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Problems and

Solutions in

Modern

Policing

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

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1. Explain why police officers are allowed discretionary powers.

2. List the three primary purposes of police patrol.

3. Describe how forensic experts use DNA fingerprinting to solve crimes.

4. Clarify the concepts of nondeadly force, deadly force, and reasonable force in the context of police use of force.

5. Explain what an ethical dilemma is, and name four categories of ethical dilemmas that a police officer typically may face.

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LO 1

Explain why police officers are allowed discretionary powers.

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Justification for Police Discretion (Slide 1 of 2)

• Police officers are considered trustworthy and honest • Assumed to make honest decisions

• Experience and training enables officers to identify threats and take action

LO 1

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Justification for Police Discretion (Slide 2 of 2)

• Nature of the job enables officers to easily understand human and criminal behavior

• Officers face many risks and therefore must be allowed to take reasonable steps to protect themselves

LO 1

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Elements of Discretion

• Nature of the criminal act

• Attitude of the wrongdoer toward the officer

• Relationship between the victim and the offender

• Departmental policy • Has an effect on limiting police discretion

LO 1

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Figure

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5.1 A Typical Police Department Chain of Command

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LO 2

List the three primary purposes of police patrol.

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Purpose of Patrol

• Deterrence of crime by maintaining visible police presence

• Maintenance of public order and a sense of security in the community

• Provision of services that are not crime related twenty-four hours a day

LO 2

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Police on Patrol

• Police are on call twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week

• Police officers find themselves acting as psychiatric social workers • Law enforcement agencies have instituted a

mandatory crisis intervention team (CIT) training program for officers

➖CIT teaches officers to recognize behavioral cues associated with mental illness and develop strategies of de-escalation

LO 2

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Patrol Activities

• Preventive patrol

• Calls for service

• Administrative duties

• Officer-initiated activities

LO 2

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Police Investigations

• Detective investigations • Detective: Primary police investigator of crimes

• Aggressive investigation strategies • Sting operations

• Undercover operations

➖Confidential informant (CI): Human source who provides information to the police concerning illegal activity

• Preventive policing and domestic terrorism

LO 2

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Clearance Rates and Cold Cases

• Clearance rate: Comparison of the number of crimes cleared by arrest and prosecution with the number of crimes reported during any given time period

• Cold case: Criminal investigation that has not been solved after a certain amount of time

LO 2

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LO 3

Describe how forensic experts use DNA fingerprinting to solve crimes.

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Facts Determined by Forensic Experts

Cause of death or injury

Time of death or injury

Type of weapon or weapons used

Identity of the crime victim

Identity of the offender

LO 3

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Crime Scene Forensics and DNA Revolution

• Forensics: Application of science to establish facts and evidence during the investigation of crimes • Trace evidence: Evidence found in small

amounts at a crime scene

• Ballistics: Study of firearms and its application to fighting crimes

• Technique of using DNA fingerprinting to match the suspect to a crime has replaced fingerprint evidence

LO 3

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Patrol Strategies (Slide 1 of 2)

• Incident-driven policing: Reactive approach that emphasizes a speedy response to calls for service

• Computer-aided dispatch (CAD) • Dispatching police patrol units to the site of 911

emergencies using a computer program

• Random patrol • Police officers monitor a certain area with the

goal of detecting crimes in progress or preventing crimes

LO 3

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Patrol Strategies (Slide 2 of 2)

• Directed patrol • Focuses on a specific type of criminal activity in

a specific geographical location

• Hot spots • Concentrated areas of high criminal activity that

draw a directed police response

• Crime mapping • Technology that allows crime analysts to identify

trends and patterns of criminal behavior within a given area

LO 3

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Arrest Strategies

• Reactive arrests: Part of the ordinary routine of police patrol and responses to calls for service

• Proactive arrests: Concerted efforts by law enforcement agencies to respond to a particular type of criminal or criminal behavior

LO 3

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Community Policing and Problem-Oriented Policing

• Community policing • Emphasizes community support for and

cooperation with the police in preventing crime

• Problem-oriented policing • Requires police to identify potential criminal

activity and develop strategies to prevent or respond to that activity

LO 3

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Challenges of Being a Police Officer (Slide 1 of 2)

• Frustration and mistrust toward civilians are marks of police subculture • Police subculture: Values and perceptions

shared by members of police department and law enforcement agents

• Blue curtain: Value placed on secrecy and the general mistrust of the outside world shared by many police officers

LO 3

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Challenges of Being a Police Officer (Slide 2 of 2)

• Physical dangers

• Stress and mental dangers

• Authority and use of force

LO 3

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LO 4

Clarify the concepts of nondeadly force, deadly force, and reasonable force in the context of police use of force.

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Figure

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5.3 The Orlando (Florida) Police Department’s Use-of-Force Matrix

LO 4

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Types of Force

• Reasonable force: Degree of force appropriate to protect the police officer or other citizens • Known as nondeadly force

• Deadly force: Force applied by a police officer that is likely or intended to cause death

LO 4

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Use of Force and Racial Bias

• Racial profiling: Targeting people for police action based on their race, ethnicity, or national origin

• Civil rights violation: Any interference with a citizen’s constitutional rights by a civil servant such as a police officer • Federal government can investigate police

departments for committing civil rights violations

LO 4

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LO 5

Explain what an ethical dilemma is, and name four categories of ethical dilemmas that a police officer typically may face.

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Police Corruption

• Abuse of authority by a law enforcement officer for personal gain

• Ethical dilemmas are situations where law enforcement officers: • Have difficulty doing what is right

• Are unaware of the right course of action

• Find the wrong choice tempting

• Noble cause corruption: Intentional misconduct by a police officer to attain what the officer believes is a just result

LO 5

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Elements of Ethics

Discretion Duty

Honesty Loyalty

LO 5

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KEY TERMS

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• Policy

• Bureaucracy

• Delegation of authority

• Detective

• Confidential informant (CI)

• Clearance rate

• Cold case

• Forensics

• Trace evidence

• Ballistics

• DNA fingerprinting

• Cold hit

• Incident-driven policing

• Computer-aided dispatch (CAD)

• Random patrol

• Directed patrol

• Hot spots

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KEY TERMS (continued)

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• Crime mapping • Reactive arrests • Proactive arrests • Broken windows

theory • Community policing • Problem-oriented

policing • Police subculture • Socializing • Blue curtain

• Stressors

• Burnout

• Racial profiling

• Reasonable force

• Deadly force

• Civil rights violation

• Police corruption

• Noble cause corruption

• Duty

32Copy r i gh t ©201 6 Cenga g e Lear ni n g . A l l Ri ghts Res er v ed . M ay not be s c anne d , c opi ed or dupl i c at e d , or pos te d to a publ i c l y ac c e s s i bl e webs i te , i n whol e or i n par t. HIST4 | CH6 32CJ5 | CH5 32

SUMMARY

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• Patrol officer has the freedom to decide what law to enforce, how much to enforce it, against whom, and on what occasions

• DNA fingerprinting is the identification of a person based on a sample of her or his DNA

• Police officers and civilians equate terms such as authority and respect with the ability to use force