirrg thr lrorcrlriirl triasins cll.:cts ol' t'fs(';trch('r [rs]'cholo$icrtl Lhar:rcteristics. rhe tlif]lculry oficrr lirs n()t {-)t)l}l irt rlctt,ctirig luotrltrrrirtic itrrli- vitlu.tl or {rou| gl;.11;11'1.-ristics (idc:rllv br'lirrc tirll tJ.rrl collccrron bt:gin$. hut ;rlso in d*tcnuininc hou, bcst to clirrrirrrtt ,rr r'xPllrrr lrnv bilrsr.s thet ;rrc lotrntl.

Iit,,rt'ti<rrr.. to llk: pttlsini Jr,inrt'lrri-qrir r)l'tr,c r(ratlrtrlijr

Itcrt':trlhcn' l.hvsic.rl {'l)itrf,arcri\tic\ rrt ntore rlrsil\, t-lctectcrl th:rrr tlreir p-rvchologicrrl oncs. As ;r reilrlt. tlr*sc chrrrt-rr,,ristier hn,,: htrcn rtrrL,lv strrtlierl rrr thc sot'ilrl rcir.rrt't. and prrblic opirriorr literrrttrre. It is u()tc(-l tlut. rvhilc. psvcholc)qi{ir[ ilrrrihur$ lnd p..r- c.'ived hackgrot:rrcl chrrllcrcrisrrcs (discusled lrrr.rl rrlrv be hrtltlcrr to \onrc (lcgrcc iiour plrticrp:urts, plrysicrl ch.rr:r.tcristici .rrc itr rrr:rrrv irrrtrrrccr rrrrrlir-

Ncw Section I Page 47

7ri:

l{uiscrhlc. Thrs* chrrraltcristics ;rre itl.tport;ltlt to brtsiltrrr r:tltics rcrelrch irl tltirt ir tttttrtlrcr of ethicll ir.uer ,rrisr: thltt ittvolvt' phvsic.rl llttribtlttl ()i' cnrplo-ycr:s .uxl cotlsur)lcrs, surlt :rs thosc r-L';rlitrg u'itlr iicnder, r'uce lnd cthrliciry. rtge, iltttl other irrtrtbttter (e.u., sr'xttirl lt,ttitrstttertt. Pi)' ilretltr:rlit)'. i rr,rpp.rq lprirr" trrs{ting :rrrtl protil irru, :trtcl discrirtr i- nxtiou).

( lntdt'r l'hc rlli'cts u[ rusclrcltcr gcudcr on Ferticip.lnt rr\pon\cs h.rvr' lrecrt stutlicrl tor ,t ntturbcr oitopicr irnll tllt:r tolli:ctiort trtethoris. ()tte tirrtor <:trctt slrorvrr to br. rrr t:hst;rclc liN- bi-sirti'ss ctltir:r rusc.trclt

- rrsporrdcrtrs' u.illir:grress to disclosc itrtorturtiou .*-. Irur bucn shou'rr to ht .ritecttcl [r], tlillemrces in r,:..',re'r'llcr-rrsporrrl t.'rrt rlr:r relcr priri r t{s. l-l rrn,evur, thr'ir stutlic's ltar',: fottnrl cotttlictitt.q tr,iclctrcc ;t. to thc tlircctrolr eiistrch cfii'r:ts. Itor cxrrtrplr, in .r sturll' oi ,rttitirrlcs rlr(l ()pilli{)ns. Mcfiuirc ct al. (l9Ni) trrrrnd th.rt nrgr .iisclsrtd nl()rc to nrlle irrturvieucn rvlrilc rvurncn tliscloscd ciltrrrlh' r,r rrtalc rrrtd fenurlc rpturr.ie11,t,r-s, Flctcher rrrrtl Spelrccr { I 9tt4J, l-ros.cver, lirttnil rh.rt ortlt' tt'rrr.tlcs displ.rverl l{rt;ltar (}|u,}r)t\\ u,lrile c'rtga*r'r1 irt s;tnrc-u.'ttclcl ltilirir]$. hr :utorhct srtrtl1., Flctrhcr (lr)Si) rcpr:rteil th;rt nrrrL' rrsponrlcnts ti.lrrncrl difti'r'tr1t r'\piratirtrul)s rli:f e ntlirrr.: orr thr *crrrlcr oltlrr' rsc:lrcllcr, xnil cvL'rt lbnrrcd dilli'rcnt rrspollsc str.rtrgirs Lrlscd crn the ir bclici-i. 'l"lrus. somc trnrlentrrrrtiirr( 0l- reiptrrttlcnts' ttttr{etreit's t() tritr't t() ('art:!in stcrc()t\pir:al [rrhefs is trst'firl itr iletcnttirurrrr tlrc dcgrce or dirccrion oipoccrrti:rl bi.rscs.

l{('!rirding lrusiu*ss erhics. tl.rt're is .r large litcrl- turr orr the t,fli'ct of Patririp;urri' serr(l(r'olr vicu's oi' .rrrtllor irrtenti()r t() c,t(il$e irr ulcrlric;tl burirrus pl'r{-'tlccs. Whilr sorrt litcrirturr crists rvlrich titidi no ilitl-crcnct in thc trurrrl rr':ls{)lrillu or r'rhicrl .pr,L:rrrerrl. lrctrvt'crt ulcl :rrrrl xl,()nlrn (,.g.. h.lc(ltrr'Llr lntl lJrcrv, l9()(r; Mcl)utr:rlri ;l:d K;lrr, l{)(rTl Stiulga rnd Trrrp*rr, l9t)l}, thc prc}rol)dprrltr(' of tirc t'xt:rnt lir('r;r!rrrr lras firuntl fi'rrr;rlts to lrl ]err r(-(-r'l)tiilg ol- rrrrctlric:rl hrrsirrrss prlrt'tiIus tltrrr ttrrir'r (r'.q., Luth,lr et rl.. l9()7: Sints tr.r1., l9lXr; Wceks rrul-. l(1{(.1) ;rntl lcss likclv to r,lll:rec ilt rhri:ic lrch;rvinr: thvrrsr,lr.r:r {l}ctz ct ;r1.. lrrlllr; Sirrrs rr.r1,, l()9{r; Srcilh;rrn ct .rl.. 2{)(17j. V.rriotrs rclsons lr;n,c bccrr proposctl iirr rvhy rr geutlt'r' cficr:r nriglrt or rllit{ht r){)r cxist ilrch .rs ir rlifiiring ilpfrr().lch r() ln(}ral rt';nottittg or tliii*rrr:ttr:r' irr gcrrilrr or rofi;rl rok's ra-

thcr thltt purelv biolo$icirl rc'x. fbr sxiullf'I.: Fr;urkt rr .tl. It})71 rVlcC:rlre *t :r1.. 2{ti}{,; Strtlh:rrrr rr ;rl, jl(t{t7). I-Iort'er.er. r{ \,Lt. rrons 0l' rhii litcritrrrru indicatcr horv r p.rrticip.ll)t's l.lcllLlcr nlighr intcl""lct \\'rth l lesoxrcher'r tterrdcr in pr6sl111ir,* potrntiillv htirst'rl ethicul -jlrrlgrttet ttr,

Norr-rcsportsc [:i.rr lt.rs llsu trr:crr cortncclcd to ihc licnJ{r'L}f tlrr rrscarchr'r or drtl coll,:crnr, s,irh ser,crrl rttrrlicr tindirrg th;rr tinr;rkr cliritcd highcr l'c5f()n\r rirr.c\ thJn rrr;rles rn tclcphotte strrv*1,s ((ilor.es .rn.{ Fulrz, llllt.i). nr*ll int.-rcrprs illornik. 1(J$7) .rrrd cvr:n rrriril survn,s {[]crn rrrtl iVlc.lcrvitz. l9liS), Firrrillv. in thc cr:rrrt*xt of rrorr-r.erbrl hch;n- ior, gr:rttlcr lr:ri .rlso hcr'lt ih()w:t to lrir.c ;r siuriilictrnt iruprql 61v rcsfionsl's. Ft-:r esrunplc. Honrik .rntl Ellis (l')Sli) v('PLl11('tl signiltt'rIrt ill(-rr,l\(! irr r.'spotr'r r;rtt's, p;rrtitrrl:rrlv firr fi'rrtllc irrtcrvicucrr, rvhcn ilrtr'rvir'\\,crs loucltr't'l ;utr{ ${J?cd .rt liotL.ntial rcsp()udrntr in rr rrull intcrcept str.rdl'.

Il*r r' A urorring nrunbr.r' of stu.lics rru hcirrg publislrt'il th.rr t-rrcusrr on rlci;rl ;rrrtl t,thnic ditlertnccs in the rc,tlttr. ol'r:()rl\un)cr ali:itn ic-g., {lorrnvsll rr al., l ()t) l) rnc.l ilttitudci tol:rrd lrusirrcs\ crllic\ (c.S.,

Srv.rrdrn ct ill.. :{)ll:i). C)thcr r'thicr-r'el;rtcd studies hln.r irryertiurrt.'.1 tire rflects of r;rrc .rs :r fretor irr atlvertisirtrr (Whirtlcr. lr)91) :nd [:usirrcss str.rtc{ir:s (Wcl:stcr. l9r)l))..{nd *'l:ilc srrrne rescJrcli h.rr tbund rro or trir,i;rl t'ltcctr ol" r,lcir on ethictrl jrrtirlntcnts ot rcrti of irrtugritl, {l)cshp;rrrili: r:t .r1., l(t{}(r: C)n(c ,urrl \iirrvcsvrrln, lt){-)$). txre rrtrdv fburrrl rhltr rlcr: oi:r utrr': sulr.irct di ti lflicr,j or.r rn:rlists' r:rhicll rc:rsoninlt (Oolcrrr;rn. 2Ol).]). 'lhr prlliferxti{)rt oi tlris l'cst'lrclr irrcre;rsrs tltu rrcctl lor ittr.crtiil,ttintt tlrlll Inil!'!-- st;trtding rprc-oi-r'csrlrchr:r ctiicts orr darl colh:ctiorr Ft-()(t5\es (Oor, !9i){t).-flt* lrcl ol'th.: rcr*,rrchcr (its ii (l;ltil collt'r'tor) is olicrr ruglrtL.il r\ ;t Fi)tL-llti;rl hilrsirrr< lictor only rvhcrr tlrc ,'rse.lrch conci:rns r;rctr r'li{i*rrtrccr rrr rlcirl rssut'r, lr .ltl,lrrir:rr, ir lt;rr gcrrcr.rllv bccrr irc*cpt*tl tlr;rt ri'sl)()n\r. itcrrx lirr rr-lrir'lr rrre is ir sillit:nt rlt;lr;lctur- istic ;rc rnorr. likclv tr: [rr.;rfJccrc.l bv this rypc olbi;rs th.tn urt "lrorr-nrt'url" rrrnls ((l()tt(r cr:r1.. l9H?), Yt^t, thr: prcrliet,rhilitv oi'*,hich ircrrrr rrr;r1, br [ri:rsc.l is not ccrrrrin. Ftrr r.r:utrplc. Anil!-tron ct ,rl. (lt)liS) t-orrnrl r;rce-otlinren,ieu'er bilres for rvlrlt rn.rny rvorrltl conrirlcr to bc,r rrotr-ractll issur'. rrports ot" \'()tilrg bch,l\,i()r, rlrtrrorrrtr:rtirrg tlrat cvcrr itr'rrrr ttrrt

New Section I Page 49

;1. l), lliy,r:a('i ,r[,/ K. ,4. -l'tflar

ilre not ovrl'ilv rri:i;rl irr nirrlr. lr!:rv lre :rl]rcted b1' r.rcc [.iirs.

lrr rturlics rlc;rliltg uith r,rt:c atttl cthrricitr'. tvpir:al tindings llgllclr :r ".1*iercrtc.' th*t.rlr'," tlurt rcsPol)- derrts s.'ck to lr.oicl otli'ntlirrgl tlre rcselrchtr tu utlrtvit'*,t'r. p;rrtrr;trlarly tirr itcrrrs (:otl(1i:rllittt,I rhc ,rr..rralr(r'i r.rcc iFiilkcl ct ttl., I')()l; I\ccsu cr;t1.. l1)ll(r; Welrstcr lgg(r). Irt ruti'r'cnce to tlrir issttc, !l,vnrarr (lt)i-l) nott'tl thrt "it tras trsrrrrlly bctrr tilt tlrirt \\)lrr.rc llrt' itrlervit:rvcr rtttrl rcrpttttilcttt ;trc shlrPlv coltr,rsrcd in thcir uroup ntctnhcrslrip clr.rr- .rLtrlirti.\ tlrcrc ir likclv to [rc :ttt lf-]icrive rrxcti(]tl n'itlr rrllirvor;r[rl1 corrsgqluont:t'r li.*.. lt's vlJirl thrrl, .lr)rl tll.rt s herc tlrcv rrrc sinrihr irt cltaracterisrics. tltc opp()site Ii.c". nrorc vllid il:rtrrl cor]sttlr.rrntl! rriill ocnrr" (p. I5,i), Alrlrnugh rlrr.lr (tirhc rtrerrrcll on thr c[ii'ctr ul- t]ti' rrct' oi' rl:tt,r coller't(]rs ()r tlt(' rcslrr )nsL's ul' rlt cir strtricr:ts tirtds di lii'rcrrccs bctrt'cctt \.r,rtc- Jrrd otrrgrtr5il!'- 11c. p;ri rin g;. rlrc iictcrnti tt;rriott of's.hit'h tl.p(' ol lrairirrg clicits tltc "hcrter" (i.r'.. rrxrrc trr-rtlrlirl) rcsp(,1)\c hus vt't to lrr: rlrternrined (cL (irovcs, I()t{7). lrrdccd, Attdcrson ct :rl. (l9lltl) iound s(uixl (iesirlbilitl. lriuses to lte nlrrre prevllcrtt tirr \,lllI('-r.t( c p,ririlrUr tll.rrr lirr ()l)lloslt('-I.l( (' |.lirlllg\. 'I"his lrss rruthfill rcll-r{i:iclosut'r, rnil\ bL' duc to rlrc tirct rhar ljre:rrrr tinlili;lrir,v ciln lcrtl to incrcrsed rlrliorr',' r.f rrot'nrlrtitc stlul(l;lr\lr. .rtrri tltrrr lrss rlis- .-lrrrrrrc tirr scniitivc itertrr (Mcrrrclr .rrrr1 Klnrl.:1. l(.)lltt). e clc.ll con(cnl tor [rusittr:ss r'tlrics r*sr'lrch.

.'l.qt,tl,l rrtltrr rrltrr*atrlisti,r Altlror"rglr r'ntpiric:l rercrrclt itt thii urcrr is lirrutctl, sr\'('rill :tu(iirs hrrYc iuvt'stigrted thc potcntirrl tirr rererlcht'r' irrtr.rrrctiorr biirscr rlrre to lge ,rf the re- rr'.rrrhrr" Sir).qcr ct;rl. (l1ltl"l) fiu.rrrri oLlt'r intcr- vicrvun ro ltrvc hiuher rcsp()l)sc r;lt! s. \'ct ('spct'itlrcc lll i11tt:!'urtl,illg riiil rrrrr clieit \lnrililr re\ults. lirr*ur.ur ,urtl lJtrtlcr il()76). ho*cvcr, lixrrr<l ol,lcr tt,lta itl- lq't:t()rl to rlicit nrorr r,,rriurrcc irr tcrPonsi.s th.rrr vor.nl!{rr tlrt;r collectols, Sorn* restarch h;rs tound ,rgc to hc a rigrritic.rrrt tlctcnuinirrrt oicthicrl r'lccirrorr rtt;tkirtg,rtrlr'rrr hult;tviur (r..u., llrrhrklrr cr ;r1., 2{)( }.1: Mtl)onalcl lrrtl Klrr, 1997: l{ucgge r ;rnrl Kirrg, It)1.)3), :rlrhough rltr' resultr \\.*rc n()t rrhvrvs itr tlrr: \irur (lir('(tl()lr. tt,ltilc otltcr rcrt':rrr'lr lrrr Lrokc,l irr- sfcrrl rrt tltr rrtrpacr oi tiltrc orl th( -iol) ol vc;rrr irr schrol, rrther rh;ln oxplicitly rrr ar:i: (c.u., lJorkou,ski rtrtd LJ*r,rr. l()()"1: I rrth.rr ct irl. l()97: Sinrs. 199{r), ,{grrirr, t}roLrglr, tltir <inrr rrct irrtlir';rrt lurrv ltlrrrici*

7n3

[-1ir)ts of ;ilrt agr rr.ottltl rcsPontl tsr rcse;rrcht'rs t)i ditlercrrt ;rgcr.

I)ur: t(1 ililli:r{ilrr:es rrr procrssirrg rhilitit's olirlril- .lrcrr an.1 thr eldcrh' (cl. John lrd (irL', li.)tlfr), d;rte collcction in siturrriorrs th:rt dr';rl ruitlr .r r.:rrierv of rc'sllt)il(lt'Dt or intr'rvirwt:r irg*s :lt()trlil be t'x:ttnit:e<i iirr rqc-otlirttcn,icrvr-r ctli'ctr. ()tltcr rosc;rrclrcr ph,vricll clrrr:rcrcrisrics rlut rnrry bc corrsidtrt'd rs Fotcrrtirtl ittllrtettccr ort p.trlir;iPsl11 re{pon\cs irtclutlc :izt' ;rrrrl htxlv sh:rpe, plrvsicll lrttr:rcti\'('ncss. phvsic;rl iiisrrbilitics, lrrd rcscurcltcr-rcsptrndtrtt sirtrilalitics (sce lJ.rures irrrtl lloscrrthal, 191'15). l\ecr'rrt rcports

{futlue rrr.l (l.rlrlc, 2{)lt-1; l{nclrIrri4, l9()(;} tlt;rt h,:itllrt, u,ci$lrt. .utd pltv.icltl .lttr;rltivcr)c\] illL'ct r!ilployrlr*nt iud ilrLorr)c sul{grst thxt iuvr.stirlrrtillg thcsc lirctors iroru ;t l.rrsirtcss r:thics 1:rrrsFq'f1ivc corrki irrr'rurrr' tltr' sllir'rrr:c of th.'st' :tttrilrrrtrr in tlrc rt'scitl-chuni corrrluctinq lrrch sttrclicr.

Ilrllr'Ii{,,rJ ti\ l!ffc'ittrd l,AiLqrt,lrrt,l Il,.r,(lak'r-rfii:i il'!lu' rt'st,nlrr

llrr<civctl brrekr:rourrtl r:h.rruetrrirtics diili:r fiorrr p[tvsicirl drrrrrctcrirtics in rhir backqrountl chur:rr- rcrlrtics lrr less olrr.iotrs .rntl rruv bc controllcr] or dirgrriscrl itr tttosf (irfurll\t:lr1crli, Urrlikr prvcholo*- ic.rI rJr;rrrrr:terirtics, h.rckgrourrd chlr:rctr'risticr olicn r(prclrllt culrunl or cxfrericntill .r$ributcs thit c:ul h* lssot:ilrcd rvith c*rr:rirr sp[rgrorrtrx thrcugit i'erlrel or n()n-\'(:rhltl ctrcr ol"thc rf\cilrflrrr, Tlre itrtcmctivc hins rrr;r-r. r,:sult irorrr rcspolrLlents n'rlctirq to stercon'pcJ of thc pcrc.'i\rcd chiuicr!.ristic(s) in rpt'rtiotr. Exirnrpll'5 of rhe\e chirrilctc,isticri i1l'c tl!e rcsc:rrclrer's socirrl cllss, lr:r,cl of't'rhrl;rtion, cxtetrt oi tmirting or conrpctcncy, grolrp-rr.hrcd valucr lncl helictr. *thrrrc rdt'rrrificutiun. ;ntl sesull orir'rltrriolr. Tltcse char;tt:teristics ttt;rv hc p()rtnlvc(l vi:r :rctiorrs. rr,rrrdr, t:lorhirr*1. lr*intvlts, ;rdorr':rrrcnts. or ()thft r:uci fhilt respondurts f-ind s;rlient.

l\'tauv ficcts oi tr;rt:k!{rou rrrl charactcrisrics si:rr ll ro br' irrtrrnuirrctl rvithirr tlrc rtx'i,rl rc;rlit,v o{" rhc resprontlenrs unrlcr snrt-lv. rnrl resFo11dg11gs ofieu tc-tcr h.rrcrl orr rvNrlr thrv pcrreivc ro be .r rtereotylric eh,rrlctcristir- (pcrlraps il ntlturll ()r grolrp ()ri('ntir- tion) of tlrc rcsr;rrclrr:r. For t-x.rruple, ineliclton ol soeill sratus. such as educatiorr ilr:d inconle, hil\'r. bccn :hou'rr to inliuerrcr rc\rrrch {}utcorucs {Ljailar et:r1.. l()77).

Rrsr'onJrer lilt$ttdiot, Birr.ics nrld Brsi*r.u Etlrrrs Rrstarrlr

New Section I Page 5l

?H4 l. D, rl,Iiyrra*trei urr,{ I{. "4. T}ylrrr

l{ *ir.rt'r'lt rt ;rcrr:r\'iiltiotr rr-illr rcrt,r it t puli rictl. rt'l i- gir:Lr: ot rrrr'i.;l p1,111p. r1*,, tlt;r\'. ii lrrrrrir'rrl, .rlli'rL rrthlr','t rerpott-rr'r. lritr i:-tr)1r1lt. .rI[ilirtrrur \!'1t11 r';li- 1rt1s tvFr\ {llilri)l1r{)11 ll"}r l:rett lirttttrl r$ illii:al l t5}t()l))t r';itr\ iir l!l;1i] 1lit\'*!'\. Jllrl r'\ {.'ll tlte rlLtalitv ilf'rtlspollsfr (Alb,rrrrrr. lrrlil). lt ir rttijqi'rrrrl tlt,rt;rlrltntruh .l 1'!'t-l;tit) .rlllli.rrion n)r\. ll()l l.* :.tltr:ttt ttt rl rr:rt':trr'ltcr rtlttr r\p(rir:ra(s it x\ t l.',lrt of cvrll'(llt]'lite, it Irt:1\', iirpurilrrrg ()n tl)r r\\ur lrr'1ttg rttvt'sri$rttlil. ht'cottrr \,tlir'r)! l() tlr,'r*rltrtil,l,'trt trr tltt: tli'{rt't tlirt rr:r1tol:rtr .r:r.' hi:rsrrt. Vitrll lrril l'.ralilltr': il(!tl.ii firitli:rsr th^rt lrlr,;,ir rsitr. pllrlr "r irgrriticlllt t'.)tc i r1 Lrllrit,rrrrr r'tlt i( \ lrrglrlrqirrr tlt{.'n!1lr(rrtiur(ir'rrt tltir rvpr: oi-Pot,:trtilrl br'r., t\ri r's,r:rrpic ilrrgltt !rc itttrr!i,:rvrn u'lttt ;trr t:rr,rrti- {;rtirrl rttilr.lrlr's D11 rlror',rl ot pr:rlitic.rl isstttr th;tt trttitttettfi*n.tll1' hi.ts rcsl.otrs*. ritte t* rltl itlrtrlvcrteltt ilir;rlrrv irl' .r triititrrrr 'vtrlrol r>t ,rtti,i.rl irrsi::rtirr. l{rr;:t'rn.1*nt'' l,elieti or- \'JluLi th.tt'rrcr'rttt[rrrtv tlti. irer,-'uiYtcl .rrroctitiott rlitl: .t cctrlitt grrrttP ltl.lY h{i,1 sr)ur-(('()frltr lttcr:ti.rl Lrtrr. ltt rr rttttilrr ltitt. llcr:l i l tlH ti. t: .r \lurh, .or!ar't'ttitlg rt'ottlttt': tolt's irt tttili- t,trr orgrniz;ttirll\. r'apr)rtarl tlt.tt rottic lirrtt. grortp il!I(l!'r.rtt)r\ \\'r:'c iilaorrcctlY Itl'at'ivt'rl br' 1iri'1tr gl ottll

lr;rrtiti1,.rrrts to I't :rlilitrrr rrr'r-rlirrrs. u'lticlr ttrrrv li.rlr irtllrt. rr, r'.1 Ill('\ltl(l\''\ tr'\ult.

[:tlrnri, rr.rttt,nrtl, lttrl rcl:tott.tl irlcntitie.tttor: trr ()nclrtilli(lit\ ,tx tt]trr rlr,tt,ttlr'rirrtlr tit,tt ttt:tt' bt' rer:ttitttllt 1rr:rr'r'it'crl lrt' tlrc rt:l.ottiirllt. Tlli\ i\ {)t- plrtrctthl cr)ncerll ailltiiiltrinq tirc c.rlls lirr inrr,:.tir.l rr,rs-r ttlltrnrl l.*sttt,:rs efh:L:r t'q"!(,r1"{ h ia.il.. N{rl)ol.rli'|. l{iltil; Vitt'll. li,l!.11. r'rfL'r'i,rllv tt st:i-lr ft'\c.lr.l] ittul]]l]t\ t$ r:,-'.rittrttc ethir';tl ;itIirtttler or juJg!licliti th,tt t:tt'oh"c .r.lltttra\ oLrrsirle oi rlte r('\llt)lt(lrl1t\ rultttrr'.. llttlrril, ttrttelt rt'rctr{ t'tlltr'r rcsc.rrtlt lt.is titrntl tliiii'rr'rrr'rr rrt ctlli.:tl -irt.l*:trtl1. i-'oth hr' sclillcp()rt.(l inrlarrltiort.rl culturu {[-optz .t "11.. :(xlil iin{i hv i'(}ulrlrl or rt.ttiott,rl erri,;tn ir.r1., ll.rl',rkrr' r't rrl..2lrtt-,l; i\ltl)rrrirl rt irl.. liilll: Srrrr{,r- N,{ugrrr r:t .r1.. :l'{li: Srr 2ltitf,; l-.:iliLis rr .r1.. littl!;

(')i irnp()rtrlil('c rr wtll lr tlt;rf. aitltlrtrglt ,lifttt ur,rF1.lt1-rt.rtllt rn rr'rllt,iu gr'rl \\ :tll rir{ ('. r'tlrrrii ity lr,ri lot't'rr iit'.i-ril'r',1 .r\ .r \()nri'tir)rr'\ "\ittrrti()lr,rl ' r.rri;tltlc tlrrit r':r;rv l.i l,Lc.rrtt ,ir Jiffur'+:rt 1r'r'tls 0t- ittlettsirt' (l)t'ilrp,rrrrlr rt .ri." l(lli(r. Strr-vtr;rtr .trt,l l)r'ltpltrrrl'. Itllii); \r.! ;rlr,t Wrlsrt'r, ]rl(.){ll. Sitt:;1il()r;rl r'rrr'\ tlrrt rtt.Lkc ctltlrr.in' rrr,rrlr r.tiir'rrr oltll.r' t(! L]1r rl;ltir i'.,ilc.tor or to thu tr\it{}nrlcnr tltitY influaucr thr t"r,\|{)11\('\ to i:r'rtrriD rtrr!il\. I'{}r 1^\JI]ll]lf. Ilrll()si;r iltlr)!i \u{g('\t\ tll;rt .l(rr'ril. ol rr'l(1rlIr:r(' iiltr'r*

yieure$ :lre cue$ thlt nr*y decrease rasp$nse fates. and bix responses. Of rel.rterl interesi is thae foreigr: rorrr(es in cros$-natlonal mail sun"e,v$ h*ve also been lbund ro impact response rrtrs (Ayrl imd Hortlik, 1e8rr.

Corrrplariry o.f' rr'sr*nir'r ifi tetudiioil biaset

The eff*cu of r*rearchers on thL" retponden* they investig*te are c$mplex, *nd tr: suppose that all thesc ($'ects.arr he ider:ti6ed" nruLll less cnntralled. lvould Lr* unreasoriable, InLerent in any st*d1'that investi- grtcr the$e *ffed$ ;lre alro *iturtinnal variables $oration, disuaction-s, cornfurt. rtc.) thnt nr*y intrrplay lvith the already canplicnted rixiure of r8ie*rcher-r*!pondefi t itltemcti(}rr himes,

It is importarrt to realize thac ttce to the lirnited traturf, of progtra:rmltrtic research ir this arca, ir is olten difficult t$ predict the direetion cf l:irser that Elay bc en{ou$tersd. lr illustrared by the conllicring fint{inp ir:r t}re gender* end fllde*pairings $tudies Frevi.,lrsiy citrd. ln rddidon, eslimrlirs nlrd $urlil- atifig the$r biarer is often l fon:tidatrle rask in i*elf {Tucker, 1983). k is als* in:p*rnnt to rlote that thme are a nunrl:er cf otfier studics not cired here that f.riled tn find hypatlresized researrher inter*cti*r: bi*;es, illusrrating br:rh dre di(}iculty of detecring biases aud the situational n*turc ofstrch etlccrs.

I)estrrite thr stated con:plexiqr of lesearcher i*tcracdon e#-ectr, and linriterl priol reseurch ,pe- rific*lly rpplied to the business ethics lren:r, lve s€ek tr: dari$i al:t{ advnnce the literature ltith an en:pir- icnl study. Ily tlem*nsnadng dre Fotcntial impact of th*:re bimEs within r husiness ethics liilrvey sc*naric, wr charl-r, rhow that rcselrc!:rr irtr'mctiot biaqes alTect ;r variery of rnerhoelok:gies" surh as sunrey or cxperirterrtal rc$careh, rrot jusi intervi*r,t'-h*.trd re- xearch, and rhat the prohlerir is p.rrdcul;rrlv Srnlrane tn the lield r:[ busir:s* ethies, Wr no$, pmsrnt the results ofil busincss ethie:i study rhat illustrater how rr$cxteh r*|id1ls catl he aifected by rubje*t reJipon$e$ to a r*seirrh*r char*ctedstic. Iipecifically. lve report on trr investigrtinn into perceptions afth* ethics of fon$rrnrdr in*urnnee cinim pacldirg rvhile maunpu- hring d:r rthrli(ity ol'thr insuranre a[frnt who is porrntirll), aflected by the eon*urmr actiolli in the scenario. The rrhniciry eif rire r*senreher colleeting rh* drt;r ir alrr:r nranipuhted.

New Section 1 Page 53

Errrpirical study

()rr!'of'tlrr: rc.cnt trrn(l\ ilt brr:ittt"s ctltir"s r.'sc;trfh itppr.rrs t(l hu rl:c u,tlcoruc irrcrerrsc irt rross-tltltltt'll .rrr tl cross- rrlrt iorr;rl sttttlics. Ar nrctttionctl [rr('\' iousl-y, Mr'l)orrald (2{l{l{l) ;rrlrrrorrirh(.\ rcr(';rrr'lrcr\ t(r ((}n- riclcl tlt;rt tltc r:ulturc (or:r:rtiorr:rlit1, ()r etllt)ic rrlrrrtilir,rtirrrt) ol" thc t'csr:trch*r crll illltlcrrLc h(itl) th.' ronctpturrlizltiorr :utrl tlrc ntctltrrrlolog)' uscd to ('xiu uiltc,:llttr':tl isrrtur ;tr-rosr r-rtltttrcr (or rt:rtiort;tlititr r)r rthrrirri(i(:). lrt rltis r::rsc, l':otvevur, u,e tbcus rut ltorl r.'spor:ilrrrrs rrrirllrt rcirct t() ('thnicit\,fuc\ rllrt ,rr( p()rrntiJlh, nri(le pcrtiilcnt ltv eflrnic rtfererrcrr irr erpcrintcnt;tl Irtrttrial:. rrr trr,, irtr,olvcnlcrrt \\'iih r'1rs(,lrch{lr ol'' dilli't'rrt crltnrc [rrckgri)urlds, or hl; tltr irrterlcriott ()l:thc t$().

Irt ordcr to csrrrtittt' tlte potcttti.rl litr rusc;tr.'lttr cthnic ir\' (h Jricrcrlstics ro i n tlucncc .t \n-r(h"s ru\ult{, r'+ conductrd l stnilr' inycrtis;rtrrrg hclictr ol tlirntss .rrr.l etht..rl lrch,rvi.,r \\'rtlr r('\P('(l trr.il1 ul\rrr.rn(( clrrirrr p;tclrlitrr: -\cct]rri() (l)c;nr. 2(lll-l). Thc topir: of irrst.rrlrrcl ilislroncstt' \r;rs r'l)oscrr tirr ser,,:r'll rt:Jro,ri: (l) it ir r*portr'tl to hc tltc rrcr.rutl litrgest rlhitc coll*r r'rirrrc (iu rl,rll.rr valut) irr th,: U.S. (Crrrir :rrrrl Colirr, It)()7) r"'ct hls rcreitr:tl vcrv litt[r. xttcr]tion irr thr. ([hrc:i Jr'r:;l (l)crn, 3{!{l-}); {f) thcr,: lr;rve hecr: tcccut ..rlh iirr rrtort' riuorour crtrpiric.tl rvork spccitielrll.v irr thc licld ot' irrstrrarrer' rlislrorrtsrv (llrirrkrrr:rnrr, 2{}(t5; Urinknunn .rnd [-cntz, 2t[]6): (.1) irrlrr,rucc r,rtcs iirr lrorrreorr'ncr'. iltrurlrtcc in tlrr loc:rl gr:ogrlphic urcr, u'lrcrc th.' rtrrtly u'irr ('()lrtluct((l :rrc rcllrtivt'ly' high ilnJ cl;lirrrs olt lrolrerlwrtcr's iltsttrlncc prllicicr tor tlte rcgiorr;rl irlrlil hivi' hror) irt rcc(lrd ar)ror.lllts o\.(r: tirc pilst fr's' t'c;rrs irrutkirru this rtt itrvoh,erl issue firr p()tcl)ti.rl 'ulrjccts);

.rntl ("1) thr lucul qcosulrhir :lrci oth'rs l hrgh dcglec oi cthnic tlivcrsiq' ;rcross both irrstrt,urrc ngctrtr rrrrtl iilstrrarrce cust()lllcll.

lltt,rr li:t,trt/r

l)rirlr rvork rcq:rrdirtg ittsttrrrtr'c cl.titrr p.rtltlittu b-r' I)carr iJttll-l) intsriq.rrcd hcs' prrrticuhr chilrirctcr'- irtit r of tlrt' insrtrrtrcc ru*r)t- iIlsurilna," currtplttv. .irrrl tlrr' lrnlicvl:oilers rvorrl,l irrflucrtr'r' [r\F(]ll(hr]ts' vicrvr eil" \r'hcthcr tlrc pr''li,:r'holtlcrs' irrfl.rtc.l cl;ritn ;lllloullt \v:l\ tilir rnd cthi.,ll. Specific:rll1', l)een (ft)l)"J) prrscrrtttl a rvnttrrr sr:t'rr:rrio to rcrlrolrtlcntr tlr;rt ruerriprrl;rtrtl {l ) tlrc polir'1'lrol.lcrr' rcl:rtirxrsltip

Trii

rr.rrh thc irrsurlncc ilgent, i:i tht' corporltc btuer,- olrrrtc of tlrc rrrsur.rncc c()nlp.lny, rrrtl (."1) the ocrup;rtiott utril rr,,:tltlt ol tlrr prtlicvlrohlers. lix.rttr- ining thc polirvlroldcrs' Ilinrcss ro thr: .rgr'rrt lntl conrp.u)\:. .x u.tll rrs ethir-rrlitv of rhe policvhol.lers' ,r('ti()n\ ;ll)(l tltil .[rr0ttttt ()l- rttottev th;tt rcsporrrltrrrts k'h rhoLrlil hc;ru';rrtlcrl to tltc cl.rirtt:ttits. ltc lirultd rto ctlt'ctr lirl hir r;rnrple oiuurlcrgrrtlu:rtr Lrusirrr:rs sau* tlcrrts (:n'errruc egr 2 I .-{ vcrrs). I )c.rn {JtXl{) bascrl lris rrrx'k p;rrtirllv orr Tcrtrvsorr'r (lt)()7) firr.lirrls rh,rt ilttitrr.lrs rorv.trcl irtsttrlttrt li':rtrcl c;tn bc irrfltrctrcctl lrt rrt'q.rtivr l)('t ( el)il(rl\ 0l- irtrrtt.rrrr r' rrrrtitrrli0rr*. .rr rrt'll ;rt tlrt' roci.rl er)\'trrlllnlent lor tirrrrl. 'l hir. couplcel rr,i th llrinknt;rrrrr'r (2{ ll 1.5) vi.-u' th:rt clairtt;utt tlccisicus tn L.chlr,e dishcurcsrlr';lrrr [rr'in!] tird to :iiruilrir)rl Lirr'unl:t:urces, su{g('sts tlrat tlrcrc rn;ry lrc crxr,litiorrs trttlcr u,lticlt :rttitrrrlcr tou;rnl :ur irrstrr- )ncc ;ucrlt or flnu \\itl inflrcrrcc cthicll t'r':rlu;rri$ns ,rf insrr llnce fi:rrt.l.

As such. \\,c rcpli(ilt(' .r porti()r1 oi l)c:rrr's {2lx14) strrclv ;rrtrl u.\terId it llr, rrt.rrtiptrl.tting rcvcrrrl cthnicity f:rctors rr) slrt.rrv th:rI Jttitudcs totr.;rrtl thr: uger)t c,ln irrriccd irttlr,lct ethtcll evth.r;rri<lrrs lrrd, nlore pcrti- nrl'rt tr) tlrt'crrrrcrrt i:\Fosili()n on rcsr;rrt'ltt.r irrtcr- .lctir)r1 bi;rscs. lr{)\' I kcy rcil.ilrcltcr c[t;tr.tctcristic cln rtlrct thc fiudurgs of'tht stutlt,. S}rcci6c:rllr'. q'r us,i 1)"x11'5 (llX)-i) !rr;ruipuhtion of thc policvholtlrrs' re latiorrsltip rvitlt tltc irrsumrrce r{cnt (grxxl vs. tr:rd), rrnd coufrlc that t'ith ;r nliuripuliltion ot'the cthnicio ot tlrc ;rucut dr-scribed ir-t rhc sceurrrio (Flispenic vs. rrorr-l-lrsf,rnic) lr rvcll :rs a rrr;rrriprrlariorr ol'tl:c erh- nicirv ot'thc "rcsc;rrclrer" rvho is .rdnrinistcrins thc dlte ctrll*ctir-rn t,tl:r't {llso Hisp;rnic rs. rlLrn- llisparricj,

As rvitlr l)i..ul (:(X)"1). wr L.\li(.cr thrt rc,spondcrrts rvill lrc rnore likclv to cor:sidcr thr. irrrlr;utcL' p;rtlling sctn:rrio ro br rrnethicrrl .rntl unliri:' {iut(l thu\ br'st$w .r lou,er ill\'irr(1 rrirt)unt) u,helr r lrt:raltivc rrl:rtitxrsltilt (r'crrus ;r loiiti\,r orlc) i\ p(r'fr:rll'il hrr\,1.1-tl thL. policvlroLlrrs lrrd rlrc insur;incr rgent. l-lou.c.r'cr, s.t ('xfr(rt thi\ rfll't"t to hr $torc prt'vrlerrt rvlren ihc ctltrricitt ol'tlrr' ;rucrrr tlocs rrot rl:ltch tlt.lr ()f thc rcsr;rrclrr.r lrto inrr.tacts rvidr thc resporldr'li1s. thit propositiotr is b:rsrJ oll the pilor rvork rncntinrre,l prrvit)u\lv th,1l \ug!{e:ts rtrporrdcutr s'ill rcrct r:rore tinor;irh', or irt tltis c:rss nr()rc "etlric.rllr'." x'lri-n tlrc pcrson oi interest (in this crrsc tht- insur;rrrre rgtlr hcing .rtltctetl trv thc iilrdulcnt rrtivitv) lrirs rh.r- .rttcristir's rir:ril,rr ro tltorc ol-titc rcst-urchcr {Firtkcl

Rt:rrtrirct Iuttrtliott lji.l.ier rttril Bt.rittt.r-. Ijtlrtr-, I{r-sr,rrr[

New Section I Page 55

?lir,

ct ll., lll')l: l(tesc t't irl.. lt,ti(r; Wcbster 191.){r). The perreivcrl rthicrl beh;n.ior in this c.t:e l,ortltl ittv,rlve ,lirregarrlirg thr po)ir:vlroL{tn' rtpitrior: ol' thcir insu r:rr.r,:c .rgrttt rvlrr-tt ttt:rkirrg .r lairncss j udgtttcrtt- In otheL rvords, il lr'gxti\rc polic:-holder-egertt relrr- tiorr:hip rhotrLl rrot rr-sult it.r respottrlcu[s lltirr$ rhe uliul'Jl1t.*-pr.ldirrg itrciclcrtt to 1rc liirer, les ttltcthi- c:rl, lntl dr's('nill!{ of :r hightr lw:trtl lttt,;ttttt. ttrtfts-, tl:rre ir r rrrisrrrrti:h [rt'tlr,ren lgt'ttt lttd rcsrilrchar cthrricir.v.

-l ['tJrirrlo/rr{),

'l'lrt stutly \rilr \-()lr(luct((l ,rs u lrr:trveerr sttlrjurts expcrilrrcrrtrrI tlrsigrr s,itlt r;trrtlottt rtssir-Itttttclrt ol p;rrticip.ruts to crch cxpcritrlrrltrl conditiou. As u'ith l)c;ur (2{l{}1). rcsp()udcnrs s,rrc first prrlrjlltcd rvith il lrricf rlcscriFtiou of irtsttr;tnt:r cl;rirrr l.udeiirrg, rvhitlr dcrcribetl it as takiru pl;tcc"'rvltctr i c()rlsurt)e r ptrrpr:riclv illflrres r)r ()vrtstiltcs rlrc.rcttrrl valttc ofl lors rvlrtrt r)tirkin!{ .r clitittr rvidr tltc ittsurtttct' cottt- ptrrrr,." l\r:sporttlertts rvcrc tlrcr: plcru:ttrd *,ith ttrr rt(:nls ilssfssins gcncr:rl tolcrlnce fbr itrsurrtrcc cl;rinr prdrling; tlrrs u'ls tlonc to test fi)r sinlilar tolcrrnce ,rrr'<:sr rrll cx1:crirnerrt;rl corrrliaiorrs. Tlrc itr'rrrs (tnrnr l )r:;r::, 3{ tl }"}) st:rt*d, "(l()r)sulllcrr ruu\, hevc.jrrstili;rhlc rcasons tirr infi:rting rhc cl;rirnctl vlluc oll losr." ettrl "l urn toltr:rnr ()t' (()nrillrtlcrs rvltt.r irrll;rte thcir irrsrrrirrr'c r'lrrirtrt." Tltcrc, rnrl otltr:r rrrlcrl i(et:trr tliscursr:d su[rscr;uc:xl\', wrrr clrclr lirllort'rrl tx, l 7- poirrr Likcrt-t1,pe sculc rrrchorctl u'ith "Stronulv l )ir.rgri:r"' ;urd "Srrorrglv Aglet'."

Tlt*rr: itcrrts rvrrc lirllrtrvcrl lr1, rr rvrirtrrr sccrr;rrio, u,lrich iuclrrded thu prllic-]-hr1.1cr--;r!trnt lr'l,rtionship Jnrl xtrrnt crll!)iain ur:lrliprrl:rtiou\. 'I lrc sectr:rrio (sct' l)r::r:r, l{)l}.}) lrcg,r:t s itlt:

Whilr.rn.l r({'(nr trip. rr vuturg cor4tlr lrrd onc +i' tlrcrr rrrit,a.er :rrrlerr. I"lrct' lilctl ,rrr insrrrrncc el;rinr ulxl.'r rh(rr lrrrllrrr*'ncr'r itrtr:r.rt)r-c. hut rhcv trt,r<{r rl:t'ir r:l,rinr iirr 1i3,1ll)ll irrrtc.rr'l tl'tlrc rcrurl Lxs ol aboui $5(J(t. Th{ couplc li,'clr -lusriliurl irr ^'prrNrlirru" rlru irrsrrLlnac cl.rinr. Tlrer' lrtlictc thrt irmrr,rrrec corlrlr:- rrir,s set tlrtir rltrs brsr'd orr th.,.rssrrrttptir)r1 thlt leople rvill "p.rd" chinrr, .rrrrl c\!r,n i(l! tlrcr,, rrr jurt tn'ing to recuvrt itrrttmrr(r prertlnulrr thut' lrrrvc rlrrrrlv p,rid.

Thc policlhrrlcler-;rgent rcletiorrship rvrrr tttrrtripu- Irr..d il.v drsclibing hou, thc rl{crrr h.ld hrndlrr.l thr

A, I). I{i't,rz*ki ,rrrrl ,(. A. 'l"aflar

initi.rl plpcruork lbr srtting up the poli.v. s'hr'rr'.ts tlrc .rg*rrt's ethnir:itv rl'as inrplir'il [r.v nr;rntptrl;rtinEl tlrs ug*rrt's nlrrrrir. lrJorr that Ilcirr: (2{){i4) urcd rrt:n- I lisp:rnic rrruucs lbr tlrc 1'otrng couplc ("I3ill ald Su\iu1 lVJtson"i lrntl the irrsurlr.rcr igenr (" f ed Crirvts"). Trr,o olt thc fitrr nr;rrri|1rl;1fi1111 rr:*rr;rrios lrc pro:sctttcd bclot':

Thrir ehitrr u'ill l-.c l.rocssnl tlrrotrgh the otiicc .:f C-rrlor S;ttrtlrgo, thcir lcc;rl instrlrrrcc;lggnt. Thc rrrtrllc i\ r.r:J' Lrppu rvith Crrior bu'.lrsr tf" thc rlll- eirrrcv u'irh rrhich lri. o*ice lrotcrst.l tlrc irririrl If,pgr\\'()rk \rtting up thuir poliei', .rrrrl hccausr (-rrhrs ir r.ury roopcratir.u .rrrcl [ro]it.'. ll)oiitirc rchtiolrship. Hisprrric lgurr.l

Tlrcrr rlrlrr rvill b.'procr.sserl rlrrouqlt tlre otiicc of (ilrrrrlt"r _l.rrrrr,son, their lnr::tl irrstrn:tr:t" rgenr. The cnnplc ir vcru rrnlr;rpyrv rvith (.'h,rrlcs ltei:,ru-.e his oliice n:lrle l nrcs oithc initi.rl pilpcNrork sdtlins up rhcir [rrrll11 ,,,.1 l;ci.aurr t]ltrrlc. is t'rrt trnr:r><rPer.rtivc lrrrl rule- lNcu.rtive rrlrtir>rrrlrip, rrr:rr-Hirp:rnic .rterrr.l

l{cscarthrr ctlrnitit.v rvrrr rrrrnifrrlrrttr<l b1, rrsing trt.o tr;rittcd rcsc:rrclrc-r crxtli'clcr:ttt's. ( )rrc u,:rs I" I ispnlii: rnil irtnrduceri lrinrscli ;rs lvlisucl llodrigur.z (:t prdurl()rlvlll) lud spokc u.ith l noticrr;rblc Spanish llrrturrirg,: lccerr[ (sirrrilur to rr':rrch o{' tlrc locll I Iisp.111i6 populrrtiotr), u.hilc thc othcr \\rir uor)*Hisp:llria .urr.l irrtrorluceil hirrrsr.lf ar Miclreel l{olr*rtsorr (;rrrothcr 1:seuikurvnr) rrrrrl spokr: w'ithout :ut\, rto(iccuhlc U-S. r'ugiorurl rr(crl)t. Eilrlr corrfi,cl- cr;rtt cl:tirrrctl ou'rrersllip ol'thc rcse.trch rttrtlv that hc rrrr etlrrrirristcrirrg ("thir ir .r rrrrilv I'rrr rorrtlrrctirrg ort irtsulrncr llrrLlirtu tirr I urtivt,rsitl' rcs*rrlt'll pro- .icrt") to rtr(urr ir c()nncctiun lrctrvcrn thc rcsu;lrclrcr :rur1 thc srutlv. Altcr trrieflv instluctinu thc sttrtlcuts to rc:ttl tlrt' lnstnl('ti()n{ ;rrrd iollorr. tlrc tlircrriorrs. u.rr-h lorrlillcr.rtc \(ttt'(l tlrrrt r'rr:cr tltc tturlv [)(:giut i]r rt'ottlti rtot lrt' :lblr' I() .lllswcr J,tv qucsti()n\. A,'l Js\i\tJlrt plrssc.l out thc sun'r:vs .rrrtl eolltctetl thrrI. 'I'lris proccrlurc [irr urhrrirristcrirru tlr* sunrr'\' \v.ls inrport:rrrt hcc.rrrs* r[rc corrii.clcr*tr.s \vcrc u()t pri\'\- to thc lrvpotlrr:rr ()r' cvctl to tl)1. cotltelltr oi thr rcettrtrior trrttil ;rll cl;tt;t $.ere collectt,tl.

Aficr rr'.rrlirrr1 tlrc rccrr:rdos, subicr:ts :rnsrl.erctl tu.o ircurs (linru l)tlrr. 2{)(1.}) :rssc.rsint r.hrtlrcr rhr: (ouph':i cl.rinr p;rdding ilctiolts rt'pr(s(lltrrl fllinlesr tos,rrtl the :rtlL.nt ("The (:ouplc \\,ould bc ;rctins lirirlv ros,rrrds rlrc insurancc aqrnt il'thr\: inflatc thcir

New Section 1 Page 57

.ltrsr',rt"lti't' Ittr(\'ttili\1tt .lji,tsr: ,tttr/ lJttrirtr'-r.i litlrir's Ilr-tt',rt/r

ellirrr to son.rc c\terlt." .rnd "'fhc r{}tlple $'otllcl bc trcrrtirrg tltr' itrsur.urr-c rgt'trr itr r -ilrsr ttt;rttlttr ii th"'y '1r;rr'l' rheir cl:tirt bv strltt(' rtrttotr!tt"i. Thcl' ;rlso :rtt- su,crcd frvo ittlrs (f-r6rtr l)e:rn, ,{[i.l) lisessittq rhc prrcdi\.ed cthicrlitl' of thc prrtldirrg lrchrtior (""lhr' touplu violutcrl rrt cthitrl prirrciplr [:1' 'lr,rtltlir:g' thcir irtsttr;rttcc cl:rirtt," attd "It is rtlor;rll1' rvlrng tbr tlrc couplc to iltiatt tltcir ittstttlttcc chittr"i. 1'his n'as totlou,cd try rttl ,;r1.g1.r-1:rtLleil ittttt rcltlittg, "Krrorvittg tltc lrrcts, ltort' ttrrtclt tttottev tLr v()tl tllillk thr conple slrrruld lrc :rq'.rrdctl ort thcir cllrilu? Wrirc in r dolhr flrnount litnr $ll t() $.'l,i)o{)." tjin:rllr. ,rrr it{rrr rvrs prr\irrted to ilscert;till thqr foltcvht}klrr- ,rgcrrt rul.rtiottilrip rtrarriptllericrr ("Tlrt rchrtottrltip br.trt'ct'r'r tlrt coul:lc lrrd th.'ir irtsur;rttce :gutrt s'ortld lrc lrcrt rlcslrtbetl rs.,." rtttcltorerl u'ith "llrtl" antl "tirxxl"). lirlLru,ccl bs st'vrr,rl Jerrtogr;tpltic itt'rttr.

.\iril,/)li', rlrr{r/},J('J,'fitl rrtllJ

"l'1rt' s:rnrplr cortristct'l of notr-rlclitirxrll (rnostlv u'orkirrg) unrlerurir(luxtr' stutlcttts tr*ttt evr:nittg .()uncl. Folkrrvirrg thr strgucrtiotrr of lSrirtkttt.ttttt (2tx)-i) .rncl lJrinkurrrun xrld LL'utz (1{}i}(r), onll' rrtr- cltrrts rrho had pulchasctl ltotrtr'oltrtr's or rrptt'r's lnsur;urrc p,rrticil)etcd itt the rrrrtlv. l-his rcrr.rltcil in ,rD olilcr srrttplt (.r{c rtlc;lll \\'its 2()-.i yc;tn .ttrd rtrrqtrl ti^orn I() to 5{r) tlr:rn th;rt ol l)c.rn {31}tl"l) and. prr:- strtrt,rhl-v. or)s n)r:!rc erptnellLf, d rr-ith instt rlrt ce.

All :ttt;rlvrtl ttsr:rl .t 2 (policvhol<lcr-lgettt tcl;t- tirxnhip) x2 (.rgcrrr rrhnicitv) x2 (rcrc;rrclter cthniriq,) AN()VA rtroclcl to ct,nlu,rtc rhe t{atl. Also. (.JCh 5('t o{t2-ittrrr rlrr:l\1lres (frlr tolt'r.ilrce. fiinrc.., .rld cthicrlitv) tver rrcr;rgril {r'ocliicicrrt rlpltes ol' .71. .S7. ;rrr<i .tl1l, rr'spccti\:rly). l)rclinrirurv tcsts rlrrrrr.erl tlr:rr rhc n ltriori tolt'mrtce tbr prrrklinli b,:lr;rvior rv;rs sitttil;rr f'trr;rll t:cils rvitlt tto tttritt ellt:<:t. t'rr irrrcr;rrtiorts hrirrg signilic:ur (Mc:rrr = -i.7f, ,rll 1i't -:r ,fr5i. Alro, ex;rrlrin;rtion oi rhe rrurripulatirxr chcr,k sho*,crl that thr poltt'r'hokler-.t!lr'nt rcl;lti()r1- rhip rrr;rrriprrlrtiorr rvorkct{:rs plattttcd, rvitlt nttlv tltrt ln.rin eilicr beirrg stlristic:rllv sigrtilicarrt (/: = lJtl.1, 7r',.(ll. I :.6i) arrtl irt rhe expe.t('(l ilircctrou. Althorr{ir n()t ('()rltr(}llc(l esplieitlr', thr. distributiorr of ;rgr' ,rrtt1 t:cntlcr rrcrt:ss expcrirncrttal cclls Llid rrot diflL r.

Arr.rlvsis of tlrt: p<'rccivt:rl [rinrcrs of tlx: corrplc'r .lrti(,n\ t()u',rr(l tltc ;rglrrt irrrlicrtr,d :r tlrrcr-u,:rv

iutcr:lctiotr {Ij - 5. l,l, J} - .{115. I '- .1fi) :l! illur* tr;ltc(l ir) Figtrre 1. Sptciirc:rlly. rrllrrr tlrt: non- F[isp,rnic r('s.urch!'r sr\ Frrr\drrt, polir:r'ltohlcr-.tgltrtt rchtionshiP hld ut-r ctlrct lbr tltc rtorr-l-lisltartie :rqcr)t, but .li.l h:rvt thc proposcd cfrct otl thr I-lirprrrric iigrnt ii.r'.. tlte touplc'r ilctr()l)s \\'r'rt' fcr- ecivcd ;rs litircr *ltctl ;t ,rus.rtivc policvltoldcr-:rgrrtt rellriouship cxisredi. F{ou,cvct'. rvhtt: thc Flisp:rrtic Iescilrchrr' \1rils !rrc:ifrlr. thc cflicts $crc ret'r'rscrl: thrre \irs no cflict {irr tlrc Hisprrric :tgertt, htrt tlrc prop('\(d r:$t\ct rv;ri prcs('r)t li)l' tht Itotr-l lisparlir: :rgrr'lt. I'hu\, \\,ltrtt rlre rclt,trr:hcr ;ttltl tltc .tgt'trt nr:lr(ht'(l in ttnrts olcthnicin, thcrr' s'r're tto cilccts lirr rhc poLcvlroliler-.rgcnt rclirtionrltip, just ls irt I)clr {2tl{)'{) rrtd rht corr}rlc's ilctiorls u'cre viervcd rts r,rnivcrullv ttrrctltti:rl. l'rtor rvork in rcrtitrcht'r irrtcr;retion triurt:s wottlil \n{gc\t tlrf,t thir l;rck ol-

5.000

4.500

4.000

3.500

3,000 Bad Good

Policyholder-Agent Relalionship

Hispanic Researcher

.+- Non-Hisp, ----

Bad Good Pollcyholder-Agent Relationship

I tgttre I l{c.t.rt.ltet tttlerrttttttt I't.r.r'. .rrrtl l,crrcire.l t.rtrt rtsr.

tr o C,t{ o .: G l! 6 EIg

1' 6 o-

5.000

E q)

$ +^soo o .! ,f q.ooo .9 C,) c E 3"500t, o o-

3.000

Non-Hispanlc Researcher

----.* Non-Hisp. - -G - Hispanic

Ncw Section I Page 59

Tlitt

('ttrLt lctlcct! .r dtft'rcncc efl*ct tott lrrl rlrt: rc:errclreL's cthnicitl', Yct. u'lrr'tr ctlrrricin' rlitl rtot nr;rtch, thc c{}i't't lrvpotherizcrl origirrlllv hl l)crtt (3{lll.l) u,;rs pr*cnt.

Art:rlvsis oI rhc crhiclliry I]lclstlre tlid nor r*'eal thc r;rrrrr' three-rr,;rv itttt'r:tctitltr, bttt dirl itrdiclrtc a tlr,()-\\i;lv irtrrr.rctiol't lrctrvccn rf sc;trchcr utlttricitt rnd :rg('nt tthni{iry' {l: - ti.i3. 1r < .i}1. n - .:l) rtrrlt that rrratclrerl cthni(iti- rcsr"rltt'ri itr e!lltt;ttiottr tlurt lirhclcrl tlte rottrlt';ts tll()rr rtlrutltit';tl tlrrtt ttlt- rn,rtr:hcd cthnirlty. Sltcciticallv, ttrr tltc llispetric tsrrrrchct. tlrr cott;rlc u'as rltcd il\ Irlore ttncthia.ll s,ht,rr the irge nt \\,,1r I-ltrp;rnic (trrc:rrr 5.17) tl:crt lvlrcu lhu ;rt{L'r)t \\/;r, rrorr-Hisp;uric (rrtcur .}-{)5; li: ll.(rlt, I <.{)1, I *- .ll). Ilut s,hctr thc rc- scJrrhrr \\'n\ r'lon llisp:uric, tltcrc s'rs tto stetlsticilllv ri{::rilicant tlitlcrrrrcc irr ltuu'tltr c()ulrlc lvirs r:rtt:d lirr thr' nor:-l lirp.rnic irrictn 5. l -l) vcrsu-r I lispltric (rncln -1.9{r) .rgcnt.

I;irr:rll,v, thr rrrllr,sis oitlre nrolletrn' cl.tinr .trvrtrtl thrt rhorrkl l:c grlrrtcrl rnin'orct{ tlrrt ol tltc hirrrcss r,.rrie[:lc in tl:at.r rirlihr rhrtc-*'.rv intcr:rctiorr rc- rultcd (l;= 6,51. /r:.(lt, I = ,l1l)- Fur rlrtcherl cthrrrcitr' [rr:tu'ccrt thc rcrr':rrt-ltcr ;rtttl tlru ;r{cltt. tltc policvholdcr irr:cnt rL'l:rti{)!rship lrrd rto cfitcts otr thr' irnrount lr,.rldcrl. Ytt tbl utrtttltclte.l ct:)lliciqv, tht rrrg.rtivc fi*lirrgt rrrn;rr<l tltt ;rgrrrr rrsulrr'rl itt r llighcr irwitr(l tlt.ur rlitl thc posir'ivc li'clingr" This is rlft.rstr.rtcd in Figurc 2-

Discussiorr

'l'lri: artrrlc sought tirst to rcvicu' the ;rvril;rtrle lit- drirtrlrl] ol) rescrrcltrt irttt'r:tcrirrrr bi,rscr, p;rrf ictrl;trlv rhe finclilgr likclv to inrprcr lrusircss r'rhics rrsclrch. Wc fircrrsctl on fhc rrrole "intelrrrir.c" resc;rrclrer hirr, irr rvlrirlr tlre prcscrrcr oftlte rcse,rr. ht:r irr sorrrc 11.;11 i11lp.rcts rcrporrrlcrrts' .rcti()lts ()t' rcsl)0rrscs, .lt1d tletttotrstt ltcrl tllirt t'ttr'trcllers' l.sYCholouicil. lrhr,si - c;tl ,rr lrrckgrotttttl clrrr,rr'rr:t:rtl('\ c;l(11 hitvc fltc p0- tdrtinl t() bilrr rcrtrltr. IVlorcrrlrr. thcsc clrar:rcteririics

-$'lrctht'r' ;r "$rrilr" t'r. "rool" P('r!o,r;rlit\'. .lgr', r:rrt', {r'rrtlct'. r)r ('\r{:rr ror i.tl chrr -- lt:tvt' thr po- lctttilrl to rr)11,r('t r('sr:lt\ r( i'()t\ il \rilri('ty ni r{]s(.rrfl) lrrcth{)J5. Wlrih, lrighrr ltvcls ol'irttrrrctiorr brtlccrr rtserrclr.r'r xrrrl prl'riciFxrlrs (such ls rrr rlcptlr inrcr- \rl{'\v\ i)t' lircrri {.lrorr|r) rr,orrl.l likclt, l(.,t{l tr) tlrc:ttol' llu{t'trtirtl lirr rcrr';rrllrr'r'irrtcr;rr'tiorr lri;rs, thr. lri:r,{ hitr

--o-- Non-Hisp. Agent -{r-

Bad Good Policyholder-Agent Relationship

Hispanic Researcher

to

'oa oo E G 3

e6 o c o

=

1700.00

1 600_00

r 500.00

1400.00

r 300.00

1 200.00

1100,00

1000.00

900.00

1 700.00 t E 1600.00

f, rsoooo ogr 1400.00 tt h reoo.oo;< 1200.00.g iloo oo 6,

3 rooo.oo = 900.00

Bad Good Policyholder-Agent Relatlonship

Fi{trrt I l{erc;rrcltcr irrtrr;rrti.rn birsrs rl.l xn)()urrr (rl' lllonrtirn' rrrvir,l h.'.forvrr1.

brurr [irrrrrrl L'!!^u in \uur:rirrqlv ltss ohrrusir,r rlretlrorir such lr rn.ril sun,rt.s (Alb;runr, l1)ll7) ,rntl orrlinr-. .trrrlici (Er';rrrr (.t .t1.. :llr)-1).

Irr Lrct. u't thcrr slrorverl, throrr{:h :rrr tlrr;ririelrl srrrdv, rlrrt rvrn,ul rlvrtlt ;rs sccrtrirrtlv irinor:uour ;rs rllc ulrr. irltroduction oi .r rrlr.irrclr*r s,ith lrlrrricul;lr eh ;rr:ri:rcristics rlrrrirrg thr ;rilrrinrrtratrr:n of .r irg111-1 | :ln(l [1irfr't' sttn c-r' ittstrurttctrt ('.ril h;lvt. pro{irtrrrrl cll ti'ctr orr .l studv'i rcsults. Wc lirrrrrrl rcsptlrdt tts' .jutlgrrrcnts .rbour tlrc lirirrress :rrrtl trhiculitv of con- \unrl.,,"irslrrirri'e rlxinr p,rtklirrr-1, ar \\'cll ts tl:c sug- lic\tr(l doll,lr,rru()ur)ts to lrc litr,.rrtlct.l in,r el,rirn. .litli"rctl tleptrtrling up()tr \l'hcrhcr rhc rcsc.rrchtr hltl titlrrl .r llisp;rrrir or rron-HisprrnrL list niul'lrj xli(l ;ri ('r'l1l,

Non-Hispanic Researcher

G_______{_a

a

New Section I Page 6l

.'1. /). .1liy,r:a&i ,rrrrl K. .'1. '/iiylor

I{r'-ri',rr',Jlcr l t, l fi d il i i fi IJi,r,ir': i irtrl lJl.iirtr-i.t ljt/ri -, /{t'st',rl* itt{?

lrr plrlicuhr, tor' lrotlr frirncss rind thc chirrr .lr)1()lrnts .nr.rrrled, lr'c lirurril thit tirs: poLc-vlroltlcr- rgeirt rcl,rtiorrship tliJ n()t rl!:ilttr s,ttctt tltc rc- srlrclrtr;urcl rhc iilc!ra \\'tl'c !!ritch!"rl in cthrricit-v {both l-liipanic rrr both trorr*l{isp;rnic).,ttttl rlte I.rtllirn: hrh;tvirrr rvri jtr.lgrrl tc b..' ttttivt'n;tllt' tttl- irir- Thu rcl.rtiorrrhip s,irh thc rqcnt rli.l h,tvc ;ut lnlp].r \vlrcu thc ctlrilicitic; \\'rrt tllistll;rtchcd (s'ith Lru'rr rrrorrct:rrv ltrvar.ls rtrd jtrdgttctrts trf fiirtttrr rrlrrrr tll.'ruhtiottrlrip rt';ts lI,rotl th;ttt u'ltctt it rlrts Lad)- lXrr rlenrtrrrstlrtsd- tlrcrclirrc, th.rt resc;tleltcr irrtenrtilrr hiu: clttt irtderd prcrctrt .t prtthlrttr. rvt'tt :rr rhc lrlel .rf;rrr r'tlrttt'-.ortndintt ttllttrr rt1(l \\'itl] il v1n' lotv levrl rtl-irttcrrctiott bclrvgctt rure.trclrcr .ttttl rer!.ontlcrtt. -[-hus, c;rlls iirr Lxr snrvr'r' lr)cth()(loloF]'' .u)rl nl()r(' irrter;terivr Illcth{xlt it..q.. (ir;rrrt', l9()t)) \urrurit !ll,lt lirtrrrt' lrttsittert rthir:\ rC\('il11'll rYill hr .rt cvrrl *rcitcr r"isk lirr rcsr.trclttr irtter;tcriort tri.tstr.

Arrotlrcr c()rlr'('nt is tltr: rrtrrtrorttt)urt itl wltirll \vt Ilc\v ('(111(:rt rl.rtlr.'l'lr* clrn:rgirrq cotttl)ositirrlt o1: (()r.lrrtr\/-\lleiitir', rcuiott-rlt1-ific, rrrttl gloh,tl poprr- l:rtiorrr ruq*rsts tlrrr;rtr c\rrr) ifu:ltcr trrlph.t\i\ hc PLrccd orr, rt thc vcrl' lca-st. th* potcrltiirl itttluclrcts .rl- ru.errrlrcrr' plrvsieirl f,rr(l h.r{'kgrour}.1 r'lrrr.rt tt't'i:- fic\ (il1 l.lt"ticiF,lnt\' rrsF(rtlscr. .ttrrl tttttlrr \vlticlt sltu.rtirln\ rltr:tc ctit'crs lrrc.rtttc telcr,.tttt. l:or cxitttt-

Plu. rhr $l'r)\\'tttq I(,[1[rlitl ir)tl\ r:i Ati ir. lrt t- Atttrrir. ;rtt', I lrr1.;rnir'r, ,rrrrl Ari,rrr-Arnr:rilrrrr in tlrc Ljrtitt:rl Sr;ttci iWcll:rrr', l{lll,1) nl.rr lrc l r'lcrerutinittg l;rr:rnr of U,5.-brrs*rl bttrittcss *tltir's rerc.rrch in thr 1'ertrs tl ,rrn:r. Altltottgh ttttrclt rr'r.'rrtt n'rt";tralt lt,tr esittttitttrl busrrrsr *tlri,: .rcLosr ,uttl rvitltir.: tertairt r:rt'ill rtttl/ or (thr!rc gr()ttPs (src. lirr r'sltrtprle, l)cshpantlc tt .r1., ll)(l(r: -lirrr.Irh.r-Jilr;r1. 3{ }{)}: Srv;rirlittt u rrl.. lttt t.l). ier-r' littlc lt,rs lruett (l()rlc t(! tlll(ltirrt;rll(l ltlctll{)(l\ rtii"cri in rlris rre:r (ct. IVlcl)on.rkl.2llll(l). ()thcr Sftrwtll p;rtr('r'lrs, \ilLh il\ l,.rttg*l' lili:splttls ltttrl rvork- r;:r*ns {!ilcllrrr,r', l{)(13) lrrd sigrrilil,rrrt ir1(r(ir$c\ ()f \\rrlrrt(,r irr thc llritJ rvnrklirr,:i', rtrly h;tuc rrltlition"rl lnll\lrc.rti{}r'r\ iln(l nl;l\' tcrluilc r't'c\.utlill.lti()r) ()f Jtlt(lic\ rrllot'tIrg (l!,rra("trnrlic* uttrl [rr:h.rriors of 't1prt.rl" rc\[)(]n(l('nt\. Tlt,tt tttitt.trttv Hr(rtt11\ rl:rv

otierr lrr rrnd*r-rcprcsertrrd ;lJ rcsclrclt(jrs iurd/or ,lr1t;g g1llk'61rrrr tterersit;rrer il continlle(l evilltuti(ltl (.!f" rilr'c. grill(ht'! iilld ftlltti(it)' intt.ril(:n(Ir\ wllcn ('0il- rlur:tirrg husittcs etltics rriu;rrc[r.

l'rnrrr r srrhrrrrt(ivt pdilspcatiyr", rlorc llrtir]rlirl rlld lrlt(n1;lti!,ni1l ilttitLl(l('r forv,rtd bttstttess (!thi(s ill'r bucoruirrg itrtcrtrvittrrtl witlr prrlirit;tl, \(!ciill. illr(l

rllf ir:irilrrcrrtil irsrrr.c th;r( lllirY oI tnily llot colrlilr'nl rvith locll or gloh;rl inrlustrr., goventnrertt.tl, ;ntl iniiiviilurl pt.llcti(ei. A trnile*cv tr: rcspottri irt u.o- cr:rllv dcsirrblc nr;urlcr i: likclv intlucncctl lry th.' tlcqrec to rvlriclr rcsponrl{lrts lerl tlrilt ir r!'scirrcl"tcr ciul {rr (;rnrl()t ulrrl(rstiul(l tlteir p<lints ofvicrr' :uttl rvill or rvill rrot rtjrct thcrn. Sttrdiri tlt.rr rrc spr:cilicallt.rt riiik ilrr IhtiL'th;rt ittvoh,c'toPici th:-It lnrty nlikL- P;rrticul:rr rr's(;rrrhr'r cl.r,rrlctcristtc: sxlicnt fo thc respottdctrt. ftrr cx;rrrrplc, irrvr:rIig;rtierrrr rfgxr(ling etiric;rl issues srrr-r'oundinu tliscriurinltrrv pr:rcticcs. rrrorkphct' Jir,rlrit,v, target rn:rrkrting. :urd pilv incqu.rlitics seenr likelv to hrll prev to intemi:tivc binres. Orher risk l:rcton irrclrrtlc thc ch,lrir.turisticr oi tltc rcsporttl*rrts bcinq rrutlicd. For es;rtlple. r'lt1crlr, respon(L'nrs lul.c heel liruutl to lrt rntrrt susccptiblc to rtst'lrclrcr irrtcr';rr-tiorr hi;rst's thrrrr y!)ut{rr" rc\P()ndonts (Gnrvcs ;rntl I\4,rgil;rv1', l()'!6). lt is itrtportlrrr, ltorvr'r,cr. ro runrL'mtJn(l thit s{lrr1r dcglet r-rI intcrlrtivc ctlcct li};c11- n'ill hc prescrrr ir) nrosr rhta eollection ritnr- tir:rrr, rrrrl thilt uilcr)vcring rrti txPllifiirrq rlster)li]tic bilcr u'ill lrc bcnc{lcial tn rtsuurclrt'rr.

.1 LDr,rqirrrl r{'Jrirra/l.r' illlrr,rr'Iia,r lri,rs{'i

A rrrrrllrt,r ()l'sul{q(irion\ lur,e lrrt'rr givcn bI r,:rliorrs lrrlltrrrs r*g*rilitrg lrou'((l rlulll:l!{c ccrtlrin typcs *l' rl.s\:urf h(r irrtcilr:tiorr [rils*s, Thc tirllo$,irr$ is r sholt lirr rrl' l:r,rsilrlc corrsirlrrrrtiurl tlrut rrrighr s(rvc .lri stilrl!n$ r()llrt\ l(}r rcst:lrelur: \4r0 tlctenrrirrc thut tlru potcrrtirl lirr suclr biarcs ir frcrcnt ill thcir studtr's.

!-Bs i,ttqnitinn Alrhorrgh cven snrall rrlrounts of intcraction (suclr ls tlt* erlttriciry of r tt:rt:ttr' {)n J rr1;ril sut'r'c}'rcgltdirrg (rrfis\-{:ultt:r'irl bttritrt$ lthir:r prlcticcs) ur;rf irrfitr- crlrr. rdsp()rt(lcrrr rcircti{lmi {ct. A;-a1 nrrd I lorrrik. 1t)lt6). lcss iutrrrction iikclv s'ill rcslrlt ir] lcss rltcrirction [ri.rs, Whilc this ptrrpcctivc utight lrn(l to tltc sugr-lcstitxt ol'trtlil or urtr:ril tl;rt;r trllectiorr nrcthods. rtspollsc r:rt.:s i1l'lr1 hck of t['ptlr otien limit t[reir usetirlrress.

,1 I(r*' iilf(r?r.lir!rl Whilc pcrhrrps nor irltuiti\ir-ly rhr msw{r to less trils. r($errchct\ who lnlcl'ilct lr]orr lrritll thcir rurpon- rirrrrs rrr;r\, ;rrriur' Jt ;r lcvcl ni'tnrst rrrd lrrrrlcnt:rrrrlirrg

New Section I Page 63

?r)it .'1. l). .11i1,,i;,rl*i,rrrrl h. ;l- 'lilylrr

such thrt rcsp()ndc,rts ilr{: I}lore firrtlrcuuritrg :rtttl tltcir rcsprlttses Jr!' tllore hortc-st (F[ir:chru'rn, l9ll(r). Surll .r tactit rrrxrki likclr,lrc trtost rrsclirl tirr r;tr;rli- trrtive rnr'thods tlut reck to ! xtllcr lich tlarl ii'ortt rclitivcl-y fiu \r)t!rc(\ nttd tirr topi.s \rlrich rcqtlirc thir hrgh lcvcl of trtrst itt tltc rescrri'lrcr.

,1.l rti',rli-.r'nrttior t,il t ntl I t tls 'l lrc avoitlltrce r.ri itrterlcfiott [rirrr lrv nstrtg obscr- vxti(]r:rl rrrctlrotlr ir strottgll' ttrf<tur:tgetl. Ftrr rx;lrrrprlc, (ir.rrrr' {l{)rJ1)) recottrlttctttls rltc crrtrtr'trt ru:rllvscs r.)i f\tcrlral lttrl itttertr:l r)rgxtlizJtiolril c(rtrrnu,'rit:,rti()n\ ils il l.tliilrlcr of itrstssittg orgrtrtiz:t- tirrrr rrrcnrlrcrr' vicu's ()r) dfrt:tiit ctltic:tl isucr. Elccrronic rrlollitorirlq (sr.tclr ls aorlrputcr rvork titne \,s. tilil( sp{:llt 0r rtorr*rt,ork ri}nrputcr il((ivities) i\ iu)()rl)t'r nrrll)()(l l:v rvhiclr lrclt:tvirx cir l)c un()b- trusivtly otrscrr.etl ;lr)d pL'rh:]ps L()rllpiucd to sell rc- port.l of tlrc r:lnrc bchrvior, []r,ttt .trtu.tl lrlonitorill!{ 01. firr cx,rrrrplc, rrt'yrlcrl !t);lter'r:lls (.rs rotttp,trcd to scll'-rc[.or$) <lllcn rcscrrt'ltcr\ il \\'.rv ot' ri rcrttttvctt t- irrg thc rcrerrtlrer-rcspordiJrt irlter:lctio!l dilcm!rtx {rl" l{,:illr- ;rucl WalL:nrL:rf.

'9fJ7}. l-hr rc*trrrher

rrrtrst lrc rrr,,rre. lros.cvcr. tlr;rt olrtrtrsivr ()l)srn'rti()n (s,eu il clisgLriscd) ull!' lrill clicit hiast'd bcluvior fi'urrr rcsportdctttr luserl (]n th{ir ohscrr.ation of tht: il,ttit collrctor,

t "ottr 1t*tlr,ult n ir ti st rct iou'l lre use ot conlputcrs ls d,rtrt collecriott tools hls llso

bccn suggcstetl to slirlirllte crrt;rirr rr"'st';rrLl:cr illtrriction biusc:. For cxrrrrplt, Evlrrs ct .ll. (2{)11"1) fburr.{ tlut rirce-birscd intL'ru.ri\.c biases rvcrr. elirni- rrrteil lrv rrrovirrg data r'ollcctiorr iror:r .r lirlrorltort \rttiilq t(! rrr orrlirrr srttir)$ tll;tt r\cludc!l tlrc ,l:rt;r collcctor. l{uic.rrclrcrs shott[d norrctlrr-l*ss exrrcist c,luti()r hc(Jr.rsc bi.rred resllorlsp\ (crrt]rplritru cor11-

I)ulrr ir{lnrir)ist!'ilti{rr t() licl'r()11n1 irrtcrr.iervr ;irrrl sclll {:()nrpleti.nr) rtili har,r' lrccrr rcPortcd rrrirrg thcsc llrcthods (Liefel.{. 19.\!'t). ln eddition. thc use of roiliplrten to altrr ()r c()!1tr()l irtterviervcr h.rltar.ior har hccrr rrr:tcsslirl firr .r r,;rrien ot thta r'ollection nrcthotls. prrrictlhrl.r. tirr corrtrollinu ti.cdb.rck :utd prolrrrtg --

(onuloll vrtrrccr of resr,urt'hcr irrrrr,rc- tiott bt;rrcr (Crovr:s itrtrl l\,tagrlar,y, l'/llti).

Nlllllrt,r rt,ti/ dir,{,r,!it), o/ r/,ro iir/lrt:/r'r:; LJ:ing a un,rll rlunllrer oidlrto collcctr)rt lll;r\: cr('atr tlrc opportrrlritv firr ,rrtc tl:ttr t'ollct'tor t() strr)ittllv

birs rcsrtlti. li rilch collr'cts .1 lilrgcr pi'rcer)tJgc of rl,rr.r (Sirtgrr Br el.. l9tt.\'1. ['lrus. irrcrcarirrg the rrtrrrrtreI o[' irrtrrvie\\'er\ n]ir| il1'sr-Jg(j ()ut d\trrrilo .irics ()i' .r:rtiliu potcriri.rll-t hiasing ch:rrlctcristics. r\ sirnihr rncrhod u.ould involvc thc pru1p61;s1q[ u-"n'- irrg oi tr:rgt:terl rhrr collecttr (har;rctcristicr in rtt :rttc,npt .rt retlrtcilg thr: r:ltlrrr:c of a plrtirrtl;rr char;rcrcristic lrm'itu dotrtinrrinq r'ilcct;. l-los,evcr. although ruclr a urcthotl rrtight ;ritl rcst'.trclrcrs in rL'tt{'tir!{ rrrrd controllittg firr cert:litt birtsrs th;tt rerttlt iirrrrr riifii'rcrrrr'.i hcrrvrcu tht.r collccton. bi:rscs cluscd ht' chamcrcristiLs tll:rt ilrc {dll,rrlr to the nrriorrtl' ot- r.l;rfr cr lllectrrrs lllx-\I g(l lil1r)()ti(ri(i.

) I u I r i pl c rirltuI -(trlrii'-i (ir;rrrc (l()99) sugscst\ thrt the I'sc ol nlultiple nl('tll(l(ls, sut:lt ;rr toutpuring ;rrtlrir';rl ur olrrcrvrr- tion:rl tht;r u'ith stllreports, rvill ;riri in chccking iirr potf;nti.ll lrirses. l-{r ,rlso advocatcs thc oLrsrrr,'atiou <il rr,rrr-vurtr:rl cues (strt:h as tici:rl cspressrons durirrrr irttcn'ic$'s) to ;tssist irt ;rtscssitt{ scll rcpilrt ;lccurrtc\'.

Itx tt':titt11 Althou!:lr pretcrtinu lt;r. corturtorrl\' lrcclr ;rri:cptctl .rs r nt(iuts ol'itrrProvillq ;t d;rur collcction insrrtu:rcnr. thc ntctl:urd oirlrtrr collccrion ,rntl rhc interries,cts to [.c rrscrl c.rrr rrlso be prctestrrl. For cx:rnrplt, Hurrt ct ;r1. (I!l{1) ;trlvot:rted usin11 ilttcrviu\vers ol'vlrrvitrg lcvcli of cornPctttrcv itt thc ps1-1c5g phlsc as ir lrlc:uls of investiLl,rtinu potrrrrill i,rten'ic.\.inq problulls. This crrn lrc t:rkcrr :r rtel fi1fih(,r t(! te$t fi)r vxfi()ltr lriirscs rhrt rrr,rv br rtripcctr:tl. so ttrr.ir dinrin;rtion ttr col)trol {illr hc flrcilitltr.t]. Post-pgggg51 dr.lrric.ting of rcsporrrlrrrts u'oultl bc rrsetirl firr ;tssrsrirrs rvhcthrr rl'sF()nrlL-!)f$ tltctnsclYcs w!ar(r llwirrc ol' ltnv l"li:tsitt g tictors.

Tiurlin4 l).rtr collcctr'lr c.rrr hc instructtr-l or tr.rirrr.d to ttcurr.rlize certrrirr qentler. tthnic, or rr'giorrll ctrcs. p.rrtii'uiirly :n trllrFhone srrrdrcs (l'ol uurl Itotrzuricli. l9lii)). Also. rolt-nl:ryirrs lrirs lorrg lr(.t:o uscd ,t\ :t nr!.thod lbr rr:lirlinq iDtcn.itwcn {ci'. Kalrn lrrd (llnncll, lt)57). rrnd lrle_v hr ureri to idrntrh- p()tcutiill tri;rsirLl ch:rmctcrirtii:r ro th;tt thcv nr:rv thcn hc tottrrollcJ ()r c\.ll)Iinc(l.

Reg.rrtlless oitht reclrnitlues or ltlcrhod-\ usrd il1 tltr' :tttctrrpf to clitrtitrutt' or r:<.rntrol r$eirrclrcr irrri:r:retiorr bi:rscs, rrlrrrv rvrtl rtill ocrrrr. I)ol rultl

New Sectior.r I Page 65

l)anzrrrick (l()l{{)) rccor:ttrtcrttl 1.1g- rtt:rl Post-col- lc'cti ort cr'.tlluttiorl t() c\itnritt!' lirr i tttcn'i c*'cr etlirti. lr: is suggrltr:rl hr:rr: tlrlt cfli'r.:ts shntrltl trt' cvrrltl:ttr:tl orr .ur irrclivirluil blsi\ {ro clctccr irrdividtrirl .latl collcctor biuscs). ls rvr'll lts ort ir rcr('Jrchcr cll:lt';lc- teristtr:s tresis (to (lt'tc(t possilrlc crtcgtlricil btllses). LIporr finding irtt.'ntctivc clli'cts. thc rcscrrcltcr tttust thrrr rlc'cidr: rvhi:thcr such bi:tscs trrat' lt:rrttt thc tttlitt gorls ol'thr stu(l-v itt rlrtcstiott.

Corrclusion

Altlrourllr r rurrsort.tlrlc [xrrl1, 11; litcr:rttlrc txirtl corrcrlnirrg lcrclrchel intcr;rctiotr bi.rscs, irs Jtt(^lrtiotl in thc busirtcss trhicr firLl lrrrs l,ectt virrttrllv tton- cxirtcttt. l."lvr'lt ttork rle;rhtrg ivrth sot:i,rl dtrir:rhilit1. birs oftrn ciiscutstr this lriar irt gcncrll tcrtrls .ltld lr()t \l.rth rc\lr.Lt to plrticrtl;rr I'esr:urcher chlrrtcteristics thJt ulir--\'ittr,okc or cxleurh;tt* tltorl bi.tst'tl rc- \p()r)sr:\. Irt th:rt rhc tttl.l*rstrtttlittg.trttl .lttcctiott of rrrc:t,'(hcr itttr:t'.rctiott hi:rsts is of kc1 cottctrtt ltr brr.rrrt'sr !:thrcs re-\eilrch. it is itttportlttt tr.r r.'alize thlt tlrc inturtir,c .rt:tior:s ot' rctc;tr.:h(rr rrc otittt ttot su{llcienr ro rict thc det:t cr:ller:tiort prtrcess ol runnoticed lriases. Witlr the crccptiorr of urrobtntsirr obrr:rr..rtion.rl trt:irrtirltrcs. sttch .rr elcctrottic tttotri- torirrg. nrort r1;rt:l collccrrort urcth()dJ currrrltl), u\ad irr lrrrsirresi ethicr reselrch :lle \uiccptible to u \r:lriet)' oli intcrrrtiotr lriarcs. Morcrlr.cr. :rlrltorrgh scverul rlrctlr()(l\ ior trrtirtg or rtrtrollittg tlrtsr'lrtascs llrvr brcrr slr{gcsted. ir is rccogrrizct'l th.rt .r rrunrhcr of irr'trrrs rr:ly bi.u thc collectirrrr cf tlirt:r lr irny o!1. trrre, .rrril rrltirrr;rtr c()r!trol ()\,cr.rll tirctors is tvpiciri'h. irrrprectic:rl. lrrtlcetl. thcrr ir .r ck:;rr tlc(icicrtt'y irt techrriqur:t th.rt corrfirl*nrh. dclI rl,irh tl:is irsur,

l{err.rrchrrr rhorrld rce,rll tl.r.rt thc prrr;:'orr of' fsllosul* :rrt,I cv;rlttlttirrg itttcr:rr:tivr' bi;trr:r is trr fhcilir.rtt tlrc puritl ol' thr tlirtrr tlur ;rrc collcL:tcd. l\4uch of thr' p111 .ln(l prcscnt resclrch iirllos's rl- <linorr:rl Iirres of rhinkirrg thut onlv eh;rr.rttrristit s th*t ,rrc tlecrttctl s.llicrtt to tlrr: rurpor:.lettts :rrr irt rlanurr of lriesing rr'spoIr-($. Protrlrrrrs occtrr. lrorvcr.cr. irr t!r;rt rrlr;rt thr rrrtrrorrilrrrts ircrccir.r irr b*ing s.rlirrrt is otierr rrrrknorvlr. thrrs thc rrcetl ptnists ior irrr.csti- grrtirrg potcnti.rl lriascs as r,r'cll as ul.lcrsti]nrlins th!.ir etltcts otr tlrc results ['t" rcF()r't.

7!l

I{otes

I l(csptrltltrrt rcf,cliorrr rrmv b* vtrhrl or rton-r'crbll :rrrtl rrr;ry in*lude btrtlr rnt!','ltior)il1 rs \vell xs ttttitttt'tt- tiorr;rl contlnrtrtic:ttions, ;rll of t'hich tttrrl' be ol:scrved irrrr:l rccorder'l b). thc rerelrcher. I (lhrrNr.'risttcs ()r cucr,/irrlrr the rcsflrch*r tttrv rlsu br vcrbal or non-vrrbal r:olltttttttticitiott to tht r('iPolr- tlcnt (inrrrrriorr;rl rrrrl/or unitttcntionrrl) rvhiclr nrry bc pcrccived b), tlre rcspotrderrtr irltd affect their rsl.onset. i Th. reseurcher rnll' rrlro rerct io cert:rin chJr'r(teris- ritr ol tlrc rerpo!rricrrr. irrtcryrrc!:rtg or li('rLcrvintI rc\l)oIr- dent rerctrons lnd/or beir;rviors in l hiasecl l.l.lrnner, bmcd on tlto*e rr:pondelrt clr;rractr'rirricr. Tlr.'se inr.'mc- tion hilsc nrly lhll intn thr srnre chamr:teriltic categories es rlcrcritred in tiris rppcndix, erccpt respordertr chrrrc- terirticr rvorrkl lrr irrflrtertcing rcserrcher reactiotts. Int.'r- r.ettittg issues might inclndr' the rerearcher's orvn chlrrctc'risrics, prcjudiccs, birses, etc-

Appendix

71.'pr oi rcscon/r'r irrtrnrlH:rr lri,r.rtr

I{csponderrt (subjecr/ inten iervee./irrfonnant/pilrtic- ipant) F.eactions l to l{eselrclrer] Clumctedstics:'l

A. l{espondurt rractions to l-rrrceiveil rcselrclrcr psl chologrcul chrrrctcnsti( s.

'i. ltesearr:hcr intcrest. r)lotivitictr, ctlthusi- :rsrtt. ener{t' level

2, I{ercar-*:hcr persorral i!ttitu(lqr, opinions, hclicf s, r'.rlrrr's, \'i(-\\'11()irrtc

3. l{escarcher frirndliness. seriousr:ess, con- ccnr, enlpathY

,1. l{csc:rrchcr style of prescntirtim ()r intct';la- ti0tr

5. Rrse.rrchel c\pectitrions. irrrpresiiorrs. il\suillpti{)ll\ about the study or thc resp<:rrr- drrrts

li. Ilcsponrlent reactions to pcrceirrcd rcrerrch!'r physic:rl (hlractsristics.

l. R.esearchcr gcndcr 2" llesu:rtclrcr r:rce

Rttunlu'r liltffltttittt, IJi l.(r rttd lJlrsirrt'-u Etltis Rrsctdt

New Section I Page 67

A. D. Iliyazaki ,rll K. A. 'l'aylor

-3. l{eserrrclrcr rrge -1. ll"tsturclrer phviical xttrilctivclldss 5- Othcr phyiicrl t:himctt'risli(s (e'g'. lreight,

s'eight, size arrd hotl,v shryc, Physrc.rl dis- rbilitics)

(i. ll.r:rponrlcrrt rcirrtiot)s ro pcreeivecl back- ground chrrirctt'risrics of the rcselrclter.

l. l\eseurcltcr soeial cl;tss, etlucatiolt, ittt'txtre, rocioccorxrrrric statrts

2. l{rserrclter ethnicitv, etitnit, nrttiottrl, ltttd regtott:tl rtlcrttitlr',ttiotr trr oricttl.ttiott

3- llrsrlr:lrcr glrcup ructulrcrthip (c.g., polit- icrl. tcligiotrs, civic, or socirl grotrps)

"1. l{esearclrer tr:rining, .olr)petenc,v, t-rerlibilit,v

References

Albrrrnr, 1;.'r1l.l' |()fl?, 'l)o Source rttrl Anolrvtttity Allcet Mril Srrvcv l{csuluT', /+rlnrl,y'' tfu ' J*trlcttly,''[ Llrla'tirrg .\ritrrr l5(Fall), 7-l-li l.

Arrtlcnorr, tt. A., lJ. l). Silvcr antl l). [{. Abrrutsott: l()lJll. 'llrc Itiiitr oill.rct ol-tltc lttttrvicr'cr trtt Me.t.rtrct t'.i lilcrtcrri l)rrtir:ip,ttiort b,v llhrkr ill Sl{C Nrtttottrl lllcq:tiu: r Sturlis', l' t ill ir {.)yi r t i t t t (!rrartt'rly 52, 53*1t.1.

Avrl, L rritiJ. llorttik: l9lJ6,'Forr'ign Sotrrcc l:fii'ctr ott I{r:pr:rnsr l}chrvior in (.lrrxr-Nrtiottll Sttn'cl'r'. /rrlt'r- til tiiinl _lount il qr/' Rr.t',trtJr irr,\I,rrlcrrrlq 3(-i). I :7- I 6?.

lJ,rlrrrllrs, 8., '1. llcttiru (iontrttll, V. N4irchcll ,rrrrl ll. Schlr;rlnrilclr: 3(11i,l,'i{c.tctiortr'li:, U:terhictl Corr- srrrrrrr llchrvrrrr Acrorr Sis Clrttttttrirs'. 'l'lr -lumnfi d' ( i,r\u iltrt .1 Lrrtrtirrq 21, Ii{-l(ril.

lhtl:r. (1. F,: l()-lli. 'Solvr tlrt' FicLl l)rotrltrtr Frrqt', Inttnnti;rnl Jnud e{ {)pittiilt nilil ,llttttt/r Rrsrarrlt !(Sprirrg),01,

llrrilrr. l]., l-. li;rrl.:;- ;lndJ. Stcvenr: 1977, 'fulc.trrrrcs oi Irrtrrvicrrc'r llirr rnd \:rnrrrcc', -l'wnnl ql' .\Lr4rtirlg Rrirnr.I l.l(Augusr). -1.17-.1-1.1.

llrrrrer. ful. L. .rnri Il. Ilosenthrl: l9li5, 'lnterperinn:l Etii,cti o{' fxperin:enter Arttrctivrrres:,',,'lttir, rnil ()tnitr, _[r,uruil 1l' Ptr:atilit1' ,1rrd .\',!.iill P.yrlnrLrgy 4tl(Februan). -1.15*+l{t.

lJcrn, V- L- anrl -1. N. lllcclru'ttz: ltrtilt. 'Mul Qtttsnon- nairer: Sornc Mcthorlolo.qicrl (lorxidrr;rriorrs', .'llrrr/llrl .1'/,rrlttirg R*'onJr 28{Sprirrrl'}, ill-sf .

Urrz, ,l!l-. L. ()'(lonncll rnd-1. M- Shcprrd: 1l.)lit), '(lcnder l)itlerrrrccs lu l'rotluctiviry For Uur-thical llehrr.ior'. .lilttn| tl lJtsi,t.-.s litlrirr 8(lv'hv), .12I-32.1.

l3orkot'ski. S. C. .ur<l Y. .f. Ugras: l{)'12. 'Thc [thicll Attitud*s,-rlstutlcnts .rs r [:utlctirxt oiAgc, St.t, .tnd ll.rlrcri*ucc',./rrrrrtu/ rrf Briirrss ljtlirs l1{I.)uc). ti.1..6r"t.

lloltl. I'1. \!'..-f r. .urtl I{. Wstlirll: lr)55, 'ltttcn'icrlcn rs r Srrurcc of llrror itt Sttrvtt's'. -fnunil of .\Ltrlrrt/rrq 19(April). ,ll l-31+.

llrirrkrnrnrr, J"; 2in)5,'Unrlersrrrttlitrg Itrsttrrncc (ltrs- rr)illrr I)i!hr!,}(sty: ()udirrt' of r Situ*ti$nil Appttxch'. .lounal ttl' Btthrcss i:tlrrrr 61(()ctohcr'). It{-t-|t)7.

llrirrkrrrarrn. J. aril l' Lrntz: 2[tl)6- 'Uttrlcrrtrtrditrg Irrsrrrlncr (lurrontcr I)ishorl('rrv: (lrrtlinr of I IMrrnl- Striologtctl AlTro;rch', Jounnl $' [Jli.silc.ss lltltir'.r 66(June), l77 le5.

(..rrrrs, l{. .rrr,l N'1. A. ( oltrr: l'}'17, Ittstlrtttr'c Fr.tttt'l;,ttd rhc ln.:lustn' llesponsc', (p(l[ i_fxrrrol 50(Surrtnrer), e2-l (i.l-

(iolt'rrrrn, l{.: 2l)(i-l.'ldrcu rtrtl Ethical ll,:rsotting: Tlre Irnportlr:cr: ,rf Il,act to Jourrralistic IJccision M rkirr3'. -/rrtrrurlt'-qr rrtd'1 lo:-r {:o D ut wl i *1 t i ru t (]rrcdrrll' 80(Sunrnrr'r), 395-3 I {}.

(lollins. 1l'1. ;rrrtl l]. llutclrcr: l()82, 'lnren,ies,er ;rnd Clultcdnu Etiects irr rn Attirrrcle Sun-rv',_/otrrna/ rrf fltc ;lLrrfur, Ilrururr/r .\rrcty 25{I), "i()-5t'i.

(lonru'rll, T. l]., A. l). lSligh 'urd E. lJ.hrkus' lt)!11, 'Oumplaint ilehrvior oi I\tlesican-Arnc:'icarr (}>rxur:rerr

t<r a Tlrirrl-l)rrtv Agrnc1", -loruual oi Cotsuurr .ffiiir; 25(l). l-lrl.

(lottrr, l', lt.,,f. (iohen and l', 11. (luultr; 11)112. 'l{rr-e- ol'-lntcn'icrver Elii'rts in Tcluplronc Inrrrvitrvs', J)tl,Jir ()pittiou Qutrtdy 46, 271+-1H"1.

(;o\\'t()n. C. J.: l')')19. 'Tht Usc of Srconrl.rn' I)rtr irr lJrrsirrcss [thin l{csclrreh',Jilfintl il lft:in:.. I;t/rirs 17, "133-.1,1"1.

(lor, 'l-.,,Jr.; lil(){1. 'l)roblernr rr,rth l(csrlrclr lrv ()rglr- niz,rti:.rlrl Sclrolrrr orr lrsucr oi lt;rcc rntl Etlrrricitv'. .lttnnl Q-,lyplitl lltlmy*,ral Slrrrr 26(1). 5-2-1.

(.lrrrrrr, A.: I(i9rr, 'Ar( You Itlricrrl? l,lr.rre 'l'ick Ycs crr No; C)n ltcscrrchirrg -tthics rrt flurincss Organizrr- n()ns',,rrqiilill {)/' rrrr.{iilirsJ ljllilr".i 20, :l?-.:"+H.

I)crn, l). [-1.: 2(]t]1, 'Prrr:epriorx of the l-ltJricrlitv ol- Co}runrer lrtsttrlnct' Cl;rirrr Fmrrd'. -f,irr?nll ()l Brrjilir.i I :tlrr: 54(Septernhcr). (r7:7().

l)elliisirr. F,.: 1991, 'Act"ents lloost Non-lLc'rponse r(:, ' l elcphonc I r)tfltis-rvs', I Llr(r'lir19 N'rrur ?5(Sr1rtc'nrbcr l), 3H*1r.

l)cshp:urie, I{.. W. ll. Hor.er rnri N. l)orrthrr: l9S{', 'Tlre lrrt.'rrsirv of'Ethrir: Atlilirrrrorr: A Srudv ol the Soriolosv of Hisp:rnic L'onu.unptiolr', -lout'tktl il (lttsutut ltr:rr'rirrir l3(Septcr)lhcr), 3 Ii*2:0.

l)cshprnd*, S. I'., J. Jnscph itud l{. l'rasrrl: ll}t)(r. 'Frcton Irrrpactirrq Ethreal llclravior irr Hospitals, _lr,nrml ,'l' Ilr.rirrr..; Iirlrrir 69(l )rr), fl)7-3 I (r.

New Section 1 Pagc 69

7q2

J?r'si',rr,'/rcr Itllt'tailirtr lJil.ir.r rttt,l llfi-r/ttr'-i-t litlrr,:r llt:,rrrri/r 7,r-1

Lvlls. l). (1., l)..t. (l,rrcir. l). M. (i:rcir rlel l\. 5, llrrurr: :l){1.1. 'ln rlrr l)rivrrl'ol''l-hcir ()*,rr l lorncr: Usirtu tlrc Irrtcrr:rt to Alcr: ltrrtrl IJrrs'. I'tr:r,iarlit)' arll .\i,tral l)-t yi l ol'qy IJr J/r't irr 29 iF cbnt ;rry-). :7 3-: t1'l .

l'rgrrrrort. I.l. A.: lt)911, 'Ar rhc llc.rrt ()f' Wotttctt itt A,lrrtrgcrt:cnt ltcsulrclt: -['ltctrruticlrl rt:tl &lutltorltr- lo$c Jl Alrl!r()i(lrcr .tnd rhtir lli;rses'../olrrra/ {tl IJrl}'ir.Jl Iir/rni 9iAprillM.ryl, 167.'27.1,

Fcrrr. Fihvrrrtl F; l9Nl. "['lte' Us.r ol- Focttr (irortpr {irr Irlc.r Cirttcrutintt: 'l ltr: [illi'crr of (;r{}ul} Sl?(', Ae.1tt;tilttrttcerltilr,,ttrrl Motlct.tIor otr l{cspotlrc (]rr*rrtin rnrl (fllrlrt\.', -lttilfihi rl ;IIat('rtrrlg /irrraril 19(Fcbrurn,i. l lJ.

Firrkrl, S. [,, L M. {ltrtcrl.r,rr:k .1!r(l l\'1. J. lhrg: l(-}()1, 'l{r<t-rrl-lnt*n'it's'r'r F,li'c'rts irt rr l'rcclcttiott l'qll- Vrgirtu I ttlig', l\thfir ( )yittitt r {)ta*'rl y .55. .1 l.l-.13( l.

Fletclrcr. (i.: ltlli.1. 'Scx rrt'lntervit'ner rs rrt lttilttcttce txt Intcrvicrvcr F.xptcrrriotrr', Ilritish J*nul ry' .\iti,rl Ilrl'r hlt'gy 22. I ()u- l 7ll.

Fletrht,r, (--. iillrl A. Sp$:ct'r: l()li{.'Sr'r of'(}ntiirlrte rrrrl Scx 0i l rtr'rvir'rver rr l )utertuilrttts al' Sel [1 ]'rr'rerrtr- tron ()rierrtrtiott itt ltrtervicrvs: Arr ExPerittrtnrrl Sttrtlr", Irfu'nrlli ulrl llrt'i{tt, ryl .4yylitd I).'.1'r{r,J,rq1' 33flulv).3rt>il3.

Frrnkc, fi. l{., l). F. (_.rrru,rr.rr:d l). F. Spakc: l?()7, '(icrrrlrr l)iticrrrrces Irr Ethicrl l'<rerptitttts oilltrrirtcrr 1)rrcti*s: ,A Social Ilolc Throrv l'crrptrtivr',-/ilrntrl ,rl- ,{|llicrl Ils

1,r hrlrr;1, 82 ( I )ec), r)2( ]-r).1.1.

ltrterrirrr, J. *rrrl E. W. lJurl*r: lt]7(,, 'Sotrrc Srtttrces of Irrtcrvrrs.er Vrriarrcr ir: Sul,eyr', I\iltlit (.lpiuittr (lri,rrtr'rly'10{Springl, 7')-t} l.

(irovcr. l\. lVl.: It)tt7.'l{scarelt tttt Sun'*t'I):rtl Qualitv', l\lfii (\ri ni Ltn (lri,rrr'r11, 5 t. S 1 "i6*S I 7:"

(irovrr, l{. l\'t. .rrttl N.rrrcv ll. Fultz: lt)|i5, 'Clcrrder Iilii.'cts Artrongl-l1'lsphone Itttcrvic*'cn itt .t Srrrvev r>i Econonrrc Atttttr.lcr'. .\'atLl(i l/ ,\/tt,hl/s ,lttrl ltrtlrilr 14,.11-tr:.

(irovrr. lt. Nl. rrrrd l-..1. ,\'lrrgil;rvv: 1')t{G. 'Mc,lsurtns ilrttl Irxplairrrrrg lrtrcn'rt'u,cr [l|]cctr in flrrtrrrlizcrl 'f'rlclrhturc Surle-vr', l\tlili illtittitw Qrnrrr'/y 50(1). li I - ltrir.

Ilirsclrnrrrn. Ii. O.: l9lt6, 'llur:nniitii lntluiru ir: Mrr- ketiug l(crerrch: Philostipltr', N'lcthotJ, rrrd Crtteri.t'.

-/rlrrrcl,l rl Lrr*r'tirq ltt'srrrilr 2.3 (A rr grrr$, l37-:-l!1. H,rrrrik. J-: l')87. 'The Eflir:t ol-Tour'lr ;rrrr{ (irzc ugron

(lortrIlirrrec .rn(l Inr("rert oi' Ittten,ierrtcr', -/,urrl,rl,,/' .\rii r/ l)r1'r/ro/lq;, I27(6). 6:l I*(rli,l.

l-lorrrik. J. ;rrtil S. lillis: 11)lill. 'Str;rtegit'r ro Seettru (-'otrt1-.lirnie lbr : IVtrll lttrcrcept Irrtervieu''. Prrlrfii {}pinitt (.)rtxtuly 52(Spring), i:l')-55 l.

Hotrston, \{. l}, err.l l)- l)- (lrcnrltr: lt)')-i,'lirrser rn the lLtrcrrclrrr.ll:rtirHnJnt Ilrtcrrrtior: in tlre (loll*:ticrr ot' iVl.rrketirrg ltrrcrrch l)rtr: A (}unitlvt [rerrrcrvork'.

in I), W. C-'ravrrrr rrtti l'. I\. l.)iekson (t-dr.), .l-rri,urrrrlg l(rn,rrirr{(e' L)n,ilryuul irr .l.Iorlrtir1q - .'11IJ lii/rrilt,rr-.' Iln'rt'lilqi, Vol. J (Arrrencnu Mrrkctirrg Associrtiotr, Chir:rgo). pp. I I l-i19.

llurrt, S. l)., lt. l). Sprrknrrn,Jr. .rrrd.l. ll. Wilcrr.r: l9lJl. 'l'l:c l'rc(rrt itt Survrv l{cscnrc}t: lrsutr lnd l'rclinrirrrn' Frrrdingr'. J.1tntil t'l lLrrArri[g Rr':raril l9(May). ?6e-273,

llvrrrrrr. H. 1l: 195-1, lnttn'itt,irt! rt.\rrial Rt'sranlt {Urriverritv ol ( -'lrrcrgo l)rcss, (iltrr:ago}.

Jrrritrh.r-Jivr,ri. S.: l(l{}.i,'Tltr' Strstrin;rbrlitv of" Socirl (iapirirl Within Ethnic Neruorks', -/rrrru,tl rrl' /lttsin'r.i lrlrrii 47, .)1-1.i.

-fnhrr, l). ll";rnrl C. A. Cole: l(rS6,'Agc l)itlirerrcei in Irrtirrnr:rtiorr ltrocessing: Undentrrrdint lftflcits irr Yorrrrg rrrd ELlcriv (lonstrrrrcn', -/,rrn,ll rtf (.,irtstrttrr i{rsm/r l3(l)cecnrher), 2117*3i 5.

Jrrr{gc, T. A. rnrl l). M. Crblc:21t{l-t.'The Efiirt ol Plrysirrl l-L'ight on Wo'kpl:tcc Sttccrsr rnd lt:cotttc: l'relinrirr.rrv Tcst ol :r Theoreric;rl M()rlel'. _/r!r,r,rJl .r/' ..lppfird i)ryrho/,r41, 89(fune). +18*-+41.

Krhrr, Il. L. ru.l C--. F. (l:inlrell: 1()57, 7ilrr'I)),ttatrr's rtl' lrrtlruriritlrg flohu lUilry rttcl Sotts, Nerv YorkJ.

Liett'lJ, -1. l).: lr)tlll, 'l(csPonsc ElTccts irr (lonrputcr- Atlrrrinirrer*ri (lncstionine', -lut,'r*l ql' ILrrl'rtirlq Ilrrrrn /r 25(Novclrrtttr). .{( )l{iir),

I-optz, Y" P., p. L. I{cchner urd J, l}. C)lson-lJuclrrnarr: 2lt{)i.'Slrrpirrg Ethicrl l'rrrcyrtions: Arr Enrpiri!11 Assrr\nrcnt oi t[:t lttfir:errrc of lJrrsirrcrs Itlucatiott. ( l u ltrrrc, rrrrl I )Uuotrrphic Frctors', -/,rr rral tr/' IJrr-tirr'-r-r IJtlrr'-t 60(Scp), 1"1 l-15N.

Luthrr. H. K., l\. A. l)ilJlttista rrrrl f. (fuutschi: I9()7, 'l)crr:rptrorr ol-Whrt thc llthicrl (llirnrtc ir ilrd lUllrr ir Slturkl bc: 'I'lrc ltole c'i(lcrttlcr, Actd('nrif St:tttts. rrtcl litl ricel lxlrrcrtirut', ./,,rrnral,r/' Br.tirttrs l:l/ritt I 6(Nor,). 2tl5-: I 7.

McAdrrur, l). l'., l{, Jc{Irr:r..lrckron lrrd C. Krrshnit: l')li.l. 'Ltrokir:g, Lrrrghirrg, ind Sr))ilinq irt [)vrr1s rs ir Fun.,'tiorr of I rttirrr;rcr. ltlotir.;rtirrrt lnrl l{eciPr<uitv'. -/rrunltl rri /'ersottr/i1,, 52{(g[1g1l1[rtr). 2(r I

-3?3.

i\,IrC,rbt'. C. A., l(- lngr;ttu .rrtr{ \,1. C. l);lro-On: 2l)ll(}, '"l ltc llusirresr rri: lithrcr :rnd (iender',Jrrrrnml {}/ B!,.{irt{'i.i Iitfui-i 64(lvllrr), l(ll-l 16.

lv{c(}rddv, I\"1. K. rrnd tJ. 1.. lrer,n: l ()rl(r, 'Seler:t*d I nrlir.idrrrl I)i tli'rerrcer end (lollcgirn's Erhicrl llelir.fi'. f1r11411f 1r/ Ilti.ritrrrs 1:r[ir-t 15(Mar), 2fr1"-:7]-

r\tr:l)arriel, S, l(.. L, Kinner' :rntl I-. Clrrlip: ?(l{)1, 'A Crois-(lultulal Invu'sticariorr oi' rhr Ethicirl l)inrcnsions ol Alcoltol xnd Totrilcc{} S}rorts S}rons<rr- rhips', Irridrfilq lii.irrrr:r'r .l!l[ir: 5(Au1g, .1{)7,

illrl )orraltl, ( ;. M. : lt ti x ).'(lrorr-(,"ulturrl Mcthodolosieirl Irsue: irr F.thicnl l(escrrch'.-/,rrrru,rl rrl fJlsirris.r tithie: 27. tl')-.Iil+.

New Section I Page 7l

7(.,-+ .4, I). ;trliy,r:,r&i ilkt K, .4.'l'aflar

lVlcl)urr,riri, (i. M. ;urtl l'. ilho K;ur; l','17" 'Lthitrl l)cr- (cptl(,r): ot Ex;rarrt,tte lttrl Loc.rl M.rttagrn rrt llort6 l{otrg',"firrirur*l 1r/ 81,.{r,,rrr lrtirir: l6(Nov), l6{li-'l{i23,

Mcl)orr.rH W, J,: 111')3, "l'ht lrrl'lutrlcr oi l\'lorlcrator l'l:iloioplrt on tlu (lttttrttt nt'lrrtettr (irtrttp !r:sritrttr: A Mrrltivirrrrtr Alrrlvri: rrl'(irortp St'situr (lontr'ttt', iu l{. l'. [-eorrc ,rrrtl V. Krrtttirr lrt.l:,), lirfurrril( Krrurtlrr{gt l )*t'h\:urt'rtt rrr,\Lrrlir'tr.r1r;-,4l l A l :,lw,rtLrt:' l)r'it'rtlirqr, Vol, ii (Arnrrtc;rn J\'lrrkcting Asrociitti,rtt, {jhicrr!"to), pp, 5"1{F5.15.

iVlr(ltrrrc, J, lV|.. \, (.iravr:r ,rtttl ll. lll;rtr: ltllt5, 'llrpth ol' S*lli l)trclnrrrrt .rr ;r Fur1cilsr1 ol Arlttrcrl (.orttltltntr- .rlitv rrrrl Vidc()txlr$ l(*r'ordirrg', J.rrrfllrl rrl Cltlrrtsclirl( nil/l l lrvtlqutltt,t 64(1), l5!l*l.1.

McKerrzic,-f . lt: Ir)77, 'Art Irrvertiurtiort ittto Ittren'iett'er L){iietr irr Mrrk*t ll.eseitri:}t', .[r114161 rrl rl'Lrrki'rir1q Iirirrrrih 14 (r\ugurt), 331 )-.1.1{r.

Mr"rrrch, ll. S. .rrrtl l). l]. Karrcltl: l')':lN,'gn,1gv1.r,r,"t1,r$ oi Strlrs(rrri:r Urc irt r Nrtiortrl l.rrlrgimdirral Youth (lohon: lnctivicln,rl rrrd lilteruic'\'!'r Etliets', Prrlll' (.)pinin ()nrnLrl1, 52(li. I {t{r-) 2-1.

()rrer, l). rncl (--- Visrvesvmtr: l9r)$, '(ietrtlrr. Aue, rntl l{xil l)it}er(ttct'r otr ()r'ert hrtcgrit,r. -lesrr: lterultr Acror,r Fqrur Lrrg*-Scrlt Joh Applirant I )rt.r Scts', .louruil ,,1' .4glirrl P.r1T}o/,,gy 83(feb), lt-"11.

l'hillipr. A l'. rnJ l\. L. l)iplxryc: lr)gt)- '(lrrrrrl.rtitrrr.rl 'l-rrts ol' l)rerlictiot t: Il'(u: r l llrr)(eis MorNr'l o{: thr l ntrrvrtn". -f ,rrn p! 4 .'l yyl iil I!1tln/,'q1, 74( l l, I l -52.

l'ol, L. (i. rrrd -I. (i. ['ortzrrrick: l()3{.}, 'Ciutrttrl ol' Irrtcrvrt*.cr/( ienrlcr of ltnporrrl(nt Iiis ln Tclcphorrc 5urvcy'r^,,1p1,1i'l ) I't".ltr itr.q Rlrr,rrlt 29{SprirrgJ,'.1-l 3.

l'or,ell, (1. N: l()H7, "l'hr fitjcets of St'.t :utrl llctttk'r on llr't nritrrrcrrt'. .4illuty lrf',l larrr.gtrrrtrrt lti'r'ri'rl l !("1), 73 t*7-1"i.

llrrrJrll. l). N.l..rrrrl i\4, I'. Frrn,rrrtlc:: l9()1.'l-hc Srrcral l)srrrtrrliry' l{rsporrsc IJiri rrr litlrics l(r:rrrrch',./oirnrrl ol- Iirr.riar'-rr l;r/rir r 10(Novorrbcr), l'lt l5-it I 7.

llolly. J\l. I). ;rnrl M. W;rllrrrrlorl: 1ri{7. 'A (,'r-rrtrprrison ot' (-irorrF l)tllrrrrrcs irr l-orxl (,lortsrrr:rl'rtort Usrttli l lrrrrseh,rH I{cfirrr', .lannl d (]or.rrlrr Itnr,rrrlr l4(Scptrrrrb*r). :lt9-:r]+.

l{cr:rc, S. l)., !(/. A. l)rrit'lrr:rtt, l'. J. Shttnr;rkr'r. T.-l(. Ch;rrrg ,rnd l l.-1.. I-lsrr: ltlB6. '[rhl1i('it,v-ot'-lrrtr:r- rir'$er F.tli1'ri i\rnr:rrrg l\{cxir:;rn-Arrtt'rielrrs rrtd ,Anglrx'. /tr*lt {)ltitti,tn ()ta*rrl1, 50. 563"571.

I{oclrling, M. V,: 1999, 'Wcight-l}rc.1 l)iicrirrrirrrtion in Enr[]l()vrlrnt: l'rvr:ltologicrl rrrrl l-cgrl Aspertr', Ptrunn l I'-i/rr/o4;' 52(-l), 9rr)- I 0 l 6.

lltgcx, T. F: 11/7fr, 'lttrcrvicrvr by 'l'eltphrne rrrd irr I'enon: (]urlitv r:l' l(erporrscs .rrrd FicLl l,crfblrrancr'. Pttl,lit { )yiriur ()ttarrrll' 4tl{Sprirrg). il-n5.

l(r:rnrlrrl. l{.: 197{r. ll.qxilrnml l:.ilini irr 1]'lal,irrra/ Iir:-*rnilr, lnd Edition (Applelorr-(--enlrrry-(lrolir, Ncrv Yrrrk).

l{rrtggcr, I). rrrrEl [, W. King: l!J92. 'A Sttrrlr cf 't'hc ltli'rt of Agc urd Cierrtlrr Upon Stt:drnt lJrsurcrs Ithio', -lorrnrrl rli lJrrrimr"r litlirt I 1 (Mar). I 79- I lJh "

Sirrrgr-Muilln, C., lJ. A. l)rl.v, l), ()nkrl .rrrd L. Kuvut: 2ll{15. "l'!re lnilurttcr ol- Nttiorrrlity lrd (;crulil' on Litlrierl Scrrritivitv: Arr ApPlirrtion oi tlrc lsrue- ( )rrtrttn grn t Mctlrl'. jrl11114/ rr- IJI/rilrs) iifrir.* 57(Mirr). | 3e- I 5(),

Sirrr:, lt, lt., l-1" I(. (lhcrtu rnd [-l.'l'*cgrn: lt)tXr. ''l orvrrrl : l'rrriilr of Strrcl::rrt SoliNarc l'irirrcrs'. Jr,rrnr,r/ r'l' Ifu sinrr Illlrrt: 1 5{Atrg), H.}(}'-lt+t).

Sirrger, ll., M, l(. Frankr:l lnrl l\'1. l.l. Clrrssnurrr: lltlll, 'The Eflict oi Irrterrir,s,er (lh;rlctcristicq ;rrrrl Erpct-'= tlti{}n{ {)r1 l(erpottsr", I}rir/it' (-)pirrior Qrrrrrrlly 47(1J, (rt{-|i3.

Srirngr, K. fi. *url lt" A. 'tinrpen: lt)91, 'Ethical -lndg- nlrnts ()n Selecre.l Accourrting Is:ues: Arr Enrpirical Stntly',..frurrr,rl 11' /lrr"rim,r.r lirlrn I 0{Oct), 73(i-747.

Stnvttatt, l). M. anrl I\. I)rshpandc: l9ll9, 'Sirrrarional Iithrricitr rnd Consutrtsr liel:lvior',Jtlirr,rl rrf'Clilr"<mrrr iilr.r,rrrlr 16(l )ectmher). :](r l-,17 L

Stetllrlrr. Y.. J. H Yrnrrnrur:r anil I{. [. I]eekurr: f(ll)7, '(ierrdcr I)itlrretrccs irt lJusiness Ethicr: Jusrict rncl I(rlativist l'enpr'ctives'. Iiriirrr'-'-i ljlfrr,-r 16(April), I tr3-

Stetcnsorr. L.: l9rll|.'Sornr lvlethodolouical llrotrlcn:s Assotiatcrl rvitlr l{eserrchirrq Worncn Eutrrprcnrrrn',

-fr,rrrurl d' Iirrirars Er/r ir.r I (April,rM r,'l), "l.it-l-.1'16. Su, S.-H.: 2llo(r. '(ltrltunl l)i0i.rcnccs in l)etcntrininu the

Etlricrl l'crcrptrorr rntl l)ccisitxr-JVlrkirr{ of Iuture Ac.(lurltinir l'rrli'si<lrrls; A (lorupirriron b$rvrcrr Accorrrrtirrg Strrtlcr:tr lrorrr "fliwrrr rrrd tlrc Unitrcl St.ttr's'../irrnrtl {,lttu ii,tr :lmdon1, qr,/'fJr.rirrcrs 9, l -t7- t 5li.

SrvritLrr, 7.., 5. 1 Vltr'll xrr(l M. Y. A. ltrrt,rr.rs: 2(lil3, '(lerrrrtrrrrrr Ilthics: l)ctcn,riniurts of x-rilierl l]elicfs oi Af-ric.ttrArrtcricerrr'..,[lrntllrr/-lir.rirrrr,rljl/rir46. I?-i-ll.t6.

'lerrrrysorr, S.: l{)(}7. 'lrrrrrmrrcc Iixpenerrcr xr}al (lon- rurrtrn' Attrtudes'[ orv;rrtl lrrsur,urcr' Frlutl'. ./orrrrr,rl t,/' /rr.rrrrrrt, I(r'grr/,rtiorr 2 I (:). "15-55.

-I'r.rlikis, .f ., ll. Snron .u1d P. l'or)).1'itr; l(itll. 'A Nerv

Iterrlrc*ile orr Crors-(lrrltur'ltl F.rllirrl F\'rrlrrrrtiorrr: 'f

h<' Use of ( lorrloint Arulvsir',,/ororrr/ ol'Brisirrr-*.t Iirftr',.i 35(Fetr).:rll-fr3.

Tuckr.r, (1.: l'lil.1. 'lntcrvi*ruer F.tli'crr irr Tclcplronc Survc),s', l\llt ( )pittitttt ()utrurly 47( I ). H{*95.

Virell, S. -f .: 2011,3, '(---tlttstttrtcr Ethics Il*sc;rrch: [\cvicrv,

St'nrlrcsii rrrd Su{gertionr firr thc Frrrurc'. _lounhi !l' /}rrrrrrr lirlrri: 4.1, -11.-47-

Virell, S. J. rrril-f- (i. l'. l);roli!lo: 2{l(lJ, '(lonsr.rnrer Erlrics:-Ilre l{ole oi Ilcliqirxin', -,fornrir/ pf lilsirrrsr Etlti; 46,

l5l-t61. S,/elrrrrr. (1.: I9t)ll, 'Artitrrder 'l-orvrrrl l\larhetiug I)rrc-

ticer: T[c Eti]crs ot' Ethnic [.lc.nriticatior:', -Iorrrrrl ,1/ .'l1t,lirr/ IJrrrrru:: /(rserri 7{2}. lO7-l 16.

New Section I Page 73

Wrlritlr, (1.: l')i)(r, 'lIisprriic ;rnd Arrglo lrrtcrvrcltcr rrtrl l{trponclrlrt Lt}x'r:ritr' rurtl (ic:rrlrr: llrc Itrtprct on Sgt.r,cr, l{esprrr rsc Quulrtl', _/,ur1,rl t,/'"1 Lrr*rtirlq Htltirrr'lr 33{[ieblrr:),), t,]-73.

Wrrkr. W, A., (:. W. N'Lxrrc,.f . A. llrKirrrrtv,rrrrl J. (i- l-.oli{crrtckcr: |()r.}t). "l-hc Ilii'rtr ol- (icttrL'r attrl (i.rr*cr Slr;l* orr Iitlur.rl -Ju(lgnlcnt',.J'rr,tul r,/' litt-rirt's.r Iirin'i 20([rrl). .t{}l .3i.1,

Wrllrrr'r. A. S.: l{)l}.}, 'l'irq. Ncst ll Yelrr. Atmt'ktn /-1,1l1rgr,yrrlri r lAPrrlt. l-l :7.

\Vltrttlrr. l. I: l'.,(11. 'Tlrr [it]ix'r: ui Acr,rr' l{.tr:( irt (lrrrrrrrrcrr'trl r\ih,crrrsir:ij: l{.r'r'rrrv rt:Ll Hxtcr:stott'. -llruni Lrl .7lrt'ni.rnrg 20(l). 5-+ 6tt.

11 c : t tt h c r I il t il'{tt' I i tj fi /Jirt.rtr artr/ fi t t.riltr.i.t I: rfi ru l{i'rr',rni -r l:

A nt I t:n y D. i ll1,rr:ol,i iild

f,irrhtrll, "{. Tiryft,r l)t p.tfi n tt il of ;l.Jartctil g,

l:ktrifu lnrcnmtirndl L.;t,ifi,rsitlt, (.lni*rsit1, Iror*, I{R .1078, 1120{l Sl4,'8 .Strrrt.

llhni, FL, "1Jt99, I;.5..4. E-t uilI : mi ya;lki(g!fu t.ci u

New Section I Page 75

Printout rirr,rllir\.Alflllr 11)!,1 I i)l'\1

MsXnEn l2&'hr ritnnBtil t !rrr: lfr hiln{rn$nr

l rnil-n. lk{a$d (rrLr (l{ ,*d S.k Itsltrr

\ii tlr1! lil-Si

Jeff (krld, Davicl Holman and Richard Thor:pe I*ilt Buinrt.t.flrlrxr/. [,'rrir+r'rilr ol Sh{/i&l und lI o n c h t kt l't 4 n ln I i kt u I i n iutrsilt /lrrsi nerr .\iirxrl, I-,/(

Tlre Role of Argument Analysis and Story Telling in Facilitating Critical Thinking

Abtltel (i?tr/?r/ thehm{ t1 n trAqr.rl.ilni din oJ naftnEruat ttlturtin - lhrl tttub ,'.l(illt on rh. tuilluth.a nl it ln\n"ai dtlttolm?rit *,ehir tha! onbn*l ntgtnetr arr,5rrr. lnp'l n lnrlnn'| ttdrl ilf ri\+ntentdtrtr,rilh \tD, ttlhttt. lt hilstt r'tt tot, tltt wntilt \lnta\l ,lil/ lil iln(h\t mhrtl rhnktq. 'l b lilditr\ \irv thilt lat ,rrh,t\rutt nl a.t,tnti a*f/lirr err,l *tr) tilhilt.nil ljtuladt nnny illErt\ ol .r;t[?, /li,&fik- \r!h tb il tnloil? il l\.n{h\ly.4 ttrltgttr 4 a.dhdll\-,ut o u. bur rlul tih iu al,ln4lh nill nd na,Nnlb' Lul !i, th. {u.rhora,tt ol a.\tnlitr,\ thd nfnail\ tntutr (:f,tkol thnm\!t, \ilrh n\ gadq il.k'tt. dni mff Xq |Vo*: ttprmmt iilal\\t\,.rni1 4l tlu*rilf,; n*iltrynxrnt da,?bnil'pilt; \tut\ blhil$; Ibuln*t

'lhr rL*h rrlihrl rrtrritir\ r!l (riti.rI tlirlit(..!itiril rrllrrriotr rurl rrnir'rl rlirrourst {lltltal,. l!l!{l; ilt.'riro*r lMl(ri }linBrri, l0i}l); RrvnrnrL, ll[])] irr r,nrirlcrrrl to ir irnl,.rriint ,rihh .!f nr;ltraifnrtrl *dn(rltrrn rnd dtrckrpnrcnt (l[r,lrtilr!, 3,(1lx). rrrl ol *lult (hrtrtin* rn Bu,rerr] ttl!rB,l'li(l(1. l:]H7r Kitr ]rrnrr Jrrt liiil*, l1lnl1. lfiL! rrr rl\i, rlxn!*ht tr) lf, inrlxlilanr !(' rh. nrii,rnr.rt ol nrhcr airur ir oB*agcrrrrt rdrr'ati.*r nnd dflfl,r|rnrcnl, srr-'h ar lhr .IrwloptD(.n( oi |rrrirrrl .rutrmonrr, r'1.1 fx-rionil rnd vrorl rttrf,nf,pili,trr lHILIilr, ltl(lhi wrllm(ilt. t91t?i.

ll!,)hih1 to lrxatc erd i:vnl(tatr-.nrgtxnrtris hir biru irlrnailird i* fi.ru{i*l niPirt arI rBti(nl lltirlrrr$ {ilcl\!1, li{Jll; l\lcrilr*, l91l{,i lr,ilrl, I1l1}ll) \'(1. rl..rr firrur r liu it!gL{r'\rr.nrr i\ !r lh( E,tv\ in wltith rrgrrlrrrr. urighr 1:rrrrile fdl.a'txrrr nn.l ,1.!cl.tr}nlrnt ll'lctLlrri atld lhrft, l!{(l}, nranagrmerrt rrhrrrrrn rnrl tlAr-lopmcnr h.rs p;rid ,irtl( rtt(nrirI nr rrRumenrrtiril anrl irs possihh role in d.r(lnping rriti(il llrnkitrg.

i rr rLr,trtL..i',

Nes Section I I'}age l

ffi

37! )ltarragerntnt l.curnire ll3(il)

()rrt. t.rrt,Jrtiorr ir :r strrrh' ll (irlrl :rrrrl Holrrrrrr (!(l()l )- 'l'lris strrtll n'lxrrlt'rl orr :trr t.r'alrr;ltiorr,rl rr 1rt:r'sorr;rl rk'r'r'Lrylncnl lrr,xlrrlc th;rl itrtrllcd lnlrrirg('r\ trlli!1ti storit.s ;rlrorrl tlrrir llrrr tir r' .rrrrl r'r.rutiltirtg llr(' ittqunr('nts I)1t'\r'ttt irt tltort' rtotit'r- l'lf, .,irrr ,i t!1,' rl,,rlrtlt' !\.1\ l(, l)trltt|(rl.' rt'11,, ,,,! .,tt,l ',::,,.,1 llr;I1..:rr. :I Itlilir.r:.1,'i I it( 1;1, ,1r;]r i,:ilri,rit,,l ':,,tr lt litrttl ,rl,.l ' " rr .tir,l',r1. Itll' trrtl

l'((t\{ril\ ii\ii.i:.l,ri lil 1l .rl'.- .i ).:,lli.r L,. a ltr

rk.,,r.krJr rnnr('(un(,ii i,rii:r:.,i ri,rrri.riit. Sr'(irtt(1, stotr tr'llirrg {;tn lr("ll} nrituirll('rs Io lor;tlt,irrgunr('lt\ t1r;,il irrt'nr('.lnttlHIlll Io tltt'ttt;tttrl tltt'it r'\'('r\alil\'('xl)(ti{'ll(('5- I lrtr is lx'r:rrrsr' \lotir'\ Ir{rrtIr:tll\' (r,nl:tilt rl:titttr. lrrolrosiliott:. :tsrltltotts :tr(l jrrstilir:rtiorrs ((,('orH;rk()J)()trkru ;trtr[ (lrut'or. l1tll7]. lrr ot[trr tt,rtrlr, sli,Ii('\ ()lt('n (.ntltilt. itrrpli<itll Jnrl ('\l)li(itlr,.trurrnu'rrts lor ot :r!{:rirlrt sotttctltittg. -\ Itrlrlrcr .!(lliull:ll{r'ol rlorr tlllirrr: ir tltitl il (iul ll('ll) rnirnirg('r'\ 1(! iuli(lrlirl('ir((ortnI\ ol lll(' lorttlrlt.'x ('\'('illr irr rr'lrirlr tlrt"r ;.rrr r.'rr1;:rgt'tl;ur(l lltis, itt tttrtt. (iul l)t(,lr()t('s{'r)\(' nr:lking, rlllt'r tion irr.[ (l{'\'r'l(,1)ur('nt (llor'( (', lllilTl ( ];rlrrill. ?(}t}l}; \lotl1:ur ;lltrl [)r'rrtrlltr. l111)7: l'lrilliPs. l{}1l5r.

'l'lrr rvalrt;tti.rtt ol tltr'lrrtsotutl rlrrrLr;rtrtrttl ur,,rlrth'lx'(iokl:rttrl lkrlrt:;ttt (!(l(ll1 r'r'rrirlt'tl ;r rrrrrrrlrlr ol lrositivt' ()lrt(-()nl('s. l'irr cx:rrrplr'. ;rs crnisllqt'rl. slorr tt"llrrrg prorr.rl :r rrst'lrrl r':* ol lrllpirrg ln;lnlHr.'r's to:trtilrrlate riclr antl rk'tlrik"rl ir{{rllrts ol llrlir rvork t'x1rtrirrrrls. Ilris lrt'llrlrl nriurirg(',\ lo rlrvr.lnlr trcrr rrrrrh'r'slrrrrrlittgs;urrl irrrights (r'rPt'ti;rllv rlitlr n'gutrl tu llrt'ir irlt'rrtitr'). ur'\\'l]r'r- rltrr tivrs lr!r(l n('rr' rr'urs ol it( llug--it lrr r x ('\\ lll:rt r )l l("u rul(k'r I)lir)('(l llrl r t'r'l;rirrlr ul :r rru!r'l:u.t('r's kttorr'lt'rlur'. ltr:rrltlitiorr, tlrr';rtr;rltsir ol llrt':rr,;rttttrttls litltin tltril stotirr crltlrlctl trt;ur:rgt'tr lrr rr',,r*r,,r,' trr,rtr rr'.trlilt llrc vit'rr's ol tltt'it rrlllclrgttcs. rorrrt'tltirrtt tlr.tl llrcr lirrrrrrl rlilfirull \rlllrr utlrt'ls'lx'r\lx'{titrs tlilltrrrl fiorrr thlit o1r'n \'!,.rr ,1r".11r1,,:,i:rrirrqh. (iolrl ;rrtrl Iloltn;ttt (ll(l(ll ) rrl"' r',, ri tj:.r: ::i,,ri,il1 j. lrrrtriti tl tlrllirrrlt to iuilr 'rlr'lrl lr r1" 1"1 ir:,rr.i, r., tr':r,iiil .t',it t. lrtr'\r':,i ii ,' r l.rlrt. ,rl ;irq it ,ij .iiil)t1 ril,: ,rlrtl trr'ti il{ll .tili'l tl .ti ttr'\, l,jl,r... r',:11. r11 1 .,1

,, , tt t:.Jr:t' 1lr.r1 li;r r ,rr.r,i, f.ir' l:.r,l,. ilt, r,1.,r. (:tr,{i, irrt.,l: :r.r,rr-r,,,,1 11r.,,,t,. .'t,.,'l.ri,,:r ,i.i; ,. ,,,1,1.,r(1I i.,lt:iriirt.r -ii.jt!1i,, rrlt:i.r. |1 r.):,1

I ritiiir.lltli(. tii.li;.1-r t\ \lalr(iilil.tl itiirlti:i.lti,ir1t, ,,i ,i1:.L,ti,i til r, l:rl,.rl ,,, itii::i ll,r'.,,,,,,'..'.,,1 tlr,';t1rr;:rt:iti:tl-','ir,,ilitttiit:llltt',il {!",:::1ii:ill',,i tit,:t ir':riJtii' \'.rlur,\;in(l t!)()li\('\, ["nr t'rrrnrp['. uIiuI;rg('r\ [lt<i gtr';rt tlilllrrrlrv itt,rttrrorrrilrq irrrli|irltLrliitir (ii!(r)llr-\('\,il1(l r;ilr'l\ :;r\\'tlr('iI lrr'li()ils ils l);rrt rtl rt s0ti;tl 1ltilr'r'.ir,rf )r)ilrt il(ti()n (Strotl|1, lrll)il, t'r|rr llrilrrclt tlrir rr'us.'illl)lrilri/r'(l orr llrr'('(!ur:('il{ rrlrirlr tlrl ruo(lul{'\\,r\ lr,lrl. \llrrr:rurrs.rlro tt'tttk'tl t(};r({nunl lor llrcir .rttiritics rrrirrt:,r rrirrrtilir ,rrrrl lt,rlrtrirrrl rlisr,ntrrl tlt,tt ltttplt;sirrrl ratintt,tlitr'irr](l ol)ie(ti* ilr. lrrrrl r:rrt'h rcl;rtt'tl tltt:tt lxlrt'tilttr'r.'s lo tltc rr'irlct rrxial attrl rttlttrt:rl (r)ut('rt. Sirrrilal.lr. irrqturl.'nl i\':l\ \(-('n .r\ l)iilt of olrlcr tiv' ittr;trit r itt rrltit lt Crrrotiotrr n('(.(l('(l lo lrc lr;rr kgtottttttlrl .tttrl sttlrlltt'ssrtl.

,\r rr rorrst'rprrrrrc nl ttri: r'rirlttaliort. it rr';tr {t'lt llrtl :t tttort'ri{r{)r-(rur irp[)rr]ir(lr trr iltllult('nt:rrr;rlrrir. lr:rrlrl rrtr Iirttltttirr's il1|ir,ili rrrrrrlt'l ul;rtllttttrltttittiott. slrotrkl lx' irrr lrrlt.rl irr lirlrrrc rtrsirrrls ,rl tltr' 1rr'tsottirl (li'rr'l()l)rllclrt rtr()(lltlc. ljrlr tt':tsotts tlt;tl tr.will.slrlirirr slrrrrtir. rr'r'r'rrvis:rgt'rl tlrlrt "loulrtrtrr's il{liH);rpprrxrrlr l(} iirt:u- rn.'nt.rii{ut rrorrlrl ;rrrl tlrr" rlcrt'loprrrcnl nf r-ritir.tl tlrinkirrg: irt!(l }\'('ut'rc olliortsh irrtttr'strrl itr cst:rlrlirlrinq ltorr tltis ;rrIr('ntlnr('nt to Iulu!t rrtsions of tltt' tnorlttL' urlul(l itll(.(t itr 1r.tt'tit'ilrirrrtr. llrtrr tlrl nr;rirr;luu\ ()l tltis lrrtirh';ttt t,r totr:irlrt rvlrr'tlrtr llrt.rrplrrilrtlr trI str)r\ tt'lling;trrrl,lullntlnt.rtt;tlvrir ttttrlctt;tkt'n irr tlrc

New Section I Page 3

Gold et al.: Tho Role ol Argument Anslysls and Story Telllng ln Crltlcal Thlnklng :i73

l't.r'ist.rl persorr:rl rl<.vr.krJrrrr:nt rrrtxhrlc is viable atrrl lo r"ottsirlrr ltttw llrt lrp;rroa<'lt tlkt-rr slurlrr'<1 tlrr- ltroccss <ll't riti<'ul thirrking itt tuatt:rgt'rs.

'frr ttu'cl tltt'se :tirns. lltt' llti(l(.ili <livirlcrl irrto tlrt: krllorvirrg Jxrrls. I,'ilst, rr-t'tk's<tilrt'hrit'l11'tht'rarietl'ol' \t';t1:r tl)rl lritirul thilrkiug lt;rs lx't'tt conltJrtttalirt'tl. Selottrl, r{('()rrtlin('llt(' itl)l)r()ll('11 lakt'n to lt'glltn('ntllir)rt iultl sll()w hrnr;ttgttntctlllli()rl (:ttl tlt()ttt()t(' itnl)orrarrt itsl)r(1,\ ol t:ritic:rl tlrirrkirrg.'I-hirtl, rrr tlcscril>t'llrc rt'tist:d Purs()rlal rlt.r'c.Lrprrrr.rrt nt(r(llll('ltil(l tll.n ()utlirlr tht'lltclltorlttlogv ttst'tl lu altult'st'it. Fotrrth. \u(. l)rr-'s{'lrt orrr {irrrlirrgs. irnrl rvf t,ntl rvitlt a llisr rtssirrtt <ll thr. lirrrlirtgs atrrl tltcir ilrrlrlilatiorrs.

Approaches to Crltlcal Thlnklng

(lritit.ul thirrkirrg hls lrt,r'n tlclinr.rl in a rttunlx'r ol rcut's ln(l lllis rt:llt't t.s its tttrrlti- l;yt:tr.tl nutrtn". ()rrr rlt:linitiolr ol crilit'al thinkirrg is hascrl ott ;t rcr.it:rr ol'lht' 1r'irir';rl tlrirrkirrg litrrirlrrrt'lx,l\{ittgcrs (ll(XX)) lrrrl <ttt wot'k lrt'Rt'r'rroltls (l$l|}7). ll:rsr.rl orr l\Iingrrs' (](X)0) r'rlvir.rv, tlrr trltrr rrtost rigtrili< iutt clt'tttt'ttls o[ < ri(ical tlrirrkirrg art':

l.'l'lrr.'tiri(pr(. nf rlrrtorir'-lxlinpl lhlr:'lo cvllrrilt.t'tlrc virlitlitv or r:rr:tlihilitr ol ilrHlntl('nlx ltndr'(}r il l{('nrrill sr'('l)ti(ism lotvilrrls slilt('lllrnts and knorsledgt:. Iior nl;tnt,, llr(. ehilitt lo t.r':rlrratl ilrHllrr'!r!rtli is ortc of tht tnost importitttt t:letttt'trls of t'ritir':rl thirrkirrg,;rs it ir lortsitlt'rt'<l to lrrt(lerli(i all otht-'r lirrtns ol criti(lut- i(lhafli:r, lfll{lll Mcl\.rt k, llltJ(}l l\lissirnt'r, ll)tt(i: Nlltotcr, 11}H1}l Parrl, 101}3).

!,'l'lrr.tritirlrrc ol'trirrlitirrtr-llt.irrg srcpti<:rl rrl'r:otrvt'tttion:rl rvisrlutn.'(()nrtIl()ll srnse', lorrg stan(ling l)r'lctict's iltld tr;r{liti()tral rsaYs ol doing things.

1'1.'l'ht, <riti<;rre ol urrllrolitv-hcing slrpti<:rl nl'onc dorninant r,it:rv anrl beitrg ()ll('n lil ;t lrlrrrirlitr' ol t'it'tr's.

.1. 'lhc <'ritirlrrc of krrxvk'<lgt'-r'r'r'ognir-itrg tltat krrorvh'rlgt' is ncv<:t virluc fi(:r rtnd its suhjcctivr: illd ( ()Irl('\tunliz.etl tratttrr'.

'['lrelr: lirrrr rriti(lu('s:rrt', ol (orlrse, n()t ilIlluilll],r'xclttsivt:. Stratrgr attd King ( l1|t{l } havr: sltortn tlul [)lrti('ullr ('pislenlr)logical urrdcrstlndings itrc ofien linkcd t{) (orr(('l)ts ol'iuslililation an(l l)erccpiions ol'llrc autlroritv {1f ('xtx'rls. Also, lor cx:rrrrlrlt'. il l)ers()rr raking a fenrinist lx:rsp('ctiv(: miglrt lrr involvcrl in a critiqtrc ol I r :rcli{ion ;rttrl arrtlroritv.

['ollowirrg Reyrrnlcls (l$1]7), it is lxrssible t() suggr:st tltat eritir'irl ttrirrking ran hc trsr.rl in;ut iuslrrrrtrentll ntarurer ns rvell as'r'riticallv'..An instrrrrnenurl trst of critieal thinking rvotrlrl lr rl().(: r('stri{-tr:d in sr'ope antl rvorrltl {ircrrs on lincling the rrrost r:lli't'tirt strlrrtion lo;r rrlrtt:ri:rl (rr srxiill protrlertr.'I'his 1;er"son rnighr cng:rgr: irr a <rititlut'trl"rltt'toric irr)(l rngirli(: in lirriterl criti<1rrtls of knorvk:rlgt:, traditiorr an<l arrrhoritv. Ilorvt'vt'r', iur ilstrunrertlrl rrsr" ol t'ritital thinking rniglrt stop short ol <lrrestiorrinl{ rrrrans<jrrrl r:rtiottalitics, rrr:rrurgr:rialist beliel\ or patri;rrchal as- surlrptions. i\ 'rritir:nl' ure ol critical thinking rcorrkl lre irrlirrtncd trv Oriticnl 'l'lrt'orv. Suclr an rrpprouch w()ul(l [x'hroarler in stopc arrrl involvr (lut:sli(rning

rr ri :. !tr:. ' ri .rr: . , , i .,r tl

New Section I Page 5

37.1 }lanagenrcnt Learning 33(31

.rssrrutptions, irlelltili'irrg t'orrllirt-s ol.porrtr ;ur(l ir)lcrcsl. iu)d in\,()lvc rt'lalittg ,rtrt": t.x1x'rit'tril to tlrt rtirIt'r sot:ill, ittstilutirltutl itttd politit'irl (]r]llii'xl.

Argumentatlon

.,\r rrotctl. lirl rnarrr'. tlrr llrilitv to forrtr:urrl urutlvst':rtgunlelts plats:rtt itttportlnt lolt.in llrrrrrrotirrg lrrtical thirrLirrg {}{c11'r'h, l!)!X}). Irr this st'rtiotr. rvr.'otttlil.tt''lirrrlrlrirr'r ( 11)illi allprr:rt lr to :rt 5;rrrrrt'ttl ;urrl rltrtrr ltort it t lttt prontott' t:ritit.'al tlrinking. 'lirrrlrrrin's ( lt)irH1 i11;1111ilclr t() argurllrrlt shilis tlrt' t'trrph;rsir in ;trqtt- nl('tttitti()n:ilr'ilr'lLorrr lht'rrtlrrttr ltrrtl lrrrct'tlttt'cs ol lottttitl logic (\:rn ['.ctttcren et :r1., lltllii), llr lirrnral logir-, tlrt vlrlirlitv ol urt;rrgtrtrt'rtt is (ltli\'('rl solelv Irorrr its folrrr or stItt(lrilr'*lirt t'x;rtlrllh'. rrlrt'rr;r rorrr"ltrsiotl ttecessittilr. liillorvs {irxrt a J)t'rruis(:.. lLrrr"n't'l'. Iorrlrrrirr (l{}Hll) srrggcstrrl lhat su( lr l 1ir\r' lvirs t()() lirrritt'rl arrrl irk.;rlizct[. :urtl orrt' th;rt cottlrl ottlt' bc lirtutcl rt'itltirr logic und trtatltctnatics tcxtlrorrks. lirrrlruirr t(x)k u r!llrcll llro;ttL:r t,it:rv oI tlrt'r'alitlitY ot 'sotttl{lttcss' of irn iltl.ltlrrrrnt. IL.'suug|stcri tlra{. withirr a l)ilrli(lrlat'licltl. tlrt." valielitl or <.rt'rlihililr'(:t rt.r rrr rr'hirlr I.irrroll ;ul(l (;nl)u ( l{}i)1}J rrse :ls ;r Lolsl,lrf tivist t'rltrivirlclt o{- itrtt.'l lrirl r';rlirlitr') ol :,rrr irrgrrnrlrrt shorrlrl bc lrsscsst'tl ltg;rirrst tltc nornts ol that Iit'lrl, nttkitrt{ tlrr.t'r'alrr:rtiorr t-ritt'ria'lirld-rlr'lrclttlt'nf'.'l'll('trttti;rl rrott'lrcrr: is tllrt tlx' crr.'rlibilitr, ol ln nt'gtrrrrr'nt is iu([g('(l r]()l .iusl on it.: lonn hrrt :rlso ilr tt'rrrrs ol tlrr' I)r'r( li('al all(l ( 1)ruplrx rvurliirrgs o( evt'rltlirt' lili' rritlrirr a sp* i{ic lirltl.

llorr'oct', rvlriLr 'lorrlrrrin srrrlgrsts tlr:rt tlrr t-rr'rlibilin ln<l sorrnrlnt'sr ol .rr) :ltl{tttlrcnt lrrc h:rst'rl orr'lir.ltl<h.1x'rrtlt:rrt'r'r'ilt:ria. lrt'irlso\tll('s thlrt;ul rlll{unrr:nt Irirr;r lair'll sl;rrrrlalrl lirrrrr rr'hatn'r'r tlrr lit'lrl. ,\rr llgtttttlrrt lltt'rt'lirre lr;ts;r gt'rrt"ral 'lir.lr[-irrr-:rriarrt'lirrrrr lltirt i' rorrtlrost'rl ol tlrtct'r'l('rn.'rIt.!. tltt'rl:tittt. tltt'rlnt:r:uttl tlr(' ltlrrr:lnl. l lrtrs tlrt' lirst rrro'r't' irr nteking ln lagunr('!tt l;rgins rvitlt arr itrtlividrral (,xl)t(.t\ing;r rir.'rr orr;r 1l;rrtirrrlrrr isrrrt', rthirlr tlrrrr nt't'tls lrr lx'rlt.ti'rrrlt.<l oI jrrstilirrl.'l'lrr rit'rr tlr;tt tlrt'inrlivirlrral prrts l,rlrvurrl is r-r'li'rrrrl to irs llrt rlnim tttl tht'facrs or nirk'rrrt'tlrat tht'r'1ls('t() slrlll)()r't or rlt'li'rttl tlrt'r. llirtr arl lt'li'r'r't:rl trr .rs llrt. tlrorrrrrls ol r/nla. Tlrr lirsl \tcl). tll('r'('li!rr, itr :,ttrt lln:ll\'\is rlf arr :rrgtrrrrtnt ir lo lot':ttr.' thr r lainr ;llrrl lo tlr(.rr lirrrl tlat:r tlral .rrr t()rrsirlcr-rrl ut'(r's\lr'1' l() \ul]lx]t"t it. ll tlrr rl;rtl,rr'r'il{(('l)tr(l lt crcrlihlr (lrrrrl tlris {:ilrur()t lx't:rkt'rr lirr iJr:rrrtt'rl}. tlrt: llrrxrrfirrt.ntr)\'r'.\ t(t.r sr'torrtl lelrl ol':rtrllvsis. lltrc tlrr irrrlir,irltr;rl ir itsLcrl to .rttrnlJrt to irrstifl ltorr'tltt'<latu tltt'r'rt'porlt'rl k'lrrl to tlrt'r'leitrt bcittg rtta<[c. This is rllcrrrrl ro ur tlrr iilutilnl.,.\r'r'orrlirrg to'forrlrnin (l!)fift). tlrt'rr'itrrattl is'irrrplicit irr tlrt,p:rrti<'ulel slrF)\ fi{rnr.l;1ll trt rl;tint'rurr[ tlrt'r'ltoitc tll tlitt:r as rrcll;ts llrc r'r'r'rlihilitr ol llrr"lugtttrtt'rt rlt'lrrttrls utt llrr'\{:ut';lnt. l'"igrrrt' I l.}r'('srrrls ir sirrtplt' rrutlirrr ()l:u'l{urn(:t)tltiott:ttuth'sis ttsing lltr"lirrrlrrritt li-lttttrvork.l

I'lrt, rr.lrrr:rtrt irr I"igrrrt. l, tlr;rt lr lt':rrn lrr';rtirrq tlrt'rlrarnliions rnu\l llt'lrt'ltr': tlt:trr tlrt. r'h;rrrrlriorrs, i.nrr lrt' s('('n it l llorr' o{'rr.'irsuttittg trltir h l-rcgirrs to link to tlrr- tieltl o{ urgtrrrrcrrllrti{)rl rul(l a rrirk'r's<rtial cr.rnlt'xt.'IItc rottttttl ol;r rr':trrtrrl is lickl- rlt';rt'rrrk'rrt ;rrrrl rlu'r' rcrlrrirc s,rrrrt' lrrrtlrcr lraekirrq to supl)()r'l it. I;or t'x:rtttplc, it r orrlrl llr. stirtr.rl tlrat lootlr;rll sul)l)()rtr'rs lr:rvl lil Qrn('r:rti(ns tttrivtnellr, :u-r'cptt'rl llrt'itka tlurl urn-tr':urr lx'.rtirrg tlrc tltarrtllirrn trnnt is thc lrest lt'irur in ihr cotrntn. Itr tlris rirsr. tlr(. artururnl r;rrr lrc sirirl to lre'suttttrl':rnrl,rcdil:lc, It cau:tlso lrt' Irotr.rl lrorr lll(' r\';rrr.url :rrrd lr:r kirrg rrscrl irr llrir :rrgtttnt'rrl ntakt' litrlis to llte sot'i;tl

New Section I Page 7

cLAllu

Arsenal is the best football team in the country

DATA

Arsenal tleat Manchester united

Gold ot al.r The Role of Argum€nt Analysls end Story Yelllng ln Crltlcal Thlnklng 375

Flgure 1 Toulrniil box diagrarn

WARRAHT

A tearn that b€ats the champions must be better than them

lllrgrrag<' ol :r lootlrall ronnrrrurilv, us *rll its rt'r't'alittg tlrt' bias ol tltt' ;rcrsott trrakirrg tlrt' r'l;ritn :tttrl his rir ltcl itlt'ttlitv ils ltl Arsctr:rl llnl

An arrirh.sis oI llrc rr:arnrrrt;rrr<l ll;tt:kitrg cln irlso ttvt'itl tht'tlilli'rcrrt llpcs (){ :itl{urrrenl lrt.irrl; rrst:tl. For cxnrrrlrle. [')lrrringrr atttl l]rocke rir:tlt ( l116ll) suggrst lllat :r carrlirl ('xarrrinati(xr ol.llrt's;rrr:rrrl turt lrll tts ahottl tltc rtav lhings r('llrlc tr) {)tr(: :rloIhrr; il lx'rs(,rt s rlt'sircs, v;rlttr's :ttttl ('rIr()ti()n\i thc rcliahilitv <tf tltt' sottrrt:s ol' rlat;r rrst-rli arrrl tlrr,;rrrthorilt'ol tlrt'sJltakt'r. r\ttotltt:r irrtltorutttt:tspc<t of tltt' lvurr:lnl. ;ts rv(' sllr'irr lhr'<'x;rrtt;lk' lrhov<'. is t[rlt it ciln llls(] rcvritl tl)(' rlilli:rcnt roli;rl Iarrgrrugl"s (i.r'" tlrt rvlrls ol urlkirrg llrlrl :rrr slu'cilir l():l t{t1)uJ) ot totttttrttttilv, ll:rklrtilr, l1)ltl) :rrrrl rlistorrlst's tlrirt l pt:r's()rt rnay rllarr ()n 1(),justil!'tlttir llairrrs. It is ltrtarrst'ol llris thltt th{'lvlrranl clrtt shol }torv lrtt ilri{lnrr(-nt is crtnnt'ctt:cl lo t}rc rsirler social c()ntt,xt:rrlr.l llrt'tr':r(litions;rrtd soci:rl pr:r(ticr-s thlrt susurirr thc <'rrrlibilitv ol lhc irrgrrrnrrrt it.\(:ll. l'rrrtlrrfrrnort', sirrct'tlris sorirl conttxt u'ill it-sr:ll' trrrrt:rin r'lairrrs, this rnt':rrrs tll:rt tlrert. i\ lhe [){}l('rrti:tl lo exurnine an(l criti(lue tl)e rlrrlihilitv;lll(l $()un(lnc.ss ol this social corrlrxt, IllcPrck (l{}1}0) llsr"r suggr:st.\ thnt lhr- :rnalysis xrr(l ( rili{lur ()l \{lrr;lnt.\ t:nn lrt' trsr:rl to rltallt"ngr: al p('rsoil'.\ t'lristrrnologir al rrrrrlrrsurrrrling, plrlicrrlarlv rvlrerr tlrirt rrnrlerstarrrlirrg is urrsoyrhisti- r'lrtr.rl, i.t'. lhat krrorvlt'rlgc is riglrt,'u'r()ng, !lrat lltcrt'is ()l{'trlr('ansl{('r"(.Stmngr :rrr<l King. l1)tll). Tlris ir lrt'r':rrrsc tlrr':rrrnl-vsis of rrrgrrrncnts r:an involvt'considt'ring a Jrlrrrillitv ol r,ir^rrs to slroll,th:tt tlt('rc nr;ty l-rc a vlricn'ol 'tnttlrs','fhis exposes the ilrrlivirlrral to altt'rnativt"trulhs'. rrltit lr citrr uJ)s('t tll('ir t'-pistt:rrrologi< al trntlt'r- sl.rrrrlilrl4 ul tItcre lreittg ottr' 'tt ttt" tnrrvt'r.

I'rorrr tht'llrovt:, it 1s t'virk'nt lhlrt thc anil!!'sis ol irrgrrments (jul proluolr-'th(, lorrr t,lctnettts rrl <"ritir";tl tlrirrkirrtr; rvc tlcsrrihc.d cltrlicr. 'I'htrs it (iur pr()ruotr a critir;trr.- ol.tltctorir'lrl clrablirrg tlre <:rcclilrilitv of lrr;trlirrrrrcnl to lrt':rssesscd. It ('ln Jrr()ruot('a cri(iqllc of tratlitiort, as (-()mrn()r'r st.nsr. lrrrelerstandirrgs, habits and ('()lnrn()n t)r'ir( ti(('s irr a socittl ('()nlcxt ar. s(r'uliniz('rl. i\ critirlrrt' ()f utrthoritv carr llr. cr.rrr(lucllrl lls tlrr lx.'liclis, ltrrctitcs lntl:rrgrurrerrts of tlrost'irr prlr,;er are cxiuuined lrnd tested. Fin:rllr,, n (r'iti(lLrr'of'knorvlt'rlgt'(i.rn o(rrlrt as urt indiridual's

New Section 1 Page 9

:l7t; Illanagemt:nt l,earning lj3(l{}

(.lrist(,tll(ll{)gi(;rl rrrrk'rst;rrrrlirrg r:rrr lrt' rtJrst't lrtrrl r;tttsti()lrerl thr(lttglr lltt' Jrrtltt:ss oI lrrqrrrrrr'ttt luutlvsis.

Descrlption of the Personal Deyelopment Module

'l'lrr,' irirrrs of tlrr rtyist'tl llctsortitl th:vrloprtterrt rnrrrlttlr" t:hit lt rtas llnrt ol- a hrtsitrr.sr sr:hool cotrr-sr.'. rr('tt lr) tllcrlrrr;l[('the lllrticipants I(, r(]llcrt on thcit pr:rr-'lirr.' :rurl to lar ilitatt" tlrc rlnr.'krlxtrt'tll ol ttr:lt' skills irrrrl Ilcl\' \{ilvs n[ rr'orkirtt. ,{t <'ach stagc o1 tlr rrrorlrk' ir J)r)(:r's\ [;x'ilitrrtol sttpprrrtc<l rn'.urirl{ers. l)arti( trlirrh' u'lrerr thc.r' lrt'qan to r.'xarlirrr llre' rrx'nrrittgs givett to lltt'ir Jrrnt tit"r:. 'l'his lrclp rvas ;rirrrt'tl at rrxrhlirtg rnilu:r,q('ls lo llt'r'orlr<'rrrorc t:otrs<-iorts lrf tht'irlt';t-s lhat thr:r' rright hil\'('. lrort llrt'sc rverr.[orntt'tl. to clltllettgr tlre ttteattittgs givrtt, arul in lttrtt lo lotrritlr:r lrorv tlrrl rrriglrt lrt' (rlrlng('(1, 'fht' tttotlttlt' stitrt(:(l lrt' rcrlttirint rniiualt!(,.t'\ to rlt'rr.lop il'st(fr\'log'. a colk'ctirlrr rll st(lrir:s alx)ut irttrrtstirtg;rtrrl sigrtilir:arrt irrlirk'nts. ()irjr ir livc-rvr:rk []erin(1.'l."ltev rrert'tltt'tt cttr-ottr:rgcrl t() lltoosl rl{)r i.'\ tlrirt irrrrrlvetl llrth tlternsrhes rtn(l otltets. Ottre lnuttitgcrs lt:rtl ir'r"iil('u il ililr'r':rii\t'lr{()rrnt lltrt'n'ert'tlrerr eskt'cl t() slilll rlltv tltr"r'r'arcrl :rlxrul tlrr' l)irrti( ulnr issru:s eh'sr:rilrt'tl ;ur<l rr'lrat tht'! lx'litrt'<l to lrt' tht' c\l)litnillirrrl filr ('\'cnts occrrrrirru rcitlrirr tlrr rton. l\latragcrs tht'tr prt'sttttt:tl lnd (liscusrc(l tltt'ir rtolrcs, trorkitrli itt rttt:rll gt1 )tll,r.

A{tcr this. rnanirfl(-rt rr'('re .llc()uragcd to lirrrl a nunll-rcl ol cllirrts tltat tlrt:r'rrra<lt' irr tlrcir slorit's:rrrl t(, tlr('rr llrcvirlc un explarurtion liir tlrcnt. Tltr nt'xt rl;rgc irr t.Irr" l)ro(('sri \{irs t() locrtc tht' rl;rt:r on rvhich thr:st- claittts u'ert' basr,'rl: that is, tlrr t'virL'rrt t' tlr.,rt srrpPrrrtt'tl llrt' clairtr. {)l irrtcre.:st ltllc is tlrl l:tct tltat surnr' nr:rllg('r's lrrrnrrrt'lrrarr'rlrritr'rlrrit-klv that tltt:r'lat'krd srrllieir'rtt cvirlt'rrr'r'or l'ltat Ilrr' t.r'irlt,nt:t'llrt't, lrrtst'nlt'tl rvlrs sllru-irltts*lirr ('x:rnrplt'lts a rcsrtlt oI rnislt.:trlitru ronlt'unr"s o;littiott lrs lt'lltrt'.'l'ht: tltirrl stt'1r itt tltr Jrtrxess $,;rs f{J fi}frn tll(' \rIrr:lrrt. I'his. :rs rvt' lr:rrt cxplairrrrl, lras trl ht' irrli'r'rcd fi.orrr llrt' (latn a!1d llr( cl;rirr arrrl rrsrr:rllt'protirlcs r slcln tt:st ol rnost rlllnlrg('rs'r(:ls{}ninu lhiliticr, Altt'r tltc s,xrriutt lt;rtl lx'r'tt :rrli('lll:rl('(1, tllitnitgc!-s 1v('r(- ('rtc!)ln':tgtrl to r'orrsider hers'll'rt llrrrgrrlr{r' thirt tlrlr rrrt'cl rras rclirtc{l to (lrr: rrirlrr surilll <'outt'x( .ur(l \\'llv tlrt'r' hatl r.lri*vn (ln .r plrti( ular rlisrorrrst' ot' \()ci:rl langrriret-. -l'his rlas iuroilrr'r riglrilic;ttt rlillerrtrrc li"ottt {ltr' llt r'r'iotts trtorlttlt'.

i\l;rrrirgt'rs \r'('r(- lhr-rr nskcd lr) a()nlirrr!('to rrrlk'ct rtriltclr stcrirr alrd lo rrsr. 'lorrlnrin's nrodt'l to;rn:rltst thc lrrqrrrtx'rrl.r in thi'il st()r'irs li)r ertolhr.t tlrrr.t',wr.<'ks. Alttl this lxfrl()ti, llrrt tt'ttttttttl ttl tltl llttsirrr'ss sllrriul. t:ltnlrl*ll,tl lr relilrr,ol tht, l)r'of!rlrlrrn(':rrrrl rrrtrk'rtrxrk:r plrcrss ol clrartirrg thcil storit.s:ttrrl argrrrrtr.'nts.'["]ris t h;rr"t st'rvctl lrs:r lcrorrl ()l tll('ir rk'rt'loping;n{lrrcn('ss;rrrrl trrrrlt.rstlurrlirrg, urrrl rvlrs ttsr:rl;rs a h:rsis lo(rcirl(':r st'ricsol'.rgrt't'rl:rrtiorrsrsitlt otht'rs. \l'lrt'rr tlrct'r'ctutnr'(l to tlreir r nxlllrtrit's, it rrirr t'rrlislrgt'rl tlt:rt tlrt' llrocr.sr tlrt,r. lrarl !{(}ttr llrr(}utlll \r,()ll(l hcr ort)t' irrr-rt'asitrulv tratttrrrl irl(l lc\s Iortrtlrl,

Methodology

'I'lrt' particip:rrrls irr tlrt' rcsclrtlr rvt'rt' t'ight lrorrr lhr. l'l| rrlrl ill{rn(lnl tht' prrrgraturrt

In:utag('rs wlto rrt'rt' riut<lrrnlv rrlt't lt'rl irr t1rt, l{l1l}t,r111) Pt.riorl. Nonc ol tlrlst.

New Section I Page 11

Gold et al,: The Role of Argument AnalFls and Story Ielllng ln Crltlcal Thlnklng :177

lrppnrar:h<.<l rc.Iirscrl t() prrtiLipxtc ltn<l ilre firanilgers c:rntt' lrotrt ;r rangt' ot' or.glrrizirtiorrs tlrat irrr:ltrdr:rl l nation;rl barrk, lr trlt"r'<lrltrnrttti<:ati<ltrs c()trrpiln$, ;r soritrl sr.rvicr.s rltllartrrrrrrt ol :r krcal :ruth()rity. atrtl strtl.rll :rtttl rntdiunr sizt'rl privatt: r'ntt.rpri.rrs. Thl sanrpl<'inclrrderl Iirur rvonrt'n arrrl lixrr ttrcn rrtrd their agr:s ratrged trorl !.i; lo 52 r't:rtrs.

ln lrcorrlanrr. u.ith tlrc intr-rPrctivist arrd <'onstrrrt:tirist lrrt'tlrorlol<lgic:rl :tl)pr():r(:lr tnkr.lt (lJcr)zili;tn(l 1,ir)coln,200()t (lulxl anrl Linlolrr. l(}8!)), the rnlin aints nl tltc rcsclx'h nlethod r{et'c to c()nsltuci nrr rrrr<l<'murrrlling ot t}rc courst'parrticipall.s' rx;rt'rierrrts arrrl to r"stahlislr lrorc:rntl rvltat tlrev ltirtl tlt.'r'r.'lr1tt:rl or cltattgr'tl.'I'lrt: irrlirrrrultiou \\,!rs gatllere(l nrainlr, throrrgh sruli-struclllrr:d ittlcrviervs rvith addi- tiolral irrlorrrr:rtiorr bt'irrg rllrt,;rinr:rl Iirrtn rnan:rgr.'ts' coursL' rr'ork (t'.g. storv-tclling logs, t harts. tlrt' arralvsis ol the ir lrglrrrrc,)ls)- .\ll itttct'vitrv.\ wt'r(' rotrrlrrrlt:tl itt prir':rtr.;tt th(. llarrag(.rs'()\{n plart'ol rr'ork, wt'rc rt-rotrlt-<l. ttr(l Iirslrt(l ht'trvet'tr I anrl l i lrorrrs.'l'lrc irrtt'rvicrvs rort'rrrl t'ar'h rrrarurgrr"s lx'r(('J)tions ol-tht' lnorlrr[t, lh(' l)x)e{'ss of'storv trlling an<l ilrgurncnt urr;rh'sis. and thc nl(rdrrlr's useftllness irr rt'rnrs nl iq-r irrrpuct nn pr'rrorrul d{'v('l{)prn('nl lnrl thr rL'r'cloJ>tnettt of- 'tvork it(ti\-itirs. 'l'hc gucstions in thr irr!ervitrt' sclrctltrlc tlitl not rcft'r to xspecL\ ()l llitical rlrirrkirrg, su(lr ils criliqur o{ trir(lili(}n, kttorvlcrlgr, ntt(l s(, otr, ir (rr(ler thirt rvt'rli<l u(lt un(lul!'irr(lut:ntr tltr trtirnagrru'rlesctigrtiort ul llrt'ir t:xperiettct's. \,\'e lrlsu oblairrerl ittlirrtnirtiott itlrottl tttaturgt'ts'tr::r<tiorts to tltt'tutltlttlt'[i<lttr tl:rss- rrxrrrr rlist rrssiorrs lrttl lro:n irrtlir,irlttal rlist trssions rrilh ttttors.

'I'ht':riur of'tlrr':urirlt'sis lvils t{r irlt'ntili:urrl tlrrstcr t}rctrrs:ur<l lutcgorics ((il:rscr ;rrrrl Sllarrss, l'l)(i7).'l'lris J)r'()c(sri urrs lrollr inrlrxtivr^:utrl rk:tlttrtivt:.'l'lrr irr<hrr'(ivr [)r(x(:\s lrxrkr-rl Ior tlrt'rnt's l() ('ntcrg('[i-orrt tltr'<lata. A m<lrt'<lt:elttctivc lltprrurch rv;rs tirkt'rr rvllrn r,,'(' trst'rl thr rlilli'r'crrt us[)r('ts ol'r'ritic:rl thinking {}lrtlin..'rl ('nt'licr irs :r li'aruervork to ulrllr,st' th<' <lnta. Irr tlris. rv(' rr'.'r(' cerclirl rt()t t() ()r(:r-i!rt('rl)r('t ()r nrisirrtt:r1rrt tlr* rllrtlr arrrl thc rrtirirr trrlr rrl tltt'tltt'ot<'tit':tl <trtrstt'ttrt.\ u.\(:([ h'as I() 'st'rrsitizt.' rrs to tlrr'<lat;r. \1t'also chcckrrl clt'lr otlrt'r's itrtrqrrt'tatiotrs.'l'his adrk:rl Iu tlrr" <k'pcrrrlahility ((htbir atr<l I.itrcr,ltt. l1)lill) ol-otrr findittgs irn.l ('llilhl(:d a rk'grt'r' ol rorrlirk'rrrc to lx' rrurirrtlirrerl ;rhorrt thr' <rcrlibilitl ol' tltr: thcrrre.s gt'rrtratt'tl.'l'lrt'lrrrrlvticll 1:rr,<t's: rr;,rs lhrrs itt'rltivr';rrrrl this itrr:rtivt: pIo<:t"ss also lerl to thr lrrt llrcr rr'liurntcrrt of llrrnlr.'s irrrrl t'irttgor it'r.

It'ithin lh('(()nsttu('tivist r'tltic, it is also irnportarrt to t'orrsirl<.r how tlrt: rcsr':rr<'lr lrr{}(('sritrrrrl orrr slirlus irs ilr;utlrgt,nt('n( i!(x(l('lni(r;rlli'r'tt'tl rvlltrt rrt;ttrrft'rs ttlld trs. Sittrr lltl rr:st'.tttlt torlk lrlart'.tltct lltr r'ortlsr" h:rrl lrt^err (1)rnl)l('l('(1,;rntl lIrr. llr.luirg('rs lv('r-(' ililil\!nt('rrl tr,lutl rr:rr 1rl;trrttilrl, tltr:' tt:sr:;ilt h llro('ffit cilultl ttill lt;tr.r. irllcctrrl lltcir <'xlx.ricttct ol lltr'(ours('or"tltr.ir ulittcrr <orrlsr.tvork. Ilorrt.vr.r, llrc rrslirtllt lr.o(('sr;rrrtl it.r purlxlr('s rrtttLI lt;rlr':rfli'ttt-rl rvh;rt ln;lrr;rgr:rs rt"latetl to us r!t lll('rr'\('l11'lr in!r,rvicrr:. \fitlr rt:elrrl to ()lrr int('r{'st irr ltiliral tlrirrLirrg, tlris rr:rs trrtlikclr,;rs thi'inl('r('st was n(!t ttutrlt't:xPlitit arrrl rlrrrstiotrs llrotrl critic;rl thirrkirrS; !!'ct(' tlnl ittrlttrletl itt lhl ittlctvicw s('lt(,{llrh'. l'"lorr'crcr. orrr rolt' lrs (possil-rlc) ligttn's r.rl nuthotitr';tttrl ttt;ttt:tgcnrrnt;r(-t(l('ntiss (,|ul(l lravt'slraperl rlilt:ti rlt'rrr-rt ttrltl irr ittllt'r'it'lrr (iutrl rvltat nrilnlB{,r's rr,rotc iu tlrtir cotrrsrrlnlk). Fnr r.'xlrrrlrlr:, lrl;ul:tg('l'\ !ll:11' llil\'(' lll'fri('iltl:(l lltc|ltst'lvrs ttsing :r rn:!tril!{(.1'iill and tltcol(,tical l;tttgturgl r:ttll('t thirrl ;r rclltivt'lr ttnttrt'<liat<'tl ltrrrl;lagt" ll Jrr.r'sorr:rl r:xJrc.rierrcc. llorscvt't, irt this totttt'xl $'('(lo nrlt lx'lir.'r'r'(ltirl lllr exlx'rit,rtces told to rrs in fhc inlr.rvirrvs. iln(l lvhi(lr rv(i ('r><.rlu\tJ.lr(-tr(1, n('r('sinrPlr..a lirnctiorr of'a fi,lt lrer.<l to t"rl:rtt'lo lls as itll'itttlhotiUlti\1'rltllrilL!(frrr('rl ur-:rrtenrir''. -['lris is ltr.cltrsr.'rlarrv r.rf

Ne.,v Section I Page l3

:i7s lflanrgement Lcarnirrg 53(li)

tlrr isstrrs lorrt'ltltl (,n 1(('r'('ltigIrlt,;rt'rsorttl;rn(l ('nl()ti\'(':ln(l tr('r(] rtlalt'tl to rts irt rtarr tlt;rt tlirl trol nrlv rlr rnirtritH('r'iitl r)r;r(a(l('tr)i( tlirlotttscs. lirrrtllt'r'tttolt'. orrt'trl tltt.'lirrrs nl"illt'r.orrrsr rvas to rrtt<k'tst;urrl rlhY rct-tiritt llrrrgrragt's rvrrl ttst'tl. \tllrt'rt rn:lnl!.1(,rs rlirI irlrntilt'tlt{'us.'nl ntatr:tgcrial elisr'ottrsr in thlir <rtttts<'tvotk, tltt' r(::tsilll.\ tlrt'r'i<k'rrti{itrrl l<rr rrsirrg it rvcrc (ltltt:r tlliut lr) rl('('l sont(| [i'll rr('('{l t() rr:lill(. t() ll:;rs lriulilg('rru'nt ar';rrlt'nrits. Ilrt'te rvcrt'itlso lcrt rli{lercttlcs itt Itorr' nl:trr:rlJrrs slrokr' :rlrorrt tlrcir t.x1x'rit,lrt.t's irr ilrtcrvir,rvs arrrl ltorv tltcv rvrotc irnrl -spnkr:;rlrorrt tlrr'rr orr tlrc corrrsr'. Ag:rrrr this Jx)inls t() the l:r<'t tlrat, rvltilt'tlrc rlolirs toltl t(, u\ in Illt'rt'sr'ittclt I)ro('('s.\ rt'r't-t'r'lt'arlr,l llrorltt<'l,r{ a lrarticrrl;rr irrtrr';rr'liorr:rl;r lllrttir'rrl;rr tinl(', lnel rrxurrrlrurtcrl lll llrc rt'st';rrlltcrs:lu(l ll;uli(illiullri" llrr'lrrngtr;rgt trst'rl rrntl ('xlx,r"ir:n(r's rclltlcrl \{('r'("nr}t sinrlrll lr llrotlrrlt rI lltl rL'rrurrrrl* of lltr n'rt':ttllr l)t(]r('ris nt' ol tlrt irrlt^r:r< tirrrr lrcttl'rltr lltt' irro l,;l t.! i t"r,

Flndlngs

Irr rnall'r'r'sll:r'lx, tltr rr'srtltr ol'orrr nrr;lltsir rt'r'rc sinrilirr to tlroll cl llrr'yrrr.'r'iorrr -studt'lrr'(iolrl lrrtl llolrrrlrr {'J(X)l), Fnt'r:rurpL', it rr'irs rr,rlxrrlt'r-l tlrat storl tt,llitrg ntI(l iu'!$rtrx'nl nnnll'sir lalilitirtcrl rcllr-'ction iln(l Irrlpct[ nl:rnirg-(.!'r lr] lnitk('st.rrrc of' lrrrrtrk'ttts l;rrt'el, IU:rrragt:r's ulso rt'purtt"rl tltar thcv hutl u lrctter und('rstiul(linl.l ()t tlrrir irI'rrtitv atttt u lt'tl<'r ;tppt't,t iatintt ol othr.r's' lrcrspt:ctivt's. ()nt' sliulrt dil'li:rencr l\'a:i th(. \\'ncr'd-\-. ll"nveert tltr analt'sis ol'rv;rrrllrts anrl thr rlliting r>l lil<: nillr:llivr:\i ('a( ll irl)prarerl to lacilitate tlrc other. "l-hcr<' rvcre , though, a nrnlrbt,r" r)l' kn rlil.li.r't'nct's. rr'hit'h rarr lrr. urorr;lt'rl irrto lour lrr':rs.

l. .trtttttlitrrt trt thr ()n,lihilitl ol (llntnt

,{l wr lrirrl hollrrl, tltt'tnt'oJ''lirttltttirr'r llrtr{l{'l (:n('()llt;tgt'<l rrrarragt'rs t() [)lv rttu(li grt';rtcl iltt('nli()n lo tltr.' crerlihilitt ;rrrd sorrtrrlnrss ol' tlre t lirilrrs tlurl tlrev rrrrt, rrnking. Irr llnrtirul;rr, rr;ul;l(('rs lirrtrscrl ()n tllr'('xt('nt t() whir-h tht'ir.r'l:rirrrs rrt.r't' itrstifit'rl lrt' tltc critL'ttr-r'. [',rt r:r:ttttplt', t]rt' lirlLxvilrg (lu{)tes ('r)tll(, fi'r'lrr rrr:rrrlgers rrllrrliltg ()n h()\r' tltt:t' ttrarle clrtirrrs. ( )rrt'. ir trtiltirrg rnanlger Ior :r natiorr;tl a.rnrpanl. rt'tttarkt'tl:

t\\'lltrrr I rrurr'rrrak.r.t rlrrirrr. I rrtrt rirrcltrl I h;nr. tht^rl:rtir. I lrrrr;rlru rrrort. t'r'r'llirr alxrrrl ilrrrrlirrtrirtl.l rrtlrc'n. I trl tl (llirlk lrlrout.jttst rr'llrt il is tllrt lrt'o1rlr':rrt, r-l;rirrrirrg rrrrl rrht'[lrrr it tr l:,trt'rl on \i]trr rrirl r[alir or rvlrctlrt.r'it rs lrst lrlars.rr'- Il vrrrr:rrr. rrot catclirl !()tt r,irl1 rlirttss lrt'arr;rl ltttri llrgrtt to irtr;rlvst it t,x, clirric;rllr.

.,\rrotlrcr nr:ullt.'r'. tIris tintt liorrr iru irrtcrrr;rliorr;rl b;rrrk. rrrarlt':r sirnilar Poirrl: I rrar goorl rt rloitrg thit Irn.rkitrg tlairrrs]. I r',rrtlrl firrrl rigrtilir':trtl {'\1'nts \ulrrlantiJl rtrtruqll t(, lllt ottt ;t r l:tttn. llttt I lotttrl ttr,rrrrhrir rrtl tlrirrrr trr.rr.rlis{l;rtrltrl.

Sotrrt'lottrttI lltul lltt'altllrrrirtlt lrlpt'rl lltrttr;trltlvst tltr"r'llrirrrs rrl ntltr.r's. l'ltrrs (!nrt l,lilrlirl{t't, t0ttttttr'ttliltg r}ll tllr'(l;liltls ttilrrlc'l.}t lris sr'ttior ntiln:rH(:t, ililt('(l;

[-l'llrt.litt], lx'lw(.('lt ttrr: r'lrrirrr .rrrrl rlatlr ir li'rrrrrrrrr ... lirl st:errrs ll:*r.r.tl .rrrtl lxrrr,rl rirr ptr';ttrltr r t,tlltt't Ihtrn :rrrr l;rr ls

New Section I Page 1.5

Gold et al.: The Role of ArEument Analysls and Story lcltlog ln Cdtlcal Thlnklog 371)

'l'[ris lirrrlirrg rrlrs rlnrwrr lrtrnl ir rlirittr stalirtg that'srninr nrirrtit!{crs prcltr to talk uot u(rl', rrith tlrt"rl;ltrrtn htlirrg,'rir.lni(lr n)irnilg(.ri talk ir lot in rncctirrgs bttt lin<l il hitltl t,r tn;rkt' u tlt'r'isictt'. 'l'ltc ttuutagct' tr'('nl {rt.t liortr this to cont'lttrlt::

lt ir ulorr. li[r.lr' tlurt n.uior lrrau:rgcrs ryirnt d('sl)rr;tlrlv to irct l-]ul lrlvc tto itlcit Nh:rt t() rlp*lttrl thitt lhir is r,:llrclt'r.l irt rrpeutetl tlist ttssiottr lttcl ittnctiott.

'l'his is. ol corrt'sr', iulotllr! (litiru that (()ul(l lre strbjtctetl to artah'sis, The irnportnrtt rliscovrrv lirl this nlunrg('r rvas lhtt the rl:rtt lte gtrrt'r:rlreI to.jr.rstifv his clninr pruvirk:rl irn t:xplnrtntion lirr lris lirrstlutiorr rvitlr his own :rctions arrrl his scnirrr nr:ruager's seerning irrabilitv tt) t(( iu(l sttlvt' it rt^t:ttrrirrg llrohlcnr"

Irr ail the clses rlrrx't', l tliscilllirrr.:rl Iirctrs ott th(' slrll( (ttre of argurtt'nt highliglttcrl tlrr iurport:rrrcc ol firrcling t:rt^clihlr rl.itlenr:c firr a clairn. 'I-hcre rut.r :rlso t.vitk'rrcc that tlris irrsight sprt'ittl to {)tlr{'r ar('irs ol'rnanagrrs'livcs. Frlr cxltntplc:

I lrrvt'tl thl lxr)r(,ss rrrrrl krvetl llrt'errrlrrirv:rtt<l itrralvtis, lrr l:rct thc J)r(x'ess lr(,$ €rleu(l\ to t,\rrrylhing, I lravr begtrrr to tlrirrk l;rlxrrrtl everrrrrrrrr Jrreielrtlrliott ol eyervthilrg. 1lht,rr I lirten t,, Irrr\(.ntcr\ or R;rrtio 4, I tlrirrk ',,\rr the cluirnr thev make good enough?' 'llo tlttr' lravr tht' r[:rtl :rrrrl wh:rt ;rrc thcir rrrrrrarrt-r?'

I havt rertairrll lret:urrrr rrrore rlrrcstiorrirrg arrrl rrrorr rritir-irl. )\1r' prxrr lrttslrrrrrl, I everr rLr it to hirrr irrrrl everr rlurlkrrrgr hinr alrottt tltr rlata orr wlriclt ltc lxrst'ri sotnr of his cl.rirrrsl

2. liai:trtg ()u,.'rliorrs finn tln l*'ananl

lVlrilc rlrarr:.rgt'r's ohlairrcrl signilicnrrt irrsight li'onr t'xlrninittg tvhcthcr th<' cvidr:n<'r' su[)lx)r'tinl{ tlrt'ir clilirls rva* r'rcrliblt', it r"-as tlrr:il't'x;rrlrirr:rtiitn of lht'rvarral]t ttrat \!'ils to Pil[('tll('rr)(,st n:ut'aling ilsJ).:(:t (]l tlrc artirlytir:rl pr'(](:('ss. hrdt'rrl, it rvas p.rrticul:lllv strikirrg lrrxv tlrt' cxirtrtirtlti*rr ol'tlre rcarrarrt <lrrickh rlrt'rr rnururgrlrs ittto rlttr':tiottittg tltrrc lolrit r:

. (ulrent orglrttizutiotrul Ptactitt' (c.u. \\Iltl tlo Lrrve rLr tltitrgs this rvit?): r irlerrtitv iln(l lil('histolv (e.g. \\''hr irrl I likt this?)l o rt'lationship lo'exprrts':rrxl ()tlr('rs in irrrthoritr'(t'.g. \llrv rlo I corrsidrr llris

pcrs()n to ht' eorrcll?).

l'-or cxarrtpk', lor ottt' rnirtt;rgrr', ( i;lrv. rcllt't'tirtg on lris t litirn, 'l'ollt>s,irrg a *'ritlt'n ;rl:rrr irrtprovcs prrlirrrtt:rttcr" k:d to th(.rv:llr?nl 'lntrorltr<'irrg I rrriut'rr pl:rn irl;rt'ovt's lrerlirrrrt:rrrt-t". Frrrtlrrr rlist rrs.riorr rr-itlr a trrtor t'nal>lr:tl tltc nlilrlal1cr t{) rrlrrlersllrrcl

Illr ttttttlt tttv tttilitarv lltlkgt'ottltrl lt;rs:r llr':trirtg orr rrlrtrcst t.r,r.r'\,ilcricrr I (irrry oul- \{lrcrr I lctt llrt'rrrililurr, I ut;rlt'l ron{ciorrs (:lli)tI l() nr()vr':r\\lv llrrnr tlrt st1'k, of tIl;Ir!,rl{('tn('ttl rvlrich I lr:rrl;rtkrplrrl or,r'r thc il{1.1t'ltr 1x'rirxl, rvorkirrgolr llre prrr.rrrisr: that rtrilit:rrl tltrn,rg('tIr.'ttt $ir\ v('r\'.lulo{tllic;urrl trrost {il rrrrt all) rk.r'isiorts rrurrft'wr.rg ritlrrr lrllu k ur rvlritr rvitlr rro grr'\' irr{';r.

\i't, <lt'sPitc all llis t:llirrts, tltis tttittragt'r's rrtilitarr lxu"kgrottttrl Icttutitrctl Prrrrrri- rreut. l'his r<'srrltrtl in 'st'r'tlitrglr" slnrilrlt" practict.s. sru lr as rn:rkir"rg qrrick

New Section I Page 17

3$l) Management l.earning lil3(ll)

<lt:t'isions to prorhrrc rt'srrlls. Althrrtrgh tltis bt'huviour rr':ts oftrrt al)pruplillr, li]r s()rn('sitrralions it lvas L:ss approprialc-particulirlf irr what lrt'calle<l thr'grev lrcls'. Fronr thi.s (iirr1'rr'as ahlc to rt'considcr tht'skills lrr: ust-d irr thc arnbigrrous 'Hrr'l' arcils' :rrrrl thosr rrsrrl in thr contcxts lrc corrsidererl trtore crrtilin. Thtrs, bv rcflecting ou lris rrlrrants, ()arr,r,r';rs ublc tr) qu(rsti()n his practict: i!\'ln'dr: I do tlrings tlris rvar'?) arrd ronsidrr rthat rctions rr'crc rppropriatr'.

A. lirrtht:r-('xrnl)lc corucs lirln Rrrth, a tr:rining ulln:ll{r:r. Sh('r'cl)()rtr'(l tllitt:

For rtrc. it ras usitrg lbultttitt's uI(,dcl, lx'c:trtsc rclr:rt tlrat tlirl rrls gir't. rrs ;r spr.rilic clairrr :rnd therr it gar'* nrt a t'lrlrrct. t() {ltilw rkrwn lilltr thc rl;riru and firrrl tlrr rlatu. 'I'll" w;rIr[:rl rortrirru (][l ()l tlrrl rvas ()K Brtt h'hrre rlid th*.rvarrarrl t'orrrt. fiorrr? I clilinr thlt I behavr likt that, lrrrt rclrr,re rlirl il rorne ltonr?lt lregln to nurkt.rnr. qu*stioll... nntl it lell out of lrrv lrr';rrl. I rr'ulenllrer rvhrrr I rv;rs littlr Ishe lrird preliriusll explaincd hLrw sllr hlrl heen llrotrght up in alr t'rrvirorrnrcnt rvith lr.rv rlontiturttt ttralcs:rrtd n'i$ ronslltrrlh, t<rkl that she rrar otrlr''ltrr'tagc''}:rrrd tlr;tt rnrtlt'rrlr,li,t'l likr.tlris. rrrrl th:rt's rvln.l fi'el ;tttdtltitrktltislttrlllrrt'st'lrvlli'r'lrlttrlt'xolrlitlt.rrt.".Itlrink,rrll.llt:rvraloitt'.lt':rrr rav things, lrrrl I wrs alH,nvs sr':rr-cd that I rrotrlrl he ptri clorvrr.

'l'lrc lack ol'r'ottlitL'tttt'Rrrth Ii'lt olir-n rnt'ant slrt q'oulrl uulv sav s()rtretlring wherr rltc tltotrght it rr'as ;ttt '('xt.('l)li(rlral' itlea or rrlterr shc 'rcili( ulttlrh, srrr(: ()l n'lllt I tliulttd l() s;t\,'. Il'ttot, lheu slre stat(:d lltat 'I rvorrlrl rl()t (ontribrrte ani'thing, t:vcrr il I ltarl sotrtt'tltottgltts rrrt il.''l'ltt'reirlilation of-ltorv lret lorr'self-corrfirlr.rtcc rorrkl bc tr:tcrtl back to het'past tnlrlt'her (lll('stior) rvlto sht'rvlrs {r"g. \Ylrv arrr I like tlris?). hrrfu.t.rl. latcr iu thr.intr.rvirrv shc stxt(.(l:

llclinr', it $ls jusl likc 'fhis ir who I irnr',;rrrd that lthr Tirrrlntin rnoclcll nradr ntc g() il litrlr. hit <lrr'pt,r , . , il l <lorr't rrltlt t() h('likt rhirr. it's rrp to nl{,trt ('hang(. ir,

lrt Rtrtlr's (ils(',;llt exalltitlati{)rr r'rf tltt'rmrrarrt ltarl hr'-lped lrer to reveal rhat a pitrticlrlxr' \ersi()n ol hcr 'sell' hacl corne t() l)r ilrccptr,'rl as thc ()nlv lr:ry of tx:inq in lllrti(ulur sitrr;tlions. a (le Ii(t() ltrth. ln irdrliliorr, tlrc cxurninatiorr olthc \!arrilnt lrad k:el her to cortclrlclt' lhat tlris particrrl;rr st;rtc of ht:ing could bc chrngcd. In hl'r storit-s atrrl itt ltt-r irttervit't'. Rtrt[t th't:rilerl lrt r atr:rnpts t{) 'r'\(apc' Iionr this st'll-trtt<lersurtr<ling lrv trving to voir:e ltcr r()n('erns antl irlt as rvith hcr Jrt:t:rs ;rnd settior rnen:tgcrs. \frt, drspite this n:alization, her t'ffirrts rsert'[)rever)ted [l'hr:r tx:r('eJ)ti()n tltai Othcr exJ)rrts (}r figrrres of atrth<lrin, knerv rlrore tlrarr she elicl. As ;r rt:ltlt. sltr' [r:lt thrrt thert' rvas Iittle poilt in voicirrg ltr i<leas or irr questitlrring thc itlc:rs o{'otlters. Rv rtri' of'rxnnrplt', Ruth stilcd:

I tlrirrk lirr trtr, heittg lirtr.rwlrtlgcahlr is heirrg right, I drr beliele that I r;lr't a<kl:urv r':rlttt' to l corrvt'rsirtion.

'l his positiott is sitrilrr l(l thitt ek":s<:ribetl hv Belinkv et al. ( lg8{r) ;rs 'reccived krrorvlcrlgt".lrl(l ti, tlrat clesrrilx:cl hv llagolrla (19-9!) ar'ubsolrrlc knowing'.: lrr tltesc positiorts, inr{ivirluals:lsslrnr(- tlrat knorvleclgc is ohltrrivr. anrl trrrthlirl, th;rt rxllcrt.\ h:tt'c itl'tt^ss t() tlris truth and thrrt l pers()rr nrerls to tlepend otr autlr()t'ilies firr this trutlt. Furlhrrlll()re, those rclro hokl srrclr licrrs (particulalll u'onren) r:ften pt"rcr:ive tlretnsclr.t's to Ir loicclcss arrd as having little capacitv lor origin:rl thotrglrt.

i\s Rrrth's r;ttestirttritre of her itlentitv and histon'calrrtinued she starrt'd to (lur:stiorl ltct t.ttrrlerstatrcling o{ hrr orrrt knorving;rnrl lrt.r rel;rtiorrship r{)'experrs'

!rn,i r.rrr j' D rrr e jr,j!r.a i:ri n: u1,.!rlrr\ .jr,dr 1t., iiJ,., : :1rr.l

Ncrv Section I Page l9

cold at al.i Tho Rolo ol Argumont Analyllr and Story Telllng ln Crltlcal Thlnklng :i8l

(t!'lrv rlo I hcli*r'tlris plrsorr ro lx: tnrrii}. At tltc ctrd ol tltc rotttse Rrrth htcl ;rllt:rr:rl lrrr lx:lir:l lhat nth<'r rrrtrtt-'r'xptricncctl tritiltcts irtt<l sttlior tttirttttgrts itt Irt.r trgiu:illrtiurl rvert.' ;rlrvavs riglrt.. "l'he lirllorrirrg stnlrtlrrrlts rcl'c'lrl .itrst hotv trttrttlt lrr:r hrlit:fi nlrottt ltrrsrll'ln(l het' rt'lationship t0 xtllllorip tigrrrcs h;rtl <:hanged.

I rrt.r'fl lq tr'1lst mr r,]vl iu{lg(:tnt'nt irrrtt,ltl ol atttottratitlllv [rt'lievitrg ol]ters tr-r ht right.

I rrrrrv lrel tlr:rt I rrr.r:r! lt lrril(tlle trrrsliui:i rrtvsrll lntl lx'lirting th:]t lnv orvtt irlt'as rr'ill wrrrk .. . I neeel lu hulan(c tlrrt i{(ti()ns witlr rrrnlirrg sur? thitl I listt'n tn otlters' vitrws. s.6111;111y opctr tu th(.i{ thortH}rt.s, ronsitlcr tltcrrr lntl txrilrl !herrr irt fr} trt}'lrl;rtrr whert'I tlrirrk tlrt ttt to lrt';t1t1tto;tti.tlt'.

Ratlrrt tlrittr llrirrkrng irlrrrrrl who',i haviug tlrt' (()ttv('r'siltiotl. I rhilrl llrortt rsh;rt t[rt' (.rnvrruti()tl is ltlrrut,

Rrrth hirrl tlearll shifictl her {ionr ht.rr prer.ilrtts pr-rsitio:r. Hr-r ttcrv position (all Irt, srrrr r() rrs{)nurr with }it:link_v t't al.'s (l"Qliti) 'suhicct.i!'c knorvlrclgc'posili(}n a11(l Ntageilrlu's (lt]!l!) 'trarrritiorurl knorvr:r' pcsitinn, In ihest' prrsitiotrs, thc pct:sotr stlrrl,\ t() {lucsti()n tll('(-r:rli.titrll'of hnorvlt:dgc in sonlr arca.t' to qrtcstion tht knorvlrrlgt' ol' ltttthorilirs. lrttll ttt rlt'vrlop ntorr: conlidcnct in the vali(li$ ol- their o*rr Ix:lielr. 'l'lrcsc hr.lir:fr r'(:{lc{:t a nrorc srrphistic:lttd url(lerstantlittg ol'knorvletlge ln{l itn irrcreasing seitli(. of personal allt()11orn\'. ()ther ex:ulples of s}ri{Ls in cl)istcnluh)$ical rrndcrstarrrling wt'r'e tortntl. ['or c-\rlttll)le. s()filc Ittartal{trs begltr to talk o{'tlrr:ir vcrsiorts tt{'lltt: trulh, thr:ir rltt:lttrit.lrnd es'{ir<t.s'lrs a sotial {oflsllrcti()rt. ()vt:r:rll, tltt'rt'u':ts:r tendelrcY l(} nlove l\\'lv lionr an obicrtivtl (,pisl(,rll(ll()Ly* lorvirrtls it ut()rc srrhiertivc 1ln(l c()nlrxlrlalizr:tl onc. llorr'r.vcr, this shift irr r-rntlersaartrling rvas rtot rvitlrout its anxietit's, its nlirna[{'rs r{:tlizr]d that tlrc frrurrclations rif rheir trilditions anrl l:lcliel-s wrre 1l()I as solid as thc\'oncc thottghr.

1. lilmlittt: trni Sotui /.rtn.gragrr

lrr;.r sintiliu'\'ritt t() otrt previorts r*se:rrt:lt, rrr;ul;rl{.:rs ltcr:rtttt'htlt(:r lhlc l{} ur)clrrsliln(l tl.rrir orvrr i<lt.rrtitl irr'r(l its lirrnration. Httwt'r'rt'. tltt' cx:rmination of ittt lrl{utilt:nr'.\ $r;lrntrrt illuurirratcrl lroru inr.livirlrrals usctl dilltIcllt itlt-ntitics itl clifli'rt,nr sitrurtions and lhe socill lilnguagt:s llnd discottrstt drarvn ott to pr(lse!ri thost i<lenri!ir:s (Antaki:rurl \l'idrlicolnhr, lgtlti).'['hrouglr A rur]rc !rrarl('c(l unrlt,rst;urrlirrg ol llrt: irlt'rrtitit's th:rt tlrt:v:rntl othels tttlplove(l llt tv()rk. ut;tlritgers lelr her.tcr :rblt. ro .,lx'rar{- within nrrrltil:le rt'latiq;nships :rnd to c()pe rrith lrar,ing rrlultiplc tolrs. In l):rrtiflrlirr, itntl lt ir pragfiratic ltvel. this hclpcd thrnt to rrnder:lnnrl tlrc tliflclent r.it'rrs tlrirt (:xisttd in irny nne sitttatir:rn, how these rJil'{ercncr.'s:rntl rlilernrnes lrriglrt lrt'rt:corrrilt:tl,:rIr<l t$ av()id tlrr iner.itir}rle liusrration ilnd contirsi()tr thxt loll()1i's rvht-'rr prople Iirrd tlr*rnst'lvcs titlkirrg at rr()ss-l)llrposcs. l\{:rn;rgrrs {lrlt tlris tr.ts particularh' trsrlirl rv}rcn projtt't.s rvcrt' 'stttck' irrld trer(le(l rrrovirrg on. A lirrtlrr:r adv;rnllgc' 1{as tl}!rt a hrtter apprer.i;rtiorr o{' i<lcrrtitv hclprd illanugcr"r, irr so Iar as is possible, to pn:rlirt resp()rlses to ttrt'ir uttt'r'.rrcrs {Pclrcr, 191)5) arrrl alkru'crl therrr lo I)rcl)ilr(: a r('ph'(Dar'lcs ancl }Iarri:, l{)1}t}). {-)vcrall, this indicrtcs tha( rvlrcrt rtt:tnagcrr c:rrr rt"l:rlr tht: rval ihr"v'rarlv out their rnan;rtr{e!nr',lt rvork lo tlrt' rvirys t}tal tlrev s}rape tlrentselvr:s lrs indir,idual hurnan hcirrgs' (\{ltrion, l1}9.1:59), tltrv arl hctlcr ahk: to rrrrrlr.rs(arrrl horv thsir rvorlrl i.t hcing shapt<|.

New Section 1 Page 21

3lt? Management Lcarning 33(lt)

1. I,tntiliotrs

In (()ntr:rsl lo orrr r:rrlicr strrtlr', alrrrtlst :rll rrr:rulrg<'rs lirrrrr<l that tlrc Jrror:t'ss of strlr l telling antl ;rrt{urnt:nt analysis evoked ir ranq(' ol' let:liltgs and t:rturtiorrs, For t:xarnple, Rrrth lorrntl llral rrhrrr slre rvas rvritirrg lrer storl; tltr ertroliorrs oI lear, irrrxit'1l. errrl w'rrrrl tlrat rv(:r(' :r!.s()(iutt:(l rvith tlrr rva:nts slrr wirs rt:rrralirrg r:rnrt' 'ILxxling buc k'. Slrr: r(:J)()rlc(l thlt:

It u:rs rrrroliorral arrrl I thirrk th;rt:tt r()rrrr, lxrints it got (luitr rarr,... it lrarl thrrxvrr rrp:rll tlrtsr incirlcnt* alrtl lt:t'lirrgs, Ii rlirlrr't nr:rke rut'lr;rt.h nff, it irrst rrr:ult' llr wilrrr to <Lr it

Frlr trrrrtlrr.'r ru:ru:lr(r.1, it rvas agairt tlrc rxartrirtaliort ol'a 1{:rlr:rnt llrlrt causerl tlrr rnost rlisrorn('ort. so rnrrrlr so rhat in her lxrrticnlar'{ase tlrilt slre frrrrnrl it trxr tliflicult to cornplctr the px)granlnre. This plrrticipant ill.so staterl that slrt rvls quit('unl)r'rpirr("(l ancl srrrpriserl lrv tlrt ernr-rtions shc began to fet.l.

Dlscuaslon

'l-h<,rr wcrc' tw() lnirin ailnr ol tltis arti< k': to consirlt'r \$-lr(:th(fr' ()rrr l)ilrti{ illitr :rPPr'<xr< lr t(, sl()rY tcllirrg arrrl :trgutllcnl :ulxlvxis rv:rs r..iatrlt', un(l t(l rorrsirler lrorv tlr<: uppro:r'h tukcrr sltupt'<l thr'prott'ss of t'ritir':rl thirrkirrg. \Vith rt'garrl tri th<. lirst ;rirrr. orrl linrlirrgs itlso sltorv that'lirrtltrtirt't trr(xl('l is llrirh,('usv l{) k'arrr arrrl tllrt nrnnlgrrs lrt't-orilt'reasorlrhll':rrlt'pt at i<i'rrtifving tlrt'argrrrrrcnls ilrt'v rrurlit, rr4rr.rr tcllirrg storics llxurt tlrt'ir livcs. ln l)arti('rrlxr'. rvt lrt'licvc tlrat pl;rcing:ugllnlr.nt lurr:rlvsis lvithirr tlrt'stor\.t('lling l)r'(r(('ss lt:ts lt ttuttrlrt'r ol u<lr:rrrtagt's ovt'r sirrrlrlr g('ltirrll rnilrrlH('rs to'tlrirrk ol.rrr lrrgrrrrrr'nl'{}r'ir <lricr rrrorc t}rt"orctir':rl irrtro<hrt- tir)n t() ilrgurrr('nt:lti()n tll(a)r"r'. I"irst. lrs nl;ru:rl{(,rs krc:rtc tlrt' rarv luttr,rill lirr tlrt.i: ilrgnnl('nls (c.g. r"luirrrs, propositiorrs rrrtl .jrrstilir"utions) rvillrirr tlrt' storir's tlrn' tt'll. it rrttlrrs tlr(.lllglulrcut.r tltr'1':rttlrlvsc rvill ltavt'it (lilr,(t tt'k,r,lrrrc l() tlrellt. Seconrl, l[rl rlirrt't lrlt'v;rrrr't'ol tJris tll{ nllrtrlill rnirkrs thr: (onccl)ts ol'argrrntr.rrtatiorr l)r-i.sr"illr,(l ()r tl)(,r'orrrsr rntrIl) rilsi(]r l() lt'nrn irnrI trsr. ln additi()rr, this rllethod shurrs rttirrtv nl'llrt.'arltitttlirgt's ussnfiirtctl witlt olher r.'r;:r:ricntilrl lcarning Inctll(,(h-lilr' ('xilnrl)l(', it ^sitttirtr:s lrarning itt tltc lorrtr:xt ()f tll(' rrrarrirgcr, it (nll)l{s lrI;lttiU{cI"n lrr ilddrls.r iul(l s()h'c il l)ft)hlrm o[ tlrtir rlroirt:, it fat:ilitates r'('llcctiorr, it prrxtolr"s srll-arr'ilr(nr$!i ;ll(l iur rurrlt:rstirndinq ol' othcrs. anrl it (,nr()uIlu(:s nnl t1'J)rs ll ar;tiriN'(llolnrlrr, !{f004). \lt carr <,rtrclrrtlt" that orrr rrrrthorl ol- storv tcllirrg ;rntl ilrgumcnl rnal-vsis ;rppcars to hc ;r vi:rtrle mt-tlrod ol' tcachitr14 iu glun('rltati{}lr.

'flrt'lit'ronrl airn ol.tlrt'articlc !rils t(, t'stablirh lrou,tlrt'nrrrrlrrlt'slurpt:rl or' rL'vrLrlre'rl ( riti('itl tlrinkirrg.'lir rIr thir trr'(lr! r'orrsirk,r'uur lirrtlingx rnith rr.garrl ro tlrr {irtrr x$lr('(:tli of e rilical thinkirrg that wr ()utlinrd tl;lrlirr, r!:rrnt'lv tlrt' clitirprc oI rlretoric. 1r'arlition. tlorrrirrarrlc lrrrtl krrnrtlcrlgc.

'l'lrrrs ;rll tlrr.' rturttagr:r's particil).tting ilr tlrl rno<hrlc rrrrc ublr to rrst' Trrulrtrin's rrrorlt'l tu loratr cl;rinrr, to itlerrtily rlatl arrrl tu 1;rrrvirle ilrr rrrrdrrprinning r;rtionale tlrlrt lirrkrtl (llinr, (liltil iln(l \silrrilnt. At this h:rsic l<:r-el, then, rnrnagcrs l!'erc t'rtglgirrg irr r'<ritirlrrt.ul'rlrr.trrrit'arrrl tlris rlirl k,:rrl lht:tu lo (lrrrsti{,n the ilrisurrr[]ti(]rs. logir ;ltttl gt'ttt:r;rl rrtrlihilin'of'thrir ilrglllll('nts. \\i.tlterelirrt'

New Section I Page23

cold Bt al.: The Rolo o, Argumont Analysls and Story Telllng ln Cdtlcal fhlnklnt 3tt3

srrrrlisr tlrar tlrclr.. is rnrr:h urlrrc in hclping rnlrnagcr.\ t() rnak(: c()rtIt(:(ti(xls hctrrccu dlta arrd clainrs. lrrd to sholv ltorv tlaitns are rt:rrr;rrttetl. ll was also intcrcstirrg lrol srlrnc rrurr):lflrrs tran.sfi:rrcd llris prnrtice lo th<"ir cvcrtrlal' ro'ork arrrl tt, thrir r:v<'ryrlay lift'.

St:r'orrrl, lll tnanirgcrs rrrg;lgtxl irt a'critiqtrr: ol'trarlitieitr', itr l)at'ticltlirr it rlrreslioning of rvlro thrf arr ilrrrl a <:r'itiqtrt' ol-thr:ir owtt ;tnd otltcr.s' pt':tr:li(cs. 'I'lris criti<prc ol'iradition was 1:rinripally irrhirvcd throrrgh il carrrul cxanrinirtion of thr: tvilrnlt)t. 'l'hrotrgh this process rrrirnageni corrlcl I'crctrs on hols their argrrrmtttts rr:lir:d on a l)arti(ltlilr trnrltrstarrding or wav ol-speakirrg, and rvlrether this rvas t,nal)lin$ r.rr lirniting in thr sptcilic ('irnlrnstancts rlf ttst'. M:rnagem rvcrc lht!s ablc t() ('$tablish what thcir 'triuliti()rrs'. 'lnng sr:rndirtg pra(ticcs' ancl 'cornnron sense rrnrlerstandinHs' rvcrc, :rrrrl tc t:orrsid(r :tltrrnativ(f 1i'arnrnL! xnd.iustificatiotts. T'hus il ;rrr irgrrrnt'nt cotrkl br st:cr) tn bc rtrrelcryrinnirtg a paltictllar aspt:ct ol' thtir i<lerrtitl l.\i, tiily, u projcct rnlrilB$r', alr rx-soltlirt'. n <-otrsttllanl or il repressr:tl chilrl, it was ;rorsihlt: lo nt(run1 a challcnge b1' critiqrring thal itrgrtnrcnt atr(l drawirrg on ,;rllerrr:rlivr wltvs oI talkirrg. ln ;r rrttttrher-of cases, tltis procrss provirlecl an escapr lrorrr a tradilionnl but rlotnin:rnt Iesponse (o ;r sitttaliotr.

Tlre lin<lings nlso sht-rw that a rnunbcr of nratl:rgers cttgaged in ir critiqtte o[ illlth()rity an(l l,ilri()rrri fr:rrns of'rkrrnirrarrrr. Argtttnt:nt allah-sis provi<letl;l Incafls to rxittl.tir-lc thtr rnrsuns lirr tlrrir srrJrpresreel loirc utrd llteir perr:rptiort tll the tralttre ol' arrthority, 'l'his in turn ()p('n(,(l u[) thc possibilirv lirr clrallcngirtH, ;ll lci$t ilt lr ruit n>h:r,t:|. ih(. lrtltus rluo ;rtxl luth()ritv. ;\ critir ()l- this tIx.: ol' apProalh nright ;xrint rrtrt tlrirt lircrr.,;irrg ()rr itrr{unl('nt nrav sinrplr'(:n(()trragc rtrirnilgers lo ber:onre lxtttr:r irrgtrr:rs. to clig in arrd tlcli'rrtl their prr:sr:nt position lnd t() us(: arglrnrcnt t() rkrrrrirtatc o(lrcls. \4'c ac<'r'pt tlrlt tltis is eltirt:ly lxrssibk:, alltrotrgh wr: lirrrnd little ilrrliratiorr ol it. lrrstr;rrl, rve firrrn<l rnanAgrrr (lllcsti()ning thc valirlity of thcir orvrt posilion, attrnrling lo the p:rrpcctivt's (lf other's ttn(l looking lo {irrd irrcas of rnutual agrft'nrrnl ils it rvav o{ taking tl'rings forrvarrt. lndecd, no tnanAgt:r salv thr proccss as il nr{:ilns ol'becoming nrorc irdcpt irt hc;rling othcrs in an argtrmcnt. It rnight also lx: srrggcstetl tltat what sotnc nrar)agen need is a stronger, nrore donrirrant voice and tlrirt locrrsing orr pluraliS' might simplv cnltctrlc a rnanagcr. In artual lact, tlre rcverse ri'as {orrrtd. Where a manilgcr cArne t.} recogniz-e a plrrralitv lrl' perspcctivrs, it helped theru to question clorninilnt or traditional pcrspectil'es anrl, in doing so, helped tlrem tr-r realize the valrre o{'their orvrr positiorr. Hower.er, rlcspitr sotlc particiJ)antri qurstiorring 1l'rr-: autltoritv of othtr 'cxperts', thcre $'as litlkr suggrstiorr ol"nratragt:rs r:ritiqrring thcir txvn iluthori(), ar:tl cxptrtisc.

Tlrerc rv;rs also cr.idcncc ilr some m:rnlgcrs of'a shili torvards a ntorc subjective antl contextrralizt rl frrrnr of epistenrological rrnderstanding. ln ollrer rrords. ntanagcni rverc cngaging in a critir;rr<: of knorvlcdgc. ()ne possiblc rca.son for lhis rh:rrrgr: rras tlx'ir reuliz:rtiorr th;rt u range of'perspcctivcs or rliflcrerrt versions nf thr' 'tnrtlr' cln b( taken with regarl to iln1' ()rrc position anrl that. as such, it is tlillicult to ilcc(]l)t one Iinal version nf thc tnrth irr irnl, orre <:ontcxt.

So l:rr argrtttt(:ntlli()tt ltas bt"r:tt l)r(:stnttd as art clctttt-'rr1 irr r rrpertoirr: of' al;ilitirs tlrat rrtanagt'rs ran etnplof irnrl ls a sigrrilicant elenrerrt rvithin critical thinking. llorr,cver,:rrcr-rrrling t() il relali()rlal or dialogic:rl perspcctivc (Billig, I9tt7; Hosking ct al.. l1l-()ir: Sh()t{cr, ltl-115), argurnclrtltiolr plavs a lnorr frrrr<l;uncntal rolt: itr tnartagt-rial ar:tiorr. L'rorrt tlrese I)ersp(^.tives. tlrr corrtinuitl rreed to con!;trtrct n Irrort: ccrtnin scns{.: o{ rocial rcalitl'{iorn indcterrninirtt: alrd anrhigrrous corr(liti(}t)s

l]s6@ iroor dq ryo 6m st Ufls*ily ol brtrF@l ff Asn 3 :016

Nerv Section I Page 25

3l{-l Mmagemcnl karning itS(lt)

nrr:iutr tllirt, irr irrrlivirlu:rls llrikl :rrrtl rrrgotiirlc tltrir ;tctivitics rvitlt rrtltt's attrl st't'\ to rraclr shilr('(l agr('('trrr:rrls:rl)otrl horr 1o ploet:t'd, thr:v irnlllicitlv anrl cxl:licitlv Irilr,(,to p(.r-srrl(l(.othcrs:rs to thr.lt.gitirttlcv ol llrcir uctiotrs atrrl itrtt-trtiorts (llillig. l'!)tt7l l lnlrnurr. 2(l{}t}b; Sh( )tlrr. l 1)l{.1: \t':rtsorr, l 1l1)4).

,Slrortr.r (l$1l3) uutlirrcs ..r nrrrtrlrcr ol kr'1' trrtrtagrrill tnsks lltitt resrrll ll'otrr tlris irntI rvt. lxrsir tlrirt storl'tt'lling iln(l nrl{utncnt anirlvsis cirn pllr att itttporlitnt r<tlt: itt lxrlping lniulil!{('15 to rlo rhesr l:rsks. 'I'lttrs, lionr the t'virlenct' :th()ve, il is lxrssi}rle t(, sllHgrst lh:rt st(}rl'tilllirrg;rrrrl ;rrguril(:llt lrrrah'sis lrelperl rnarrirg('ri t(, arli('lrlal('ir <'l<rirr lirrnrrrlnliorr of lvl!ut li)r: ()thrr$ nligh( lrr cltitotic atrrl vagrtr' (".9- h]' tnakirts lx"iler s..rlsr ol prohlt'rrrs arrrl urtilulating thcsr ulr<lrrslarulittl;s lo rtlttt'rs); to ('r(,utt;r'lanrls<':rpr'ol possihilitirs lirr fittttre ircti(rl (r.!i. l>-v;rrticrrlatin!{ rterv l{irvs of actirrtr; nntl h+ing): irrrrl. crrtrinllr'. t() argu('p$rsllasiv(:ly irnd auth()dt;rlirr:h'lirr- tltis lanelsc:r1xi ilr:l()rru llrosc rr'lro tnrrst r'-ork in ir {r::,g. lrr,rrraking n}ana${r:r\ rn()rr rtvilrr. ol tlrt' prob[:rns irr tlrrir ()\ru arguul(fnt.s. bv giving thrm nrort' r'otr[irlcncr: irt llrcir or+n vor<t'). Mort'ovcr, thc ('orrrsl: pr()(('r\ rltilt. lrrlp tritnngct's {r-r tilht'il nl()r(' <'orrsitlr:rt'rl alrrl <'ritirll;rplrrrrallt t(, lh{'sc;r('livities. \{e lht'r'rforc hclievr'!hal strrrv trllin$, i1n(l lrglurlrnl iuri,rlvsi:i in particrrlar, ;rre relcvirrrt ilot .iust to thr (l('velol> nt(.lr ul r:ritir:ll tlrirrking hut ulsqr Iol a rtrorc clitictl up;rrrrlclt l(l tllosc k("\ nliulagrtiill ta.rks that irrr'oh't' thc rr:x' ol'lirrgrristic rrs()urr'('s to shaJrc org:rnizational rcalitir-'s {sct';rlso ['lolrtr;rrt r.:I al., !O(]ll].

Concluslon

( )r,r:rall- it larr lrt, lotrr:lrrtlcrl tlutt (hr l)rx-('ss (II lrr!{tt,lrnt ;rtt:rlt'.,iis (rvithitr tlre ((),tle\l ol sloll tr:llirrg) lrrrlnrotrrl ;r rrilirprt'oI rlrt'tolit', trarlitiorr,;rrrtlrorit]'anrl krrorvk rlgc. Arrrl. :tltlrorrgh t':rch nllul;rgcr rlirl rrot rrt'r'r'ss;rrilv cngnge in lll Iinrr forrns o{'critirlrre. it <'arr he positcrl tlrat argrrrrrent lrrllvsis ran Jrlav a signifir:irrrt rok: irr tht: <lrvcloprnrrrt erf triti<al thinking. It is lx'<arrse of this th:rt rrr: ft't'l that ittl.i-trtnrrlt irnirlvsis slrotrkl Lrt'<otrrlrrrtt'<l rrrort rvirk:h'in nrlnr'rH('rni'nt t'rlrrcatirrrr llrrc[ dcvr:loprn('nt. l-l()w('v('r, lnv incrt:ust'itr rrsc sltoulrl not nt:ct'ssnrilv takr: tlrt' approach corrlaint'<l irr rntrch ol tlre litcrattrre {rn rrl{urrrcnt analvsis an<l t:ritic:rl tlrirrkin6 (W:rison rurtl (ilarcr. llXi.l; Qrrirrn. l{X,l-l). lrr this literlrture. ettrplr:rsis is pl:rct'rl orr firrrnal logicitl rt':rsottirtg arrrl tht'al>ilitr'to rlt'tet:1. filr exarnplt, fallacics, lilrt()loliics lrrrl rlilft:rr:rtt trpt's ol ar!{urIlt:nt (t'.g. rrrt u! ho,ntniln argunrent).1 tr't'e sugf{esl llris llt'carrsc, rrol onlv rrrav rn;ln1'lnarr:rllrrr hc lrrrt o{I'lx'a rer;ttirernani t() ("()rrc(lh i<lerrtili ir l);il'tirirlar firIrrr of .tr!{urr)('!ll, lrtrt :rls(t lx'<'ilrrst- thc loIrI.l ill'lrr ;ilgurneilt is nor llrr: ultirlriltr sourt:t'ol its vlliditl ('lirrrlrnirr, l!lJ-rlt)" As'Iiilrlnrin poitrlr utrt, tht'slrtttttltrr:ss ol lttt irrgllltu'lll is al.to rleprndelll ()n lllr c()ltt(:xl rrr srrlrjtrt rrattrr'. I'.nrphasis slrorrlrl llso be platrri,rrr irlt'rrtiliing illrtl rrik'tlirrg orr lhis t'orrtt'xt irn(l :ilrl)ie( l rnlrttrr'. lrrrleerl. {or tl'rr rn:urirgcr\ in this studr', rvlrilc thr lrr{)crss,rl scrrrtilizirtg thr., r'tlitlin'r.rt lirrrtt ril tlteit'irr[4un1.]nls rr"ls rr.sc(irl. it rv:rs tlrc r"!r.:ncraliotr:rrrrl lrttah'sis ol llrl rrlrrlu)t thirt oltcn plorttl nl<rrt irlrp(,rtiint lo tlrr k:arrrirrg iur<l <lt'r,eluJrrrt('rrt l)r{x ess.

.,\ ltrrtht'r rclrort lir trot errrpltasizing lirrrrr:rl L'rgic is tlrat it rnar'(.nc(rrlril!{e:t rlt'larltt'<1. tttrt'tnotiottal ap;rroaclr to rctlcclion;ln([ t:nt'onr:lgc:r lrr.lit.f ttrat ittgtttrtttrlntiott is alrottl tlr[i:atirrg olltrrs ((krlrl irrrrl llolntan,2(Xjl). F'(]r"tutrirlclr', t'r'lirrrrrtl tratrllr:rrtv nirlt'ntr ol rn;rtr:rgt'rs usinlI tlrr.il rr^-tlcsr"rihcri lr:rsions ol'tlrr.

!1N i"nitr.: rr,,r'r r1!!prr i-,1; n: rnr Nil\ :li,,,ri.irr 1 i:r' i: :rlrl

New Section I Page 27

Gold et al.: The Role ol Argumant Anaiysls and Story Tolllng ln Crltlcal Thlnklng 38it

rvorkl (Rorty. l9ti{}) ns:t rrelns ol''dr:li.atiug'r,thers. Nol did lvc unc(}rrer any cxarnples rvh<'rc thc mirnlr{(:rs' rrsp{}nsc t{} thr firxlirrgs ol'alr arralvsis \r'as t(} 'dig in' urrrl delend a parlicullr position. lnstearl. rve tixrntl thal rnirrraget"s rvere prcpart.cl to r'ort.sidt'r horv to listcn to iur{l w()rk rvith tlrr tlill'rrent voiccs of thcnrsclvcs ln(l othcrs. 'l'his nral lrc drrc to tlrose aspect-s r;{ tbe rnodulc thrl crrlphimizcd tlrr: nr:ctl to ek:r'clop lu:tion u'ith others :rnd beclrrsc argumcnt rva.! not prcsentcd :ls a nrciuls rvith rvhich to rleleirt another's posititxr.

lfe lravr roncludr:d th;rt argrrlnerrt ;ualvsis c:rn pr()rnote (:riti(al thinking, lrtrt a rn{rr{'accrrratc statrmc!rt rvnrrkl have lrccn (ha1 thr rnodule rci-rs successlirl irr J)r{)ilr()(ir)g an'instnrnrelrtal'vt:rsion (,l critit'al thinking. Irrtleerl, rhe criticirl tlrinking engaged in rtas, according lo the liamerrork sct orrt r;rrlicr. lirnitrd irr st'o1tt'. t'or t:xlln;rle, thcrc rvlts tr<t t:r.itlcrrct: to srrgg(:st tlurt ntilnrgtrs wtn (luesti()ning p:rtriarchal rrl rll:lnilgcri:tlist a.ssrrrilpti<rtrs ()r llleir owil position ol' urrih(n'it1'. A 'critical' usr: ol-critical thinking reas n()t appirrent (Rr.yrokls, l9$?). 'l'his rnav be fairll rrnsurprisirrl4 givcn that ctxrrsc rr.rntaincd litt}r Critical 'fhr:r:ry, Ilorr,ever. our lirrdirrgs inrlicate tlrat argument analvsis mal proridt: a platfornr lirrrl rthich mnnagrrs ar(' itl)lr t{} stirrl r:rrgaging in rnorr, 'critical' lbrms of r:ritit:al thinkirrg. hr p;rrtirrrlar. it st'cnrs thirt irrr rnrph;rsis on thc {brrnation and llnaly'sis ol' llrr rt'ilrrant t'rr:rhlt's rnilnal{('rs to id<'rrtit\' llrc 'trarlitiorts' thcv work within and how thc l:rnguagt: thcr rrsc is linkrd t() tlr.: lrid{'r sor'inl rurl irrstitutiorrll (r)ntcxt. llorvcvcr, facilitating:l r)lorc'<'ritical :rpproat-h rr,orrkl rrccrl ir pi\)cess arrd colrt('nl thirt ('nc()lrr.tged ttarragers to re;rrl and t'nrJrlov (lrititlrl 'flrcor1.

A lirllher (lucsti()n that ("an lx' raisr:d ('r)rr('rrns tllr. rxtcill lo wlrich rvc orrrsclves rlrgatr;crl in eritical tlrinkirrg rhorrl tht: ('()lrrsc. Ilr oltt' rr:rv. lhr research itsr:lf can hc rrntlcrstoutl as ur ilttcrnpt to rcllrrl criticallv on llre c'orrrst and to rlu*stiolt its vulrre. ils basis and its practicalitv. I.l'oln ar nr()rr t:ritit'al perspectile, Jirrther qucsti()r)s c;ru lr r;risetl. \4tre the tutr)rs too dorninant and did thcir :rrrtltority go tunchallcrrgt:<l? l)ossiblr,, lrtrt sitrt c all tlrc issrrr.rs r':rist'<l wcrr lxr.st:cl on lrrrsontl expt:ricn<:c, it rv:rs lhc rrtrnngers rrho rvrrc tlrc':ruthoritirs' irr rnant,in-slantcs. Tltt. c(rur'sr: tlltot's'rolt'wits nrorr: firtilitarilr: alt<l frrcrtsctl on olltring suggcstions rath(.r tlralr giving l)t-()n()lrt|( (ii)l(:llt.\ ()I fir( t. Ikx+'cvr'r'. its slrrclcnl-s tlid rrot havr: thc optiorr ol cngagirrg itr :rltt:rtrutivc rlr('tlr(xls of rt'flectir'lrt, this ntav bc orte instatrce in rvhich tltr !utor.\ cirtr lrc s('(:n r.s hcitrg too riorttinirnt arrt[ in whiclr tlrcir irnplicit arrtlroritl rr-t:nt rtnt'hallerrgt'rl. Did the e ()ut'se pr'onlotr inrlividualistic. rr-rarrlgedali-sr or opJrressivt' rlisr'< rttst'si Drspite tltc firurse tttt{}rs' ellbrls to crnplrasiz<: tltc sot:ial r)ltlLtre ()[ acti(]n (Shottcr, ltltllr]. turh' it [rrv ol tlr* rrrarragr:rs sr:t:lrrcrl t() nl{rv(: Ittw:rrcls it rrlot't' sociirl cottstrttcttd vcrsiott o[;lclit:r'r. With regard to the pronrotiorr of mnttll;t:riitlist ot oppressivc <lis<'otrtsr:s, wc (:rulnot llt. srrrt', xs this $.?rs rrot ir firlrrs ol'stttrlt'. Iftlvrvrr, tltt'lalt tlrat tlrr:y wer(.rr()t txlllicitl',- artdrr:ssctl rhrc (o lirnc r-ortstntittts :rttrl tht' exlrct lisr ol thr' ('()trrse tul{}rs :rright sltggc..;t that sttclr tlis<ottrst's rottlcl ltavr trrt'tr trraitttaint'd rirtlrcr th;rn challt:rrgcrl. A rnorc criticirl ;tpplrrxell rottld bc iul .rlt'nu('lirr lirttrrr: dcvr"lopnrcnt irr tht.roursr-., althotrglr it shorrltl ht'rtotcrl that rritir:al approixhes ar{: n()t unproblcrn:rtic eitlrer (Brtxrkfielrl. I 1)!)5; \\tltorr, 1{)'r}-1 ).

tirtallv, $(' cirrt consirlt't' tlrt inrpliratiotrs ol'this strrdv lhr rrranlrllr.ri;rl aclirln. As ttt' lt:tvc: srrggestcrt, tlre :rhilitv rr{'ttt;trragers lo rrntlr.rstarrrl arrrl arrallsc arf{unlrnl.\ irpp(.ill's ('l'ucial ilr,t otlly Ior tlrr. lltircticr of criticnl tlrinkitrg. brrt also lirr rlcl'<'loping :t trr()r(' t ortsi<lcred apJrro:rch to k('\' ntAnagr:rial tasks. lrr plrticrrlar.

uf\{.Li/[r]t!n,in! errcpr,r.l{ I J: uil:rdr\[( rlLr!.rc.rr]f &1.{ it lll6

New Section I Page 29

:tl'tt; illanagement l,earning 33131

suclr a l)r{x-rss (ln hrl[] rlanillfcrs to lx'nrrrre:rrcnrt'ol'thc algrrrrrcrrt:rtivt' tflr(lirir)rrs xn(l [)r'x(tic(s-tlrat is. [irrguistic rcsour(('\*thnt tlrrr us( irr sllrl)inr{ $cll' arrrl orgarrizatirxr:rl praetict's, irrr<l tht' intiruirtc lirtk ht'nlccrr horr' thr:r' slrapc thcir Jlr"a( li( (', u'lro lhcv lrt ;rrrrl rvhal tlrcy rT,lIrt 1o hr:.

Notes

1. 'l"lrr. rrrotk'l Irr{.sent(.(l lrlrt is -lirrrlr:rirr'r rirnph. rrrorlcl lolttgtrlsr.tl ut thrcc elclttcttt-s ol

tllrirrr, rlal:r;rrrrl rtlrrr':uri, lilttlnrin:tl.so lrnrrirk'rl:rrr txt('n(lr,{l rrrxlrl rvith lhrn'nlorr: rlrurt,rrts.

.l'lrr'st' wcrr': :t hrktn{ krr llrt w:rrr;rtrt. t qaalilut ot tlrt' t:llrinr arttl it rrbrrrlal

rr'hln'tht'r"r,irrc Jlostihlt, r'xt.("llti{rns l() tlr('wlrnrnl. }or lirrthlr rlarilic;ttiort, colrstrlt 'lirrrlrrrirr

{ l1}Htl). ?. ltr.linkv ('t irl. ( l'lllt(;) ;rrrrl l\lugol<l;r ( l{}11?) olli'r rt<xk.ls of rrlrrlt irrlt'lk<'tunl rlcvt.krprnr.ut

h;rsr-'(l ()rr r:pirlcrrrokrgiral lx.liels nlxl th.'rrlatiorrslrilr of'an iorlivieluirl lo iruthorilr'. fiirch rttotlt'l t ottt;tittr r lrtttnbs'r ol' glrsitiottr rrithitr rr'hirJr illc tlvo rnnin tren{ls. Thr [irst trrlrd i\ 'twll lir!nt ir sitnplistic turdcrstirneling tf kriurrlt.rlgr (as light/'wrorrg, rlllc {(trt('rt rutstti't) ;rrlrl lorv;rrtls tnott' sopltislir-;tltrl t'lristrttrologtcal tttrrft'rstitrrtiirtgs, lxrlirtrl;lrlv a u!()\r'ilI('lll lorvirrrl:i Ii$virtg lirrorrlerlgr ar srrbjrrlirr', rclittivf arttl (r)rtcxtunlh'sitrralt'd. 'l'lrr scrond trentl is urr'al lirrrrr ir (lrp('ll(lcn(c orr arrtlrorilr'(anrl lack ol bclicl in utrc's orrrr rrritc) ln(l l(,wiu(l\ :r rlct rcartttg tt.'liarrr t' on tlrc olrirrions ol :ttrthorin an<l :trr itx r-rir.sitrg ltrlit'f in thr virliciitv ol ulrr's olrl vit'rss.

3, (irrrr-r,partitiplrrrts loultl lx'olk'r'r'tl tlst-r rir lirrrrrll logic arrrl ()n Ih{: (lilli.tr.trt ftrrrns ol' itrgilr!lItrt itr ;ttlrlitiorr lo tltr .srtttrr' (r',g.'[[rUrrlers, 193{)).

Releroncos

".\rrtlki, (1, urrrl \\'irklir:ornlr, S. {crls) (lll'lilt) lrlutrtrr: rlr 7irl*. l,orr<lorr:5:rgr:. Ilirklrtin, ltl. (l1lHI) lrr l\{. Hoiqrrisr (.11.) 7h, I)inlogit hrutgittation; l-aut llr.lar:r irr ,Vl",Il.

liltkhtin.,\ustirr: []nivr.rritv ol lrx:rs Prt:sr. Brlitrkr,, Il.. (llirrllrr'. 13.. (irlrllrr:r{{'r-, N. arttl'l'lrlrrle,.f. (ltl86) 11ltleri 1lt1 o/ Klrttrittg:'l'il<,

l)ntioftnvnl ol Silf, lhirr anil llt*l. Nert \irrk: ll;rsic l&xrks. Ilillig. }1. (l{lli7) ,.lrl.uing u*d 'l'hinhing' ,l llhttortrcl ;lltpnrutlt to Srcial l'a-rfufug1. (l;rnrlxirlgt.:

( iarrrlrrirlge Llrriverritv Press. Brrrr:t., Nf. f.. (19{}7}'()rglnizatirrnal Storv unrl Storvtellirrg: ,\ (lritic;rl Rerier', lonnal of

( lrga t tin I urn nl ( )h n r ryr i\l u n a gnnrrl !l { i } : i-!{i, llr<xrhlielrl. 5- l). (lt,87I llavhltint Otitiral 'l'hinknt Sru Frtncisc():Josrct Bu-rs. flrrxrkfit'ltl, S. I), (l$1f51 fieromrttga Otitunlh llefittnu, 'Il,nrio: Sltr Frartcisco:lorscv-B;us. (ilr;rllr.,c,.l. (l1rti$) 7?i,rr(irg()itiral1r: !rrrl r.rltr. l}rrstorr, \'t,,\: Ilorrtr;htorr i\{ilIlil. I);rvirs, B" ltrtrl llurri'. R. (l'lllX)i'l'ositioltittg: l'ltt Llircrrrsirt l'rodtrctirrn ol St-llcs'..fttnrnal

Itn lhr 'l lrwy ol ,loritl l*,htuourllll I !; ,lit-(i3-

l)ctrviu, N. K:trrrl l.irttrrln. \'. S. (!{XX)} l'fu ltandlxr* ol ()uolitatnu, llevarrh 'I'hrrusarrd ()irhs- ( i,\: S;tgt'.

llltttitrger. [). atrrl [ir<r'krrit'rlr, \\'. { lllt]l}} /}rrirpa ln I)rbate Nerv Yrrrk: Durlrl, }leurl, lilctt'lter, K. :rnrl IIrrll. r\. l lr.)11(l) '-\rgtttrrt'trt \lapPirrr'. irr A. Iltrl(. (rtl.l .llnpfing llrzrtrgrr

l'hurght. ( llri< hc.stt'r: \4:ilt'r. ( ialrrir'f , \'. (:(XX)I Skrr.ttdltug nt ( )rt!.tti\ttlrt,tt; litr tr. l'ir tia.rt nrti litntutitt. ()xiirrtl: Oxlorrl

I irriu-rritv I'n,rs. (ilrrruaktrlrrrrrkrrr,.\. lrrrr[ {lorrtror. I}. Il1l1l7) /)irrrrrrnr;lllfrir: ,1t lutndnrlimt- }irlirrbrrrglr:

l'.rlillrrrrgh l.'rrivr.rtitr I'r'r'ss. {ilrrstr" l}. iuttl Slutrrr', ,\. { 11167) 'l'ht I)ivorrt'; ol Orututhd T-funr1 (ilrit;t1;r:; ,\lrlirrr.,

New Section I Page 3l

:,.^\.A,r!_..f,r)[]_,ri!,,rii.j,lr:'iirrriri..ana.,jrr.ri:r,...r:rril!!

Gold ot al.: Tho Role ol ArgJumont Analysls and Story lolllng ln etHcal Thlnklng 3l{7

(iolrl,.l, arrrl lLrlrrr;rn, D. (trr0l) "'lr't i\{r T?'ll }ixr :r Story": An H,valtt:rtion ol tlte Use ol' Strrrvtcllitrg ;urrl ,\rglurrelrl r\nirlvris irr Mlttlgrrrrorrt [,rlttc:rtinn'. {ittrott llntloltnul I ttn uttttonuI lr(7) :'18.|-'llt.

(lrrlr;r. E. (i. atttl Litrtrln,Y 5. (l9ll1)) l'ixuth Otunalion l*ryilualiott. Lontltxr: S;rge. l-Lrlrrtrrr, l). (2(l(l()a) '( irntcrnponrrv l\,lotlels of M;ttrtgt"tttettt llrltttatiult itr tltr [,iK',

&lrtrr agmnrn t l ,z,arntn g !1 1 (il ) : l'{}7-li l 7. Ilolnr:rn, D. (t000b) 'A Di;rlogicrrl .,\plrtrr;ttlt to SLill arrrl Skilletl Attivitv', lluman l?rlatiltls

fritt7):'1157-80. !krlnriru, D., (krld, .1. lrrrl 'l'lrorpr', R. (:l(X):l) 'l'ull ol (;harilcters: ldnrtitt and Tilk in

I'rlrrtical ;\rrtlx.rring', irr D. l'{olrrun iui(l R.'l'h()r1)r {etls) ,,rf'lanngzrnrnt awl l-anguagr:'l'he lltaungn * n ltrurlid Au!hrrr I"otttlon: Slrge.

[.]<rsliirrg. l).-M., l)achler. ['. ]L rnrl (icrgru, K-.J. (l1l$l-r) *lanagontnl and (lrgonizaton: I*lnti anul,l ltn rtu! irtt's 1,., I niividuuli*n, Alclersltot: Au-'llurv.

Kitr:hr:ncr. K. and Kirrg. n (l{i8l) 'Rrllcctir,c.furlgettternt: (irnr:egrt-s ol .frrsrilicalion ;rntl Their Relntiorrship to \r irntl tilttc:rtiotr',.lournal ul ,lpplikl Dn'rloltmnilal Ps'yrhohtg;2: H9-ll{i,

Lirrlrlrr, \'- ;rnr[ (iuba, Ii. f-;. (ll)1]9i 'l'lstahlishing 'li'ttslrvorthittt'ss', irr A. Rr\rttirn attct R. Btrrgss (rtlsl Qrnlitalitt Rrsutrrh l/L l.ort<lon: S:rgt-

It;rgrrlcla, N{. (199t} Kno.ruittll nrul l*uoning in {iillegt: Gmder Rtlntul Palh'rns in Stuirnts' Inlelbrlwi [ ]arkrpnont- Sln Fr':rttciscrr: -fosst'v-li:tss.

Ilrz-irrrw,.f . (rxl.) ( l{.){l{)) l,'o:tntng Orttiral llrfirrtion in ,ldnlthao4: tl (htilr tu'l'rrtnsfr;'nuiliz.tr und t:nnNrlr,klrt I "carning. S:rtr Frlttcisco: .f osscv-Bass.

llingcn,.f. t2(l{)Ol '\\h;rt is lt to l}c (lriticrl?'l'cachirg a (jriricnl Approach ro lWan;rgcmerrl t i ndrrgra(luirtr s', ll ana ge w en I Lrarrr irg l1 I {? ) : ? I 1l-l}7.

Missirrrel (;. (l9tl6) Orwl Algumettt: An lnlrotluclton to (iilinil'l'ltirhing, lrrrl t:<lu. Linglewrxrd Clifl.s, N.l: Prentitt' I.lall.

lVl<rore, B. N. (1$ll9) Oiliral 'l-hinhing: I';nlualing Olnitns anil Argurnmls tn b),ntrlay 1-r/4 2nd t'rlrr. I'rlo Alto, (1,.\: Nlayfit-ltl.

Il()rgan. S. iurd I)t'rutelrr'. R. F. {19{)7} 'Tlrt: ['o*t:r ol ()rglrrizatinral Storvtclling: r\ l\,lirrragcrrrerrt l)c\'('L)plnrnt I)erspr<-tivt",.lutrnal ol'lllanagtnrnl Da,rblmnl l1\(71: {{),1-5{)t.

Itatrl, R. ( l1l1)ii) ()rrirzl -l'hinking: llatt ln l\ixnr Slur/prlr lu * llapiilly {}lxntgrng }firr/r1. Sirnta Rusa. (lA: liottnd;rtion lirr (lritiral Thirrking.

I'crrct. tr\'. :1. {1!)95} lnlnltavnrnl (itnwnirulit,rt. Ne'n Ytrrk: l'lurper(irllilrs. I'hilliprs. N. (ltl9l-r) "Icllirrg ()rg;tttisltional Tirlrs: (.)n thr Role of Narralirr: Fi<'{irxr in rhe

Strrrl,v ol ( )rgal isariorrs', t)rgan i vil il m .Stur/m I ti(.1 ) : (i!ipl9. (.!trintr, \'. il!|11{) 'lrt l}rli'nrt'r;f (lritical 'l'hirrking rs a,Sulrjt'r1: ll'I{cl'er:k ls \4'rotg I"lt: ls

\{'rorrg',./ounral oJ l'hiluophr al I'rlurnttott 28(l }: l(rl-l l. Rc-rtrolrls, 1{. (19!}7) 'Tirwartls:t (lritical i\{ltutgcrncrrt Pcrlagogv'. irr.f. Buruovrrr: :rrtrl

Il. Ret'rrrrlrls (t'rlr) ,Ilalagrzwtl l.runting; lnugutirtg I'ntltrlittrt or ??rrrrrl aul I'rartit. Lonclorr: Sagr:.

Rrrrrv. R. ( l!lll9) (,irllirrgerrr, /rort1 rnrl &laluilt. (lanrblidgt : (iarr:trridge Llnivrrsir lrress. Sh()rrcr',.1. ill)8'1) Srml ,'lrrountuhili\ unl Sttfiuxxl. Oxlirrrl: lSlarkrvrll. Sh<rrrr:r..f . { I{1811) (irrrrtrratwttal |ilrilittrt. Londorr: S:rgr. Sh(rlt('l-. .1. {l99ri) '1"ltr Marragrl' :rr lt Prartic:rl Atrtltor': ;\ Rlrt,(orical-rrsporrsivr'. Socilrl

(hrnstrtttlitlrist L\;rproar:h to Sori;rl<rr-gnrrisatiorral l'nrblerrrs', irr I). \.t. Iloskirrg, ll. l1 L):rclrlt'r' etrri K .f . (,lergett {etls} ,\'laan(rnnil und ()rgmitatiotr: liukttional Ailenmtilrs lu I n I itwlwil t t m - r\l<[r, rslrot : .,\r r" ]rrr lr,-

SImtttr;r:, (,'- :trtrl Kirrg, ['. ( lgltl t 'lrrrcllt.r'trr.rl l)r.vtto1)rt)(.nt iln(l irs Rol;rtionshilr to llrlrrr.rlion durirrg tlrc (irlltgt,\t,urs',.fiurzzrl ol tlpltliul l.)n*kitmn*tl l\rlolrtr ?: 2!ll-9ir.

'llr<rttlt-:ss, R. II. (l{l:1(}) Slttttght und {ior*rl'['htnking l.orrrkrn: f.nglish LJrrilcrsiti*s lrrr:ss.

ir4r'!r,rr,r.r!r,,1!trr.r.ul,r.!,r.r:'r,r,rnlr.tL,,rr....,.,r:;..,1.rlii

New Section I Pagc 33

3l{li lUanagemrnt Learning 53(itl

lirulrrriu,5. illlilt) 77rr {iv'r ol tlrgurutrl. ()irrrtlrrirlgr: (lirrnlrrielgr [-lnirrrsitt l'rt'ss- l'rxrlrnirr.5. tlllSfl) 77rr I\rr of Attr^ntnrtnl, {hh r:dn, Oanrbridgr,': (]:rnrhridgc litrivcrsitt l'rcss. uitrr l..r.rnr:rr.rr, Ir.. (irrxrlcrrthx.st, R.:rrrrl I.lrnktnrarrr, F, (lU96l l:undatwnkilt {,1'Arglt,nrnkilu'l

77raarr. Malrwirlr, N]: !lt'lbunnr. l\'irr-ron, (1. ;rrrrl (il;*cr. l:. (lUti,ll llhtvu*Okt.srr Oriliml 'l'hinhittl4 ,.lpNnztivl ,1{allnL Nrw

!irrk: II;rrcorrrt. Ilrirce arrrl lltrrkl. \t;rtsrrrr,.l: (199.1) ln Snuth ol trlonagtmrnt: Oulturt, Ohuat anrl ()onlml tn ilantgnzal llht*,

l.orrrlorr: Ilottdrrlgr'. \\i'ltrrrr. \1. illlll,ll'(l;rtlrrrlr;rls arrrl [)oghousr'.r: A (]utrvr:rsirli()n', /rlor.r/iotnl ftntrnnl {

l.t[tl!,n!{ I ilttnt,rg l3("1): ?ttl-lt. \{illrrrt-rtt. l{. ( l{)1}7} '(}'iticitl l\lanagr.'rrrt'nt l.r.;rrnirrg', irr,l. Iturgolrrc anrl \'1. Rcvnokls (eelsl

llanognwn! ltutttng' lnltgtnting Pulnltrcs tr 'l"hnr1 und Prttrlitr'- [-rrrtrlolt: Stgr'.

Contact Addresses

,off Gold is Prineipal Lecturer rn Organization Learning at Leeds Busaness School, Cavendish Hall, Beckett Park, Leeds LS6 3QS. UK. lemail: j,[email protected] Oavld Holman is a Research Fellow at the ESRC Centre for Organization and lnnovation, lnstitute of Work Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1O zTN, UK. Iemail: d.holman@sheffl eld.ac.uk] Rlchard Thorpe is a Professor at Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, Aytoun Building, Aytoun Street, Manchester M1 3GH, UK. Iemail: [email protected]]

i,rtr,1..,,:! i!-!rr[!:.r]r:i,,rr,,n:ilr!hrnl!iiinrl..jlrl,ir1.,\.|iri

New Section I Page 35

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Impltca{tarc & ftnsr-quences

Atsumpliora 3ftnrypositi4takhgfm Erilftd

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