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CreswellCh3-TheUseofTheory1.pptThe Use of Theory
Chapter 3
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Introduction
- What theories might be used?
- Quantitative researchers test hypotheses from theory
- Qualitative researchers may use as a lens or generate a theory
- Mixed methods researchers may do both
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
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Quantitative Theory Use
Testing causal claims in quantitative research:
- Causality – expect variable X to cause variable Y
- Confounding variables are third variables that may actually be the cause
- True experiments test causal claims
- Correlation analysis and surveys test hypothesized associations
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Variables in quantitative research:
- Variable – characteristic of an individual or group that can be measured or observed
- Examples: age, gender, socioeconomic status, attitudes
- Variables may have temporal order or be measurable or observable
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Variables in quantitative research:
- Independent
Variables that probably cause outcomes
- Dependent
The outcomes that depend on the independent variables
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Variables in quantitative research:
- Predictor
Used to predict outcome of interest in survey method studies
- Outcome
Result or outcome of interest in survey method studies
Share properties with dependent variables
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Variables in quantitative research:
- Intervening or mediating
Variables that stand between the independent and dependent variables
Transmit the effects
- Moderating
Predictor variables that affect the relationship between independent and predictor variables
- Control
Variables that are measured and statistically "controlled"
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Definition of a theory in quantitative research:
- Theory is a scientific prediction or explanation of what the Researcher expects to find
- Interrelated set of constructs or variables
- Hypothesis: predictive statement that is tested
- Theory emerges from testing hypotheses over and over
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Definition of a theory in quantitative research:
- Micro-level theories – limited to a small segment of time, place or number of people
- Meso-level theories – link micro-level and macro-level theories
- Macro-level theories – explain larger scales, for example the entire society
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Forms of theories in quantitative research:
- Stated in
Set of hypotheses – These are interconnected and demonstrate a process
Series of if-then statements – These explain why one would expect an independent variable to influence or cause a dependent variable
Visual model – These allow the reader to visualize the interconnections between the variables
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Placement of quantitative theories:
- Towards the beginning of the study
- Used deductively
- Framework for study
- Organizing model for
Research questions or hypotheses
Data collection procedure
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Writing a quantitative theoretical perspective:
- Examine discipline specific literature (psychological, sociological, etc.)
- Examine prior studies on the topic and related topics
- Ask the question that bridges independent and the dependent variables
- Script out the theory section (Example 3.1)
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Writing a quantitative theoretical perspective:
- Script for the theory section
Name the theory
Identify origin, source
Identify topics where it is applied
Identify propositions or hypotheses
State independent variables
State dependent variables
Provide a rationale
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Variation in theory use in qualitative research:
- Used for a broad explanation
- Used a theoretical lens or perspective – overall orienting lens for question of gender, class, and race
- Theory becomes the end point in an inductive approach (Figure 3.5)
- Do not employ any explicit theory
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Variation in theory use in qualitative research:
- Qualitative theoretical perspectives
Feminist perspective
Racialized discourse
Critical theory
Queer theory
Disability inquiry
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Variation in theory use in qualitative research:
- Decide if you will use a theory in your qualitative proposal
- If used, identify how theory will be used
- Locate theory early in the research proposal or at the end
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Locating the theory in qualitative research:
- Studies with cultural themes or theoretical lens
In the opening passages
- Studies with an emerging design of qualitative inquiry
At the beginning, may be modified
- Studies based on grounded theory
Theory derived inductively
Placed at the end
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Quantitative Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Mixed Methods Theory Use
- Mixed methods studies may:
Include theory deductively (theory testing and validity)
Include theory inductively (an emerging theory or pattern)
Use a social science or participatory-social justice framework
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Social science theory use:
- Placed at the beginning as an a priori framework to guides questions/hypothesis
- Named and described, used to inform the explanation of the major variables in the study
- Diagrammed to indicate the causal links
- Used to guide the data collection process
- Returned to at the end to inform findings and results
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Mixed Methods Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Participatory-social justice theory use:
- Growing use of transformative theory and mixed methods
- Theoretical framework to inform a mixed methods project
- Ethical stance of inclusion and challenging oppression
- Designed to build trust
- Use of results to enhance social justice
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Mixed Methods Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Participatory-social justice theory use:
- Incorporating into a mixed methods study
Indicate at the beginning that transformative theory is in use
Early in the study, outline the framework.
Connect the theory with the existing body of knowledge on the topic
Involve the community of interest in the process of the research
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Mixed Methods Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Participatory-social justice theory use:
- Incorporating into a mixed methods study
Take a stand with the research question
Advance in the design qualitative and quantitative methods
Talk about your experience as a researcher
End the study by advocating for change
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Mixed Methods Theory Use
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Summary
Theory is used to:
- Provide an explanation or prediction about the relationship among variables in quantitative research
- Provide broad explanation, a theoretical lens, or as an end-point in qualitative research
- Inform the design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation in mixed methods research
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
