Evolution of Policing
bcrew32
CRIJ3303Ch3.pptxChapter 3 Crime in the United States: Offenses, Offenders, Victims
© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3 Learning Objectives
LO 1: Identify the three most frequently used sources of information about crime.
LO 2: List the serious crimes reported in the Uniform Crime Reports.
LO 3: Compare and contrast the classical and positivist theories of crime causation.
LO 4: Describe, using results from official data, which demographics comprise the majority of criminal arrests in the U.S.
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3 Learning Objectives (cont.)
LO 5: Recognize the demographic characteristics of those people who are most likely and least likely to become victims of crime.
LO 6: Explain how police officers become victims.
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Crime involves hurtful acts committed by individuals against other individuals or their property.
Until recently crimes have been examined as acts against the state and prosecuted as such.
The system is beginning to view criminals, victims, and society as all equally affected by criminal acts.
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
Sources of Information on Crime
Sources
Official sources
FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
Bureau of Justice Statistics National Crime Victimization Survey
Self-report surveys
The media
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 1: Identify the three most commonly used sources of information about crime.
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Discussion Question #1
Why are crimes underreported? Is the underreporting of crimes a good or bad characteristic of a community?
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 1: Identify the three most commonly used sources of information about crime.
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Classification and Definitions
Violent and Property Crimes
Violent crime
Crimes against property
Do not usually involve violence.
Crimes excluded from the UCR
Misdemeanors or felonies
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 2: List the serious crimes reported in the Uniform Crime Reports.
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Crime Categories
Murder
Rape
Robbery
Assault
Burglary
Larceny
Theft
Arson
White-Collar
Cyber
Organized
Hate
Ritualistic
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 2: List the serious crimes reported in the Uniform Crime Reports.
8
Discussion Question #2
What is the difference between reasonable fear and the sort of fear that inspires a hate crime? Why is the prevention of hate crime particularly difficult?
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 1: Identify the three most commonly used sources of information about crime.
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Theories of Criminality
Major Theories
Theories of criminality and causes of crime
Classical theory
Positivist theory
The influence of biology
The influence of the environment
The combination of biology and environment
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 3: Compare and contrast the classical and positivist theories of crime causation.
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Offenders
Career criminals or recidivists
Juvenile offenders
Status offenders
Serious and violent Juveniles
8% offenders
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 4: Describe, using results from official data, which demographics comprise the majority of criminal cases arrests in the United States.
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Victims of Crime and Violence
Types of victims
Direct/primary
Indirect/secondary
Victimization Factors
Household
Individual risk
Age
Gender
Race
Fear and effects of victimization
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 5: Recognize the demographic characteristics of those people who are most likely and least likely to become victims of crime.
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Dealing with Crime Victims
The “second wound”: Further victimization by the CJ system
Support groups to assist victims
The movement toward crime victims’ rights—a brief historical overview
Programs and services for crime victims
A parallel justice system for victims
The police role
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 5: Recognize the demographic characteristics of those people who are most likely and least likely to become victims of crime.
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Leaky Net
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 5: Recognize the demographic characteristics of those people who are most likely and least likely to become victims of crime.
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Police Officers as Victims
Officers may be assaulted or killed.
Most often they are secondary victims.
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 6: Explain how police officers become victims.
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Discussion Question #3
What would be the key features of a parallel justice system for victims?
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© 2018 Cengage. All rights reserved.
LO 6: Explain how police officers become victims.
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