Evolution of Policing

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CRIMINOLOGY THE CORE

Seventh Edition

Chapter 1 Crime and Criminology

The Field of Criminology

An academic discipline that uses the scientific method to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior

An interdisciplinary field involving several academic disciplines

What Criminologists Do, Part 1

Criminal Statistics/Crime Measurement

Create valid and reliable measures of criminal behavior:

Formulate techniques for collecting and analyzing official measures of criminal activities

Develop survey instruments to measure unreported criminal activity

Design methods that make it possible to investigate the cause of crime

What Criminologists Do, Part 2

Sociology of Law/Law and Society/Sociolegal Studies

Investigate the role that social forces play in shaping criminal law

Investigate the role of criminal law in shaping society

Investigate history of legal thought

Suggest legal changes to benefit society

What Criminologists Do, Part 3

Developing Theories of Crime Causation

Psychological

Biological

Sociological

What Criminologists Do, Part 4

Explaining Criminal Behavior

Victim-precipitated homicide

The victim is a direct, positive precipitator of the incident

White-collar crime

Illegal acts that capitalize on a person’s status in the marketplace

Theft, embezzlement, fraud, market manipulation, restraint of trade, false advertising

What Criminologists Do, Part 5

Penology: Punishment, Sanctions, and Corrections

Penology: the correction and control of known criminal offenders

Rehabilitation

Social control

Mandatory sentences

Capital punishment

What Criminologists Do, Part 6

Victimology

Victim surveys

Victimization risk

Victim culpability

Services for crime victims

What Criminologists Do, Part 7 (1 of 2)

Concept Summary 1.1—Criminology in Action

The following subareas constitute the discipline of criminology.

Subarea	Focus of the Subarea
Criminal statistics	Gathering valid crime data. Devising new research methods; measuring crime patterns and trends.
Sociology of law / law and society / sociolegal studies	Determining the origin of law. Measuring the forces that can change laws and society.
Theory construction	Predicting individual behavior. Understanding the cause of crime rates and trends.

What Criminologists Do, Part 7 (2 of 2)

Subarea	Focus of the Subarea
Criminal behavior systems	Determining the nature and cause of specific crime patterns. Studying violence, theft, organized crime, white-collar crime, and public order crimes.
Penology: punishment, sanctions, and corrections	Studying the correction and control of criminal behavior. Using the scientific method to assess the effectiveness of criminal sanctions designed to control crime through the application of criminal punishments.
Victimology	Studying the nature and cause of victimization. Aiding crime victims; understanding the nature and extent of victimization; developing theories of victimization risk.

A Brief History of Criminology, Part 1

Classical Criminology

Theoretical perspective suggesting that people choose to commit crime

Proposes that crime can be controlled if potential criminals fear punishment

A Brief History of Criminology, Part 2

Positivist Criminology

Application of the scientific method

Objective

Universal

Culture-free

Predicting and explaining social phenomena in a logical manner

Empirical verification

Value-free

A Brief History of Criminology, Part 3

Sociological Criminology

Anomie

The Chicago School

Individual’s socialization

A Brief History of Criminology, Part 4

Conflict Criminology

Conflict Theory

Karl Marx

Bourgeoisie

Proletariat

Human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict

Crime is a product of human conflict

Critical Criminology

Crime is a product of capitalism

A Brief History of Criminology, Part 5

Developmental Criminology

Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

Complex view

Integration of sociological, psychological, and economic elements

A Brief History of Criminology, Part 6

Contemporary Criminology

Rational Choice Theory

Trait Theory

Social Structure Theory

Social Process Theory

Critical Theory

Developmental Theory

A Brief History of Criminology, Part 7

Concept Summary 1.2 Criminological Perspectives

The major perspectives of criminology focus on individual factors (biological, psychological, and choice theories), social factors (structural and process theories), political and economic factors (conflict theory), and multiple factors (developmental theory).

Type of Perspective	Forces this Perspective Focuses on.
Classical/choice perspective	Situational forces. Crime is a function of free will and personal choice. Punishment is a deterrent to crime.
Biological/psychological perspective	Internal forces. Crime is a function of chemical, neurological, genetic, personality, intelligence, or mental traits.
Structural perspective	Ecological forces. Crime rates are a function of neighborhood conditions, cultural forces, and norm conflict.
Process perspective	Socialization forces. Crime is a function of upbringing, learning, and control. Peers, parents, and teachers influence behavior.
Conflict perspective	Economic and political forces. Crime is a function of competition for limited resources and power. Class conflict produces crime.
Developmental perspective	Multiple forces. Biological, social-psychological, economic, and political forces may combine to produce crime.

Deviant or Criminal? How Criminologists Define Crime, Part 1

Deviance includes a broad spectrum of behaviors, ranging from the most socially harmful, such as rape and murder, to the relatively inoffensive, such as joining a religious cult or cross-dressing

A deviant act becomes a crime when it is deemed socially harmful or dangerous; it then will be specifically defined, prohibited, and punished under the criminal law

Deviant or Criminal? How Criminologists Define Crime, Part 2

Becoming Deviant

Deviant acts are criminalized when they become crimes

Deviant acts are decriminalized when penalties are reduced

Sometimes previously deviant acts are legalized and no longer considered crimes

Deviant or Criminal? How Criminologists Define Crime, Part 3

The Concept of Crime

Concept Summary 1.3 The Definition of Crime

The definition of crime affects how criminologists view the cause and control of illegal behavior and shapes their research orientation.

Consensus view	The law defines crime. Agreement exists on outlawed behavior. Laws apply to all citizens equally.
Conflict view	The law is a tool of the ruling class. Crime is a politically defined concept. "Real crimes" such as racism, sexism, and classism are not outlawed. The law is used to control the underclass.
Interactionist view	Moral entrepreneurs define crime. Acts become crimes because society defines them that way. Criminal labels are life-transforming events.

Deviant or Criminal? How Criminologists Define Crime, Part 4

A Definition of Crime

“Crime” is a violation of societal rules of behavior as interpreted and expressed by the criminal law, which reflects public opinion, traditional values, and the viewpoint of people currently holding social and political power

Individuals who violate these rules are subject to sanctions by state authority, social stigma, and loss of status

Class Discussion/Activity

What are three behaviors that are deviant but not criminal, and three behaviors that are criminal but not deviant?

How may behaviors that you consider non-deviant be seen as deviant by someone else?

Criminology and the Criminal Law

Code of Hammurabi

Mosaic Code

Common Law

Precedent

Mala in se

Mala prohibitum

Contemporary Criminal Law

Felony

Misdemeanor

The Evolution of Criminal Law

Criminology and Criminal Justice

Criminal justice refers to the study of the agencies of social control—police, courts, and corrections

The Criminal Justice System

Consists of government agencies charged with enforcing law, adjudicating crime, and correcting criminal behavior

The Process of Justice

Structured and legal process from initial contact, through arrest, trial, and post-release

Ethical Issues in Criminology

What to Study

Keep research be independent of outside interference

Whom to Study

Do not ignore middle-class white-collar crime, organized crime, and government crime

How to Study

Fully inform research subjects and maintain confidentiality

Evolution of Policing

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